Chapter 5 Changes on the Western Frontier
Chapter 5-1 Native American Cultures in Crisis
Great Plains Indians Two Lifestyles Existed Small Villages with cultivated farmland Eastern plains Iowa, Missouri Iowa and Osage Nomadic tribes hunted food and buffalo Western plains South Dakota, Nebraska Sioux and Cheyenne Horse key to mobility Covered wider area Buffalo key to their survival Food, clothing, tools, weapons
White Settlers Moved West Culturally different Land ownership was key, Indians never settled the land Cheap land Homestead Act 1862 160 free acres must stay for 5 years Drew exodusters freed slaves from South Drew immigrants from overseas ads by railroad companies More than 400,000 families went west.
Transcontinental Railroad finished 1869 Pacific Railway Act = huge tracts of land to the Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads for building a transcontinental railroad. Covered wagon = 15 mi/day; train = 50 mi/hour Central Pacific and Union Pacific meet in Promontory Point Utah 1869.
Clash Between White and Indians U.S. tried to restrict Indians to reservations Resisted wanted to maintain nomadic lifestyle Sand Creek Massacre 1864 Chivington attacked Cheyenne encampment Had been raiding white settlements Fetterman Massacre by Crazy Horse (Sioux) Attacked soldiers for trespassing on their hunting grounds Treaty of Fort Laramie 1868 Indians agreed to stay on reservations for protection Chiefs forced to sign (or didn t) & U.S. didn t follow through
Clash Between Whites and Indians Gold found in Black Hills of South Dakota Miners moved in Sioux, Cheyenne, Arapahoe protested to government Custer s Last Stand June 1876 Soldiers defeated by Crazy Horse Outnumbered 10 to 1 Sioux defeated by late 1876
Whites Negate Indian Culture Plan to assimilate Native Americans Americanize them - give up their ways adopt white ones Dawes Act of 1867 Broke up reservation lands Distributed to Indians 160 acres to farm, 320 to graze Rest of reservation land sold proceeds to go to Indians Were not paid Attempted to re-educate young Indians Put in no-man s land unaccepted by Indians and whites Buffalo almost wiped out brought end to Indian culture
Indian Wars End Last attempt by Sioux to resist Dec 1890 Soldiers try to arrest Sitting Bull he s killed instead Horse appeared to be doing the ghost dance Ghost Dance ritual to bring back the old days based on a vision 350 Sioux resist at Wounded Knee Creek in SD 300 killed by soldiers Battle of Wounded Knee (Ghost Dance)
Cave: Café STATION 1 Section1 Depth-Complexity. What did the did the Homestead Act of 1862 entail? How did this act effect the west? What effect did the Transcontinental Railroad have on the west? (Union Pacific and Central Pacific) What effect did Mining have on the West? Where the big Gold and Silver strikes? Describe the Battle of Little Big Horn, Wounded Knee (final Indian battle, and Sand Creek Massacre (Colorado) Analyze the attached cartoons and documents. Fill out Depth and Complexity multiple perspectives from each point of view. Watch one of these clips on edpuzzle (Plains Indians or Settlement of the West Little Big Horn).
Ch 5-2 Quiz 1. The American cowboy culture came from what culture? 2. Describe those adopted features. (what was common to both vaqueros and cowboys?) 3. The bandanna was used for what purposes? 4. What factors led to the end of the cattle drive era?
