Public Transport and Safety Dinesh Mohan
Road safety and per capita income Cars dominate at PCI >USD 15,000 Most in world today <USD 5,000 India in 2025 <USD 4,000 India in 2035 <USD 8,000 Mexico today ~USD 8,000 Policies for foreseeable future need to focus on safety of people outside the car Essential condition for commuters 16-Dec-16 3
20 15 10 5 Trip types and fatality rates in central Copenhagen Fatalities per 100m trips 25 0 Car Bus Bicycle Access In vehicle Others 16-Dec-16 4
ROAD SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT 60 90 % of all fatalities pedestrians and bicyclists Each bus trip involves two access trips as a pedestrian and at least one road crossing Current policies anti NMT and public transport Safety of pedestrians bicyclists critical Even in HICs school trips by car increasing because of perceived risk as pedestrians/bicyclists Bus lane planning not enough safety of commuters as pedestrians and bicyclists must be ensured within 500m (minimum) radius of each bus stop Bus stops near junctions 16-Dec-16 5
JOURNEY STAGES Safety must be guaranteed for whole length of the trip: on the routes of access to stations or stops, during the waiting time and on vehicles Walking to the station or bus stop or walking to the final destination is often unsafe especially after dark Underpasses, Alleyways or staircases, Across Bridges, Through Tunnels, Car Parks give a feeling of unsafety 16-Dec-16 6
Maintenance and design Maintenance is key factor in making people feel comfortable and safe Lighting, good design, visibility at stops and stations are an essential component in creating feelings of safety and security The presence of staff is widely recognized as the most effective measure and is the most required by passengers; there is no substitute for a real person Staff should be highly visible and recognizable The effectiveness of CCTV in deterring crime and antisocial behaviour is debatable, but people feel reassured by the presence of cameras 16-Dec-16 7
Urban structure Proximity to activities providing natural surveillance. Proximity to building entrances. Avoid proximity to parks and green spaces Distance from abandoned empty areas. Transport routes to enhance surveillance and vitality. 16-Dec-16 8
Road system On streets without commercial activities, bus stops should be opposite to one another as much as possible in order to optimise reciprocal spontaneous surveillance 16-Dec-16 Source: C. Cardia 9
Safer Bus Stop Design 16-Dec-16 10
PLANNING FOR SUSTAINABLE PUBLIC TRANSPORT Promotion of public transport only possible if pedestrians and bicyclists safer Designs of bus stands and vehicles for safe entry and exit Role of street hawkers and vendors to be integrated in road design Provision of segregated bicycle lanes on all arterial roads otherwise bus operation inefficient Wider use of traffic calming techniques SAFETY FROM CRIME AND HARASSMENT 16-Dec-16 11
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Safety Features 16-Dec-16 13
Safety Features 16-Dec-16 14
Safety Features 16-Dec-16 15
Safer Bus Stop Design 16-Dec-16 16
Safer Bus Stop Design 16-Dec-16 17
Distribution of fatal bus crash victims 100 90 Passenger Driver Pedestrian 80 70 60 Number 50 40 30 20 10 0 Pedestrian Bicycle MTW Victim
45 40 Boarding time and height of bus platform OLD 940 mm 35 760 mm Boarding time 30 25 20 15 OLD 350 mm 10 5 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 No passengers IIT Delhi January 08
VEHICLE SPECIFICATIONS Vehicle Performance Acceleration Speed 0 Km/h to 30 km/h 1m/sec/sec In less than 10 sec Requirement for passengers with limited mobility Priority seats 4 Priority seating signs Securement system Hand rail and stanchions Stop request Wheel chair anchoring provision Priority seat marking Mobility aid securement facility Hand rail and stanchions for safe body circulation complying to ECE R 36 or ADA act Provision for stop request adjacent to the seats IIT Delhi January 08
VEHICLE SPECIFICATIONS Service Doors No. of Service doors min 2 Dimensions of service doors Width mm Min 1200 Type of operation Body Outer Dimension Floor surface Number of Passenger seats Seated Min Number of Passenger Standee As per bus code for Type 1 bus Automatic door with interlock and safety and technical requirement as per Bus Code As per CMVR Slip resistant 32 (2X1 or 1X1 in low floor area) 68 Total 100 IIT Delhi January 08
Front impact NAB EAB In EAB, the dummy is airborne In NAB, foot ground contact is retained 16-Dec-16 22
Side impact EAB NAB More bending of the head in EAB leading to larger velocity at pt. of impact 16-Dec-16 23
Rear impact in REB Impact initially on thigh in NAB At waist in EAB Body moves forward on impact In EAB, initial motion is backward 16-Dec-16 24
VEHICLE SPECIFICATIONS NOT NECESSARY ANTI-LOCK BRAKING SYSTEMS AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION SEAT BELTS CRASHWORTHINESS REQUIREMENTS FULL LOW FLOOR HYDRAULIC OR ELECTRIC RAMPS/LIFTS FOR WHEEL CHAIRS
PLANNING FOR SUSTAINABLE PUBLIC TRANSPORT Ensure that the safety director/officer has direct access to top management. Designate one individual as the responsible safety authority for the system. Clearly identify the roles and responsibilities of the safety director/officer and the safety department Include a mechanism for ensuring that all employees are accountable for safety. This must include a disciplinary process Establishment and review of data bases to assist in the continuous monitoring of the system safety program 16-Dec-16 26 IIT Delhi 2009
Process-Centric Elements Safety Data Acquisition/Analysis Accident/Incident Reporting & Investigation Hazard Identification/Resolution Process Emergency Response Planning, Coordination and Training Internal Safety Audit Process 16-Dec-16 27
What kind of city do we want? 16-Dec-16 28