Lingcod* Culture * and friends Aquaculture Program Northwest Fisheries Science Center NOAA Fisheries Service Seattle, Washington
Outline Who and what we do Approach Lingcod Culture methods
NWFSC Aquaculture Program 12 or so staff - Harold Barnett, Cameron Carter, John Colt, Matt Cook, Ron Johnson, Eric Kroeger, Ken Massee, Pete Nicklason, Kermit Reppond, Tom Scott, Tom Wade. Multi-organizational - NOAA, University of Idaho, University of Washington, sometimes WDFW, Tribes, and private companies on site. Many more via collaborations. Multi-locational - Seattle and Manchester Washington and opportunistically elsewhere.
NWFSC Aquaculture Program Multidisciplinary - biology, food science nutrition, physiology and engineering Our product is information not fish. Mostly grant funded (averages 70% soft money) Focused mostly on developing aquaculture systems for aquatic organisms that we don t yet know how to grow in captivity. Applications to 1) enhancement and/or rebuilding wild stocks, 2) commercial aquaculture and 3) autecology.
Outline Who and what we do Approach Lingcod Culture methods
Where do you start with a species that has never been reared in captivity? Adaptive Management Creating the control treatment Use correlation and observational data. Hard to publish this information Experimental method Improve the control treatment Consider scale-up from the beginning Looking at the next hurdle. Develop methods to focus on short term events with long term meaning.
YEAR SPECIES 1998 Lingcod (70) 1999 Lingcod (2500), Brown Rockfish (800), Cabizon (200) 2000 Lingcod (7500), Brown Rockfish (600), Spot Prawns (150) 2001 Spot Prawns (100) 2002 Yelloweye Rockfish (1), Spot Prawns (100), Turkish Towel 2003 Yelloweye Rockfish (150), China Rockfish (100), Pacific Cod (250), Spot Prawns (100) 2004 Pacific Cod (3000) Release Lingcod 2005 Brown Rockfish (800), Tiger Rockfish (200). Release Pacific Cod 2006 China Rockfish (1011), Lingcod (3000), Rock sole (3000) 2007 Brown Rockfish (100) a lot of studies cancelled due to late budget by Congress. 2008 Lingcod (1000) -attempted to scale up production of lingcod 2009 Focus on Sablefish and Lingcod
Where do you start with a species that has never been reared in captivity? Adaptive Management Creating the control treatment Use correlation and observational data. Hard to publish this information Experimental method Improve the control treatment Consider Scale-up from the beginning Looking at the next hurdle (eggs, larvae, juveniles - feeds). Develop methods to focus on short term events with long term meaning.
Impact of Temperature and Salinity on Hatch of lingcod eggs 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Hatch 6 9 12 20 25 30 35 Salinity (ppt) Temp ( o C) 15 15 (Cook et al 2005)
Developmental Anomalies in lingcod embryos under different environmental conditions % of total hatch 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 15 20 25 30 35 Salinity (ppt) 6 9 12 Temp (C ) Normal Spine Jaw Other (Cook et. al 2005)
Defining intensive larval culture conditions Focus on short term events (feeding) with long term implications (survival) Does success at first feeding (acceptability) predict larval survival? If so we can use quick acceptability trials that quantify first-feeding success to define optimal environmental conditions. Trials can be repeated at different stages.
Acceptability trials Feeding incidence Gut fullness Day 6 brown rockfish mm
Effect of light intensity on feeding and survival of black rockfish Feeding incidence and Survival both predict a similar optimal light intensity,
Pacific Cod can feed under a wide range of light intensities Effect of Light Intensity on % Feeding Incidence of Pacific Cod Larvae on Rotifers 100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 y = 12.311Ln(x) + 72.519 R 2 = 0.7421 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 Log PAR
Effect of salinity on feeding in Black rockfish and Yelloweye Rockfish 60 50 40 Yelloweye Rockfish Black Rockfish 30 20 10 0 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 25n Salinity
Cod feed better with low levels of turbulence Effect of Aeration Turbulence on % Feeding Incidence of Pacific Cod Larvae on Rotifers 100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 y = 2E-06x 2-0.0287x + 94.24 R 2 = 0.971 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 1000.0 2000.0 3000.0 4000.0 5000.0 6000.0 7000.0 Aeration (ml/min)
Growth trials How often do you feed your fish? 7.5 7 6.5 6 5.5 5 Lengths of Black Rockfish y = -0.0076x 2 + 0.19 5.7215 y = -0.0048x 2 + 0.1562x + 5.2255 R 2 = 0.502 R 2 = 0.6795 y = -0.0019x 2 + 0.0735x + 4.9703 R 2 = 0.3723 4.5 4 y = -0.0019x 2 + 0.0492x + 4.4771 R 2 = 0.2132 0 5 10 15 20 Feedings per day
Outline Who and what we do Approach Lingcod Culture methods
Intensive Hatchery systems
Floating Intensive Seawater Hatchery
Concentrated zooplankton and artemia Inflow (filtered seawater) 6' d plastic ring Floatation Sea level Bag lashed to ring Screened outflow
Bag phase Eggs sourced from wild then incubated in bags for up to a month Hatch start to feed on provided Artemia, then krill and frozen krill About 2 months from 10 to 200 mm in length Live feed by automatic feeders and by hand Cleaned on a regular basis by suction Then bags are harvested and larvae are weaned
Harvested fish are poured from the bag in to a net-pen for weaning
Then tagging and release
Intensive FISH Cost High Low Flexibility High Low Skill level and High Medium amount of information needed Biosecurity High Low Production 12 months/yr Seasonal Monitoring of stock Control over rearing system Easy Good Hard Poor
Issues with lingcod and the FISH system If you use wild zooplankton or have splash you can get Predators, Pathogens and Parasites With lingcod this year Cannibalism was very high
Methods Published as a book chapter: Google: Aquaculture of Lingcod. or see the movie