Chapter 5-2 The Growth of the Cattle Industry
Cattle Industry Grows Longhorn cattle and horses from Spanish explorers Mexicans were the first cowboys vaquero taught settlers how to manage large herds Clothes boots, spurs, chaps, bandanna, hat, jerky Vocabulary - ranch, corral, rodeo, lariat Long cattle drives came with railroads Shipped cattle to Chicago and to the east Shipping yards sprang up along railroads Chisholm Trail surveyed San Antonio Abilene Other trails grew
Rise of the Cowboy Glamorized in books, movies, TV westerns Hard, nomadic life 55,000 during 1860-1880s 25% were African Americans Drives lasted 3 months Era of the Cattle Drive End Overgrazing killed vegetation Sheep introduced range wars Extended bad weather Drought, prairie fires, blizzards Invention of barbed-wire fencing closed off free range = Homestead act
Cave: Café STATION 2 Section 2 Depth-Complexity What really caused the cattle business to boom (long horn cattle)? What was the Long Drive? Where was there a huge demand for beef? Why were most of the slaughter houses in Chicago? What was free range grazing? What factors destroyed the Long Drive? What was life like for the cowboy? Why is there so much romanticism of the cowboy? Analyze the attached art work Fill out Depth and Complexity multiple perspectives from a cowboys point of view
Chapter 5-3 Settling on the Great Plains
Settlers Flock Westward Railroads eased travel opened the west Government gave land to RR builders 10 to 20 sq miles per mile of track laid Homestead Act of 1862 successful Over 600,000 Homesteaders settlers on free land Some weaknesses 90% of land not settled as expected RR companies held back best land RR companies didn t build track extensions as promised Land Rush idea caught on opened land at one time Oklahomans the Sooners took early possession First lands protected - 1872 Yellowstone NP
Life on the Great Plains Difficult Life Built soddies homes of sod blocks of prairie turf Overburdened with chores, especially women New tools helped to ease farm work Steel plow (1837), and reaper to harvest wheat Educational programs for farmers started Morrill Land Grant Acts 1862 Second passed in 1890 (former Confederate states) Donated federal land to states to start agricultural colleges (CSU) Hatch Act 1887 sponsored farm research stations Developed new seeds, new farming techniques
Overexpansion Farmers bought more land more profit potential More debt Bonanza farms single-crop farms (10K acres+) 1870s-1890s Railroads overcharged farmers to ship crops Set shipping fees without fear of competition
Cave: Café STATION 3 Section 3 Depth-Complexity How successful was the Homestead Act? Give details. 600,00 + What was the Oklahoma Land Rush? Were there other such land rushes? What was the importance of Yellowstone National Park being founded in 1872? What is the importance of having time zones? What was homestead life like? Give details. Rough Soddies Explain the Morrill Land Grant Acts of 1862. Explain the Hatch Act of 1877. Read Newsela assignment Oklahoma Land Rush. Take the quiz.
Chapter 5-4 Farmers and the Populist Movement
Cave: STATION 3 Section 3 Depth-Complexity Why were farmers hurting after the Civil War? What was the purpose of the Grange? Why did cattle ranchers and famers have range wars? Who were the Populist? What were Populist reform proposals? What was a major cause of the economic recession from 1893 to 1897? Why did the populist want to go to silver currency instead of gold? Café Analyze the two cartoons. How do they relate to the Populist Party?
Economics Squeezing Farmers Post-Civil War was period of deflation Falling farm prices with rising debt Farmers wanted more money in circulation inflation Would bring higher prices Overcharged by railroads and grain brokers (middlemen) For shipping and storage fees The Grange became Farmers Alliances By Oliver Kelley 1867 Social and educational centers for isolated farm families Became outlets for political activism Protests against RRs
Populist Movement Begins Populism the peoples movement Populist (People s) Party founded 1892 Convention in Omaha Economic reforms proposed Increase money supply (a check in every mailbox) Graduated income tax (the more you make the more they take) Senate elections by popular vote (Rich run the government?) Term limits for President & VP Limited workday 8 hours Restrict immigration (don t take my job) Nationalize R.R., utilities, banks.
Panic of 1893 & Election of 1896 Railroads started to go bankrupt Overexpanded too many loans, too much debt Affected entire economy core transportation for U.S. A Depression 20% unemployment Election of 1896 It s the economy, stupid! Northeast Republican vs. South and West Democrats What will back our currency? Gold bugs gold only Free silverites gold and silver (bimetallism) Silver was cheaper make possible cheaper money
Election of 1896 Republicans choose William McKinley Platform included gold standard only Democrats choose William Jennings Bryan Bimetallism platform gold and silver Unlimited silver coinage Backed by Populist Party (with different VP from Farmers Alliance) McKinley Wins Supported by east and industrial mid-west cities Bryan carries South and mid-west farmers Populist Party disappears