Maternal effects of marine fishes and shellfishes on the growth and survival of larvae and juveniles: examples of kuruma prawn Marsupenaeus japonicus, yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata and striped jack Pseudocaranx dentex Keiichi MUSHIAKE Present studies were carried out to examine the maternal effects on the growth and survival of juveniles and larvae in both marine prawn (kuruma prawn Marsupenaeus japonicas) and fishes (yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata and striped jack Pseudocaranx dentex). Survival rate in the seed production of kuruma prawn by pedigree assessment based on PCR-RFLP analysis of mitochondrial DNA D-Loop region and microsatellite DNA analysis using three polymorphic loci was investigated, and it was found the survival rate was dependent on the juveniles originated from the broostock. In both yellowtail and striped jack, spawning results were depended on the diet fed with broodstock during the management. Larval activity was estimated by survival activity index (SAI) in these fishes, and no relationships were recognized between SAI of larvae and properties of eggs, i.e., floating eggs rate, fertilized eggs rate, egg diameter or diameter of oil globules. However, larvae with the higher SAI value in yellowtail and striped jack survived more during the initial 10 days in the seed production. The SAI of larvae obtained from the younger broodstock showed the higher value in yellowtail. SAI of larvae from the same spawning groups in striped jack during the multiple spawning showed higher value at the beginning in the spawning season, and decreased gradually at the middle and late spawning season. These results demonstrate that the maternal effect is important in marine fishes and prawn and should be researched based on the scientific results. Key words: maternal effect, marine fish, diet, survival rate, growth, larval activity 1. 1960 2007 45 35 2009 2009 11 122009 12 21 National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency, 422 1 Nakatsuhamaura, Minamiise, Watarai, Mie 516 0193, Japan mushiake@fra.affrc.go.jp Marsupenaeus japonicus Seriola quinqueradiata Pseudocaranx dentex 2. 1967 2000 1.2 1.4 2003 1992
2005 DNA 5 10 50 25 kl Tetraselmis tetrathele Artemia salina Table 1. Observed number of individuals in each family at three developmental stages among communally reared kuruma prawn. Family Stage* P21 P41 P82 1 12 27 19 2 84 40 70 3 36 39 32 4 18 44 29 5 0 1 0 Total 150 150 150 * P21, P41 and P82 show 21, 41 and 82 day-old at the postlarval stage, respectively. 82 P82 Hudinaga 1942 P82 P21 P41 P82 150 DNA D-Loop RFLP 3 DNA 150 Table 1 Fig. 1 3. 3.1. 3.1.1. Trachurus japonicus : Figure 1. Average standardized total length within each full-sib group at three stages of development. Different letters (a, b, c) in each panel indicate significant differences (Mann-Whitney U-test, p 0.05).
Scomber japonicus 1:1 RF 1:1 MP SDP 5.6 kg 1995 20 : 10 : 10 10 : 5:5 10 5:5 65 kl HCG human chorionic gonadotropin 1kg 600 IU HCG 48 1 RF MP SDP 110 128 124 MP Fig. 2 1 RF MP SDP45 79 83 MP SDP RF p 0.01 1 RF MP SDP 160 213 267 SDP Fig. 2 MP SDPRF p 0.01 1 RF MP SDP69 77 83 SDP 3.1.2. 10 1996 1995 1996 2 41kl 3 2,000 20 C1 C 21 10 SDP MP RF Fig. 3 Figure 2. Results of egg collection by artificial insemination (A) or induced spawning (B) from yellowtail fed with different diets. Vertical bars represent standard deviations. Solid squares, total eggs collected per one female; gray squares, normal hatched larvae; RF, raw fish; MP, moist pellet; SDP, soft dry pellet. Figure 3. Survival rate of yellowtail larvae obtained from broodstock fed with different diets among the initial 10 days of the seed production. RF, raw fish; MP, moist pellet; SDP, soft dry pellet.
3.1.3. Oncorhynchus keta 1988 Pagrus major 1974; 1985; 1986; 1986 Sebastiscus marmoratus survival activity index SAI 1981 SAI 1993 1993 SAI SAI 1981 k 1 SAI N ( N h) i i 1 N h i i k 0 SAI 10 1988 1992 1993 Fig. 4 10 x SAI y y 0.22x 10.19 (r 2 0.64) SAI SAI, 1993 i Figure 4. Relationship between SAI of hatched larvae and survival rate of fed larvae in 10 days after hatching in yellowtail. Figure 5. Effects of age of broodstock and methods of egg-collection on SAI of yellowtail larvae. AI, SAI of larvae obtained from artificial insemination; IS, SAI of larvae from induced spawning. 3.1.4. SDP 3 6 SAI Fig. 5 SAI 1993 3 4 SAI SAI 1993
3.2. 3.2.1. : Todarodes pacificus : 2:2:1 RF : 1:1 MP SDP 4.8 kg 1996 12 : 6:6 65 kl HCG 1kg 600 IU 1 RF MP SDP 213 82 198 RF Fig. 6 1 RF MP SDP 132 35 146 SDP MP RF SDP 3.2.2. 10 1996 22 C 1 C 23 C 10 RF SDP MP Fig. 7 3.2.3. SAI 30 mm 1993 1988 1992 SAI Table 2 1990 Figure 7. Survival rate of striped jack larvae obtained from broodstock fed with different diets among the initial 10 days of the seed production. RF, raw fish; MP, moist pellet; SDP, soft dry pellet. Table 2. Relationship between SAI of larvae and results of seed production of striped jack. Year SAI* 1 of larvae 0 6 6 12 12 18 18 24 24 30 Figure 6. Results of natural spawning without hormone injection in striped jack fed with different diets. Solid squares, total eggs collected per one female; gray squares, normal hatched larvae; RF, raw fish; MP, moist pellet; SDP, soft dry pellet. 1988 0/1* 2 2/2 1989 0/1 2/3 4/5 1/1 1991 0/2 1/1 7/8 1992 1/1 7/7 2/2 Total 0/4 1/1 12/14 11/12 3/3 * 1 Survival activity index. * 2 Number of seed prodctuion trials successful/conducted.
Yoshikoshi and Inoue, 1990 SAI 6 4 10 SAI 6 30 27 30 mm SAI 6 SAI 12 SAI 1993 3.2.4. 1985 Figure 8. Changes in SAI of hatched larvae from natural spawning in striped jack. 1989 1:1 24 C 2 1 40 1996 1991 35 SAI SAI Fig. 8 1993; Watanabe et al., 1998 1993; Mushiake et al., 1994; 1995 Epinephelus akaara 1990; 1998 Ranina ranina 2002 1996 3.3. Table 3 HCG Table 3. Effects of broodstock management properties on their larvae in yellowtail and striped jack. Items Yellowtail Striped jack Diets* 1 RF MP SDP MP RF SDP Egg collection* 2 AI IS IS NS Egg quality No relationships between SAI* 3 of larvae and properties of eggs, i.e., floating rate, fertilization rate, egg diameter or diameter of oil globules Larval activity The larvae showing higher SAI values in the starvation test also showed higher survival rates in the seed production from 0 to 10 days after hatching. * 1 RF, raw fish; MP, moist pellet; SDP, soft dry pellet. * 2 AI, artificial insemination; IS, induced spawning by hormone injection; NS, natural spawning without hormone injection. * 3 Survival activity index.
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