Does the Song of the Sea end at the Shore or in the Hearts of those who listen

South Africa Norway Science Week 2017 Sustainable Use of the Oceans : Green Maritime NORWAY weird case or good example? by Johán H Williams specialist director Ministry of Trade, Industry and Fisheries

WHO & WHAT is Johán H Williams 1959 1971 Child Laborer 1972 1977 M.Sc Norwegian College of Fisheries, Tromsø 1977 1979 Norwegian Ministry of Fisheries 1980 1988 Norwegian Agency for Dev. Cooperation (NORAD) 1989 1994 Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen 1995 --- Norwegian Ministry of Fisheries 1995/96 HEAD OF FACT-FINDING TEAM NORWEGIAN ASSISTANCE TO FISHERIES SECTOR IN SA 1997 2011 Director General, Fisheries Management, Resources and Marine Environment) 1997 2011 Chief Negotiator Coastal State agreements herring, blue whiting and mackerel, and Head Norwegian delegation to NEAFC (North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission) 2004-2012 Chief Adviser Vietnam Fisheries Law Program 2012 2014 Chair FAO Committee of Fisheries COFI 2010 2016 President NEAFC 2013 2014 Member WorldBank GPO Blue Ribbon Panel 2017 Chair ISO Tech.Com 234 "Fisheries and Aquaculture" 1980 --- Job experiences from Kenya, India, SriLanka, Portugal, Tunis, Egypt, Tanzania, South-Africa, Egypt, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Mozambique, Malawi, China, Nicaragua, Mexico, Brasil, Namibia, Korea, CostaRica, Vietnam, Japan, Uruguay, Angola, Cambodia, Myanmar, UAEmirates, Uganda, Caribbean, Indonesia

Economic values of the Norwegian Seas 35 percent of GDP 10 percent of employment 65-70 percent of Norwegian export

the first settlers came to the Norwegian coast 11000 years ago following the reindeer as ice withdraw.

fish was abundant fish fast became significant their art reflects their daily life

1000 AD - Dried COD becomes a Commodity The Viking erae The spawning Cod fishing in Lofoten (North Norway) develops

1000 years ago Viking Law FROSTATING-LOVEN (--1274) "With Law shall Land be built and not by Un- Law be idled"

Norwegian Fisheries TRADITION INHERENT SOCIO-CULTUR LAW & ORDER

A story

How a storm and a wrecked ship changed the eating habit of a country

Røst Islands, Lofoten, North Norway

S T O C C O - F I S S O

30^ Festa del Bacalà alla Vicentina De.Co. e Giornate Italo Norvegesi dal 12 al 25 settembre 2017 nelle piazze di Sandrigo

from 1432 to 2017 = 585 years Sustained

the end

co-existence

FISH, OIL AND GAS (i) In the late 1960 a small group of senior government officials were given the task of preparing for oil and gas exploration in Norwegian waters. The fisheries, the fish resources and the marine environment were recognised in both a political and socioeconomic context as being of of major importance in Norway. The group established the main principles for petroleum exploration in Norwegian waters where the fisheries and the fish resources were duly taken into account.

FISH, OIL AND GAS (ii) In 1974 the Ministry of Finance presented a White Paper to the Storting discussing the petroleum industry s place in the Norwegian society. A chapter in this White Paper was devoted to a detailed description of the importance of marine living resources, the marine environment and fisheries. In the following years, the Ministry of Petroleum and Energy presented several White Papers for discussion in, and endorsement by, the Storting. Each of these White Papers discussed possible impacts on fish resources and the fisheries.

FISH, OIL AND GAS (iii) - polluter pays and Royal Societies In Norwegian waters, the principle has been established that pipelines and other petroleum devices on the seabed must not be a hindrance to bottom trawl activities. (This is in contrast to other parts of the North Sea, where pipelines are marked on the maps with a warning of liability for damages) In Norwegian waters, the use of dispersants to combat of oil spills is strictly limited. Preference is normally given to the mechanical collection of oil from the sea surface. (Again this is in contrast for example to the practice in UK-waters where dispersants are used to remove oil from the sea surface in order to avoid harm to seabirds, while in Norway we don t want oil dissolved in the water masses, thereby harming fish resources)

Norwegian Ministry of Trade, Industry and Fisheries Norwegian Fisheries and Aquaculture Management : A fine Balance

Norway Government Fisheries Sector Policy (Parliament Approved) The Fisheries policy shall contribute to establish a sound basis for an economically viable development of the fisheries industry. A sustainable management of the living marine resources is pre-conditional Through marked orientation and increased value adding, the fisheries sector shall contribute to good employment and living opportunities in the coastal communities.

