OBSERVATIONS ON SOME ASPECTS OF BIOLOGY OF THE BLACK CROAKER ATROBUCCA NIBE (JORDAN AND THOMPSON) FROM KAKINADA V. SRIRAMACHANDRA MURTY Centred Marine Fisheries Research Institute Centre, Kakinada ABSTRACT Observatioins on some aspects of biology of Atrobucca nibe are made from Kakinada. The length-weight relationship is described by the equation log W = -5.524308 + 3.213476 log L. The fluctuations in relative condition factor appear to be associated with fluctuations