Animals All animals are members of the Kingdom Animalia, also called Metazoa. This Kingdom does not contain prokaryotes (Kingdom Monera, includes bacteria, blue green algae) or protists (Kingdom Protista, includes unicellular eukaryotic organisms). All members of Animalia are multicellular, and all are heterotrophs (that is, they rely directly or indirectly on other organisms for their nourishment). Most ingest food and digest it in an internal cavity. Animals Animal cells lack the rigid cell walls that characterize plant cells. The bodies of most animals (all except sponges) are made up of cells organized into tissues, each tissue specialized to some degree to perform specific functions. Most animals are capable of complex and relatively rapid movement compared to plants and other organisms. Most reproduce sexually, by means of differentiated eggs and sperm. 1
Phylum Porifera Sponges are considered the oldest of the animal phyla. The name Porifera means "pore bearer" in Latin. Sponges are very slow moving animals that are found across the sea floor. Although many sponges actually move less than a millimeter a day, some adult sponges are actually sessile, which means that they are fixed onto something and do not move at all. Phyla Porifera The body of the sponge is made up of a jelly like substance that is supported by a thin layer of cells on either side. The body of the sponge contain thousands of pores which allow water to keep flowing through it. Sponges are omnivorous animals that obtain their nutrition from the food particles in the water. Sponges primarily eat bacteria, phytoplankton and bits out of the water. 2
Phyla Porifera Due to the abundance and variety of sponges, they are preyed upon by many animals. The fact that sponges move so slowly, if at all, means that they cannot avoid being eaten. Sea turtles, crustaceans, fish and echinoderms all prey on sponges. 3
Phylum Cnidaria The Phylum Cnidaria includes such diverse forms as jellyfish, hydra, sea anemones, and corals. Cnidarians have radial symmetry. Cnidarians have two basic body forms, medusa and polyp. Medusa, such as adult jellyfish, are free swimming or floating. They usually have umbrella shaped bodies. Polyps, in contrast, are usually sessile. They have tubular bodies; one end is attached to the substrate, and a mouth (usually surrounded by tentacles) is found at the other end. 4
Polyp Medusa Phylum Cnidaria The characteristic that defines cnidarians is the nematocyst(stinging cells). These tiny organelles are both highly efficient devices for capturing prey and extremely effective deterrents to predators. 5
Pylum Annelida The annelids include earthworms, polychaete worms, and leeches. All members of the group are to some extent segmented. Bilateral symmetry 6
Earth Worms Improve the physical structure of the soil Improve water filtration rates and absorption rates helping the soil to drain better. Less runoff equals less watering and less erosion. The tunneling activity improves soil aeration, porosity, and permeability. Waste is good for fertilizing gardens and crops Leech Therapy Leech saliva has anti coagulant properties (prevents blood from clotting) Used to repair damage tissue of treat blood clots among other disorders 7
Phylum Mollusca All have soft bodies, a shell and have a strong muscular foot, which is used for movement or grasping. A feature unique to molluscs is a file like, rasping tool called a radula. This structure allows them to scrape algae and other food off. Three Types of Molluscs Gastropods snails and slugs Bivalves clams and oysters Cephalopods squid and octopus 8
Phylum Arthropods Of the roughly one and a quarter million named animal species, over one million are arthropods. These animals occupy by far the widest variety of habitats on Earth. The name Arthropod means "jointed foot." All arthropods have segmented bodies and are covered in a jointed, protective armor called an exoskeleton. Bilateral symmetry Class Crustacea Include lobsters, crabs, crayfish, shrimp, and barnacles. All have two pairs of antennae, a pair of mandibles, a pair of compound eyes and two pair of maxillae on their heads. Crustaceans respire via gills. 9
Class Arachnida These are the scorpions, spiders, mites, horseshoe crabs, and "sea spiders." 8 or 4 pairs of walking legs. Respiration is by means of book gills, book lungs, or tracheae. Class Insecta Insects have bodies of three segments, icluding a head, thorax, and abodmen; A pair of relatively large compound eyes A pair of antennae Two pairs of wings, derived from outgrowths of the body wall Three pairs or six legs 10
Class Insecta Examples include Flies Bees Butterflies Grasshoppers Beetles Phylum Echinodermata Live in aquatic environments While many echinoderms begin life as a bilateral larva, later in life they become radial with five part symmetry. Echinoderms move, feed and breathe with a unique watervascular system ending in what are called tube feet. Sea stars use their tube feet to slowly pry open clams, mussels or other prey. The bodies of echinoderms are made of hard, calciumbased plates that are often spiny and covered by a thin skin. 11
Phylum Echinodermata Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Chordates have their skeletons on the inside. Three features are present in all chordates. Notochord in many members (e.g., the vertebrates) is later replaced by a bony, vertebral column. Hollow nerve structure that becomes the spinal cord and brain. Pharyngeal gill slits. (Our gill slits close up when we're still embryos.) 12
Fish Class Chondritcthyes Cartilagenous fish Skeleton of cartilage Includes sharks, skates and sting rays Fish Class Osteoicthyes Bony fish Skeleton of calcified bones Includes tuna, perch, and swordfish 13
Fish Class Agnatha Jawless fish Skeleton of cartilage Examples include hagfish and lampreys Class Amphibia Smooth skin, used for breathing Lives partly in the water Examples include Frogs Toads Salamanders Caecillians 14
Class Reptilla Body covered in scales Lays eggs with a hard shell Examples Snakes Lizards Alligators Crocodiles Class Aves Covered in feathers for flight Hollow bones to reduce weight Lay hard shelled eggs Examples Cardinals Penguins (flightless) Ostriches 15
Class Mammalia Have hair Give birth to live young 3 Types Monotremes egg laying Platypus and Echnidna Marsupial pouch Kangaroo and Opossom Placental live young Bears, Lions, Humans 16