Marine Animals II. The Chordates OCN 201 Biology Lecture 7
The Animal Family Tree Chordates Arthropods Segmented Worms Mollusks mouth first anus first Echinoderms Cnidarians Round Worms Ctenophores Flatworms Sponges Placozoa Ancestral Protist
Sea Stars Echinoderms Sea Cucumbers Brittle Stars Sea Urchins Crinoids Looks like radial symmetry, but is not really
Bilateral symmetry echinoderms is more obvious in the larval stages Echinoderm Larva Bilateral symmetry
The Animal Chordates Arthropods Segmented Worms Family Tree Mollusks Echinoderms Round Worms Cnidarians Ctenophores Flatworms Sponges Placozoa Ancestral Protist
Chordate Tree Invertebrates Vertebrates
Chordate Features
Chordate Features
Chordate Tree Invertebrates Vertebrates
Tunicates Pelagic or benthic Often colonial Ascidians (sea squirts) Suspension feeders Salps Larvaceans
Small fish-like, No Jaw Suspension feeder Can swim, but usually stays partly buried Lancelets Amphioxus
Chordate Phylogeny Invertebrates Vertebrates
The Major Fish Groups Jawless fishes (Agnatha) Cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes) Bony fishes (Osteichthyes)
Jawless Fish No jaws No appendages Lamprey (Parasite) Cartilaginous Parasites or Scavengers Hagfish (Scavenger)
Jawless Fish Hagfish slime defense
Cartilaginous Fish (Chondrichthyes) Sharks, Skates and Rays Skeleton of cartilage Have jaws Carnivores or Planktivores
Cartilaginous Fish: Planktivores Planktivores (filter feeders) are largest Gaping mouth with small or no teeth Gill rakers Manta Ray (8 m across!) Whale Shark (up to 17 m long!) Gill Rakers
Whale Shark Planktivores Manta Ray
Cartilaginous Fish: Carnivores
Photo: NOAA Cookie-Cutter Shark
Cookie-Cutter Shark Wounds Goblin Shark Photo: Mike Spalding vis WIRED magazine
Bony Fish (Osteichtyes) 22,000 species From about <1 cm to 11 m Stout Infantfish Oarfish Surface to 8370 m deep
Herbivores (algae) Herbivores
Planktivores (Filter Feeders) Anchovies Sardines filter: gill rakers H 2 O mouth gill opening gut Used by the most successful groups
Carnivores Parrot Fish Tuna
Mola mola Most Massive bony fish: Up to 1300 kg and 3 m tip to tip Feeds on gelatinous zooplankton
Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals
Sea Turtles LARGEST: Loggerhead Leatherback Hawksbill Olive Ridley Green Sea Turtle (Honu) www.conserveturtles.org > 2 m long up to 1300 lbs
Other Marine Reptiles Tropical West pacific/indian Ocean Crocodile - one living marine species Snake - 50 species
Marine Birds albatross, shearwaters gulls and terns pelicans, cormorants, frigate birds penguins
Mammals Features: Endotherms (warm-blooded) Breathe Air Have Hair Live Young Milk Production in Females
Marine Mammals (Class Mammalia) Carnivora - polar bears, sea otter, pinnipeds Sirenians - dugongs and manatees Cetaceans - whales and dolphins
CARNIVORA Enhydra lutris Pinnipeds (seals and sea lions) Polar Bears Sea Otters Ursus maritimus
Sirenians dugongs and manatees Herbivores - eat sea grasses Near shore inhabitants of warm tropical waters About 13,000 alive today - recently taken off the endangered species list
Cetaceans Includes the whales, dolphins and porpoises
Two Cetacean Suborders: Mysticetes (11 living species) large baleen whales - filter feeders 2 blowhole openings Odontocetes (about 67 species) smaller toothed whales, dolphins, and porpoises 1 blowhole opening
Mysticetes (baleen whales) Use complex vocalizations or songs for communication
Large mouthfuls of water are filtered through the baleen plates trapping plankton, small fish and other animals Baleen (Mysticetes)
Humpback Bubble Net
Mysticete Migration patterns Humpback Whale Humpbacks around Hawaii (Mid-December to May) Great whales migrate: - Warm, tropical waters in the winter (for breeding) - Colder, polar waters in winter (for feeding)
Odontocetes (toothed whales) Carnivores Use squeals chirps and clicks for communication, echolocation and stunning of prey