The Norwegian Aquaculture Industry A young industry (approx. 45 years old) +/- 120 companies mix of small, medium and large companies Creates about 24 000 jobs, including spin-off effects, in coastal areas Production volume of 1,34 million MT in 2014 (99 % salmon/trout) Export value of 46,2 billion NOK in 2014 (5,7 billion USD)

The International Legal Framework LAW OF THE SEA 200 miles EEZ Shelf Fish SeaBed UNITED NATION FISH STOCK AGREEMENT High Seas (beyond 200 miles EEZ) SEA BED AUTHORITY Continental Shelf claims beyond 200 miles GENETIC Resources Protocol under Biodiversity Convention

The National Aquaculture Regulatory Framework FOOD LAW (2004) AQUACULTURE LAW (2006) Safe food A viable food production industry and market access Profitability and competitive power Sustainability Ensure health, quality and comsumers interests throughout the production chain Good plant- and animal health Simplification of legislation and administration Access to coastal areas - production facilities

The Legal Trinity - Norway s Fisheries Legislation Framework First: the act relating to the participation in fishery, from 1999 who Second: the living marine resources act, from 2009 how much, how, where, when And the third: the raw fish act, from 1951 revised 2013 first hand sale

A wider Scope for the Future Direction of Aquaculture and Fisheries in Norway

The Aquaculture Vision Billion NKR Highly productive areas of the ocean Marine algae New species Supplier industry incl. feed production Marine ingredient industry Aquaculture, Salmon and Trout The Fishing Industry Year

The marching Order Create a system that: Ensures stable growth over time (10-20 years +) Takes into account environmental impact Creates incentives for investments in R&D and new production technology Is predictable to the industry

The Solution Establish a rule-based system Indicators on environmental impact Establish production areas Create a "traffic light system" supporting decisions Predictability: Known criteria How often growth is considered How much increase/decrease in production capacity each time

Some lessons learned Licensing system Information to the authorities (who, where, what) A tool for financing (attract investors, risk reduction) Nessacery to not only regulate on the single site level, but also on a larger area level. Spatial planning reduces conflicts Good Environmental status Good Fish wellfare Fish health Good Economy

From Zero to a Billion 1.4 7.0 1.2 6.0 Volume in million tonnes 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 Volume Value 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 Value in billion USD 0.0 0.0

AquacultureControlled vs AquacultureUncontrolled

Fisheries Sector Challenges Overall productivity growth The harvest sector has to increase its productivity in order to compete with other sectors Technological capacity creep (est. 3% per annum) Limited resources - Prices are stable

The Two Components of Fisheries Management Fisheries management is based on two set of measures, which differ in aims and modalities: 1. Maintaining fish stock productivity through technical measures and output control (TAC) 2. Adjusting catch capacity to stock renewal through access control In general, management instruments fall into two categories, namely regulatory instruments and economic instruments In Norway we use regulatory instruments coupled with strict control measures to (1) ensure sustainability (1), and (2) draw on economic instruments to enhance efficiency

Norwegian Fisheries Management Objectives Sustainability Profitability and efficiency Maintain settlement and activity along the coast Diversified fleet structure and ownership Conflicting goals

Capacity adjustment / reduction Capacity reduction per se is not a goal Instruments are necessary in order to: facilitate productivity growth and efficiency achieve better profitability improve utilization of current capacity Capacity adjustment is a continuous process, and with the right set of incentives the industry adapt without government intervention.market-like instruments provide these incentives, and ensure an industry-driven capacity adjustment

Fisheries Subsidies 1980 2014 4,500,000 4,000,000 1000 NOK, 2014 value 3,500,000 3,000,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 500,000 0

Norwegian Catches vs Fishermen 1945 2014 240 3,500,000 Fishermen/Catch per fisherman 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 3,000,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 Quantity 40 500,000 20 0 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 0 Quantity (tonnes) Fishermen (1000) Catch (tonnes) per fisherman

Effects; Vessel Profitability 20,0 15,0 Mean operating margin (%) 10,0 5,0 0,0-5,0-10,0

Conclusions re Norwegian fisheries policy Fewer vessels and fishermen is inevitable Subsidies will only delay the transition With strong output control, harvesting capacity is primarily an economic issue Capacity adjustment is a continuous process The industry is able to adapt without government intervention Strong incentives and favorable allocation of the benefits are important conditions to succeed

Weird or relevant?

Same Same But Different

Don't invade Russia in November

Thank you That was all for today a johán h willliams fishfact production 2017

POPULATION BRASIL NORWAY RATIO 205.000.000 5,000,000 41 : 1 LandArea 8,5 MILL KM2 324.000 KM2 26 : 1 Coastline 7.500 km 2650 KM ((25.000 km)) 3 : 1 EEZ 3,6 mill sq.km 2,1 mill sq.km 1,7 : 1 Fishermen 875.000 9.400 93 : 1 Fishing Vessels 60.000 6,000 10 : 1 Catches 800.000 2,5 3,0 million tonnes 1 : 3,5 Seafood Export (incl aquaculture) 210 mill.us, 12.3 Billion US$ 1 : 59