Outlook for global tuna stocks and the contribution of Indonesia to global tuna management Antony Lewis 2nd Bali Tuna Conference / 5 th ICTBF 19 th May 2016
Outline Global catch and trends Status of stocks WCPO catch and stock status Indian Ocean catch and stock status Indonesian tuna catch and trends Significance of Indonesia in the global context Current management issues facing Indonesian tuna fisheries
Global oceanic tuna catch by gear, 1950-2014 2014 catch of major commercial tunas ~ 5 million tonnes (2015 not available) Relatively stable since mid-2000s and further growth not expected Catch dominated by purse seine since early 1980s; catch has increased 300 % Longline relatively stable but valuable shifts in species (eg > bigeye in 1980s) Pole-and-line dominant until 1980, now similar to 1980 levels or lower Other fisheries (artisanal) still important and vital for food security; gillnet minor except IO
Global oceanic tuna catch by species, 1950-2014 Skipjack tuna 58% Yellowfin 27% Bigeye 9% Albacore 5% Bluefin 1% but $$, high profile Neritic /coastal tunas not included but vital in SE Asia for food security and increasing commercialization
STATUS OF STOCKS GLOBAL ISSF annual stock status update - authoritative Across seven species of major commercial oceanic tuna, 23 stocks of varying sizes subject to stock assessment in 4 oceans (6 albacore, 4 bigeye, 4 bluefin, 5 skipjack and 4 yellowfin) Globally, 48% of the stocks are at a healthy level of abundance (biomass), 39% are overfished and 13% at an intermediate level. In terms of exploitation (fishing pressure), 48% of the stocks are experiencing a low fishing mortality rate, 17% are experiencing overfishing, and 35% have a high fishing mortality that is being managed adequately 78% of the global tuna catch by weight comes from healthy stocks. Also now need to consider status of ETPs (sharks, turtle, seabirds) taken incidentally
Tuna stocks of concern WCPO bigeye, Pacific bluefin both overfished and overfishing occurring Indian Ocean yellowfin overfished and overfishing (since 2014) Southern Hemisphere southern bluefin overfished Atlantic BFT, YF, BE ALB etc multiple stocks, many are overfished EPO none overfished ** all skipjack stocks healthy; most issues with longer lived, valuable species
WCPO tuna fishery ~ 54 % of world oceanic tuna production Provisional catches 2014 = 2,860,800t 7% increase from 2013, but ~ stable Skipjack 68% of the catches by weight, yellowfin (21%) bigeye (6%) and albacore (5%); predominantly a skipjack fishery Purse-seine 79% of catch Pole-and-line 9%, (lowest since 2006 ) Longline (6%), other gears (11%) Most catch volume by industrial fisheries Indonesia = 18% of WCPO catch Majority of WCPO catch taken in EEZsof c/s RFMO: Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (2004) Indonesia member since late 2013
Indian Ocean Catches in 2014 1,003,400t, + 2% over 2013; < 40% WCPO, most of catch western half IO Skipjack 44%, yellowfin 41%, bigeye 11%, and albacore (4%) Overall mixed skipjack and yellowfin cf WCPO RFMO: Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (2004) Indonesia member since late 2007 Purse-seine vessels ~ 36% longline 19%, gillnets 18%, pole-and-line 11%. Gillnet catch uncertain, poorly monitored, env impacts Large coastal state artisanal fisheries eg India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Iran; much of catch high seas
Indonesian tuna fishery focus on WCPO (Pacific and AW ) 600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 Bigeye Yellowfin Skipjack 2014 all gears, oceanic tunas 494,000t (ITFACE/ AR 2015) 68 % skipjack, 27% YF, 5% bigeye, albacore negligible Stable or decreasing slightly <- 2013 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Catch by gear Purse seine 145,000t 33% decrease from 2013; further decline in 2015; 70% of catch in AW Pole-and-line 114,000t slight increase on 2013, but decline since 2009; ~ 80% of catch in AW Longline 36,000t; big increase over 2013; ~ 60% in archipelagic waters Handline 42,00t, > 60% in AW Gillnet 27,000t, mostly AW Troll - 89,000t, > 70% AW Other 42,000t mostly artisanal gears 75% of catch in archipelagic waters (FMAs 713,714,715) Neritic tuna catch very significant not well estimated ; > 300,000t
Pole-and-line 180,000 160,000 140,000 120,000 Bigeye Yellowfin Skipjack 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 2014 2012 2010 2008 2006 2004 2002 2000 1998 1996 1994 1992 1990 1988 1986 1984 1982 1980 113,00t in 2014, slightly up from 2013, but well down from 2009-2012 Very little in Indian Ocean Widely distributed 0n Pacific side Bait a constraint in some areas - competition with food fish and poor utilization ; some collapses Much of catch not commercial (>50%) FIP underway and hopefully submit to MSC appraisal this year Traceability poor
Purse seine 250,000 200,000 150,000 Bigeye Yellowfin Skipjack 100,000 50,000 0 2014 2012 2010 2008 2006 2004 2002 2000 1998 1996 1994 1992 1990 1988 1986 1984 1982 1980 Jump since 2012 prob. better data but also > investment 145,00t in 2014, well down from 2013 and will be even lower in 2015 (moratorium, no t/s, no foreign carrier) Mostly smaller vessels with no cold storage, group ops Most of catch on anchored rumpons Catch mostly for local processing, some for export Traceability poor Smaller pajeko catch some oceanic tunas but mostly small pelagics Traceability often poor
Indonesia significance in global context Significant proportion of WCPO oceanic tuna catch ~ 20%; nearly 25 % of yellowfin, and 10% of global tuna catch Largest tuna fishing nation in the world if count neritic tunas Indonesia is a major global source of pole-and-line fish for which demand increasing but supply stable or declining Indonesia is world s largest archipelagic state; 75% of tuna catch is in archipelagic waters; chance to develop new management paradigm to conserve / manage these resources sovereign rights over HMS when in Indonesian waters but duty to conserve and manage and ensure compatibility with WCPFC management throughout the range of stocks ; Indonesian oceanic tuna stocks are shared Indonesia a significant tuna processor (up to 100,000t pa potential capacity) and exporter of raw material (> 100,000t pa, but supply has declined sharply Catch of neritic tunas also very large by global standards; key role in food security but also potential for processing/value adding
Shared stocks Information from tuna tagging work in Indonesia, 2008-9 (40,000 tuna tagged, > 8,000 recaptures) ; 400,000 in WCPO Outwards movement Mostly skipjack, some long distances; Nett export SJ? Inwards movement Significant yellowfin, but also skipjack Nett import YF?
Indonesia - current challenges in the tuna sector Indonesia member of WCPFC since 2013; remarkable progress towards becoming fully compliant, but allowed some leeway so far; not eternal catch statistics improving but more effort needed to provide reliable data for development planning and science - logbooks and observer data, supply and value chains, traceability, CDS management of archipelagic waters a huge challenge but National Plan of Action: Tuna, skipjack and neritic tunas. Management Plan of Indonesia - in place (November 2014) Good progress - but need harvest strategy to give this teeth, and make a difference; HCRs in development Start with tuna and skipjack; can build on regional standards but maintain sovereignty /achieve compatibilty MSC certification for pole-and-line and handline in 2016? Maybe - FIP is underway Integrated coherent sectoral policy supporting capture, processing/ value adding, export/import within sustainable & equitable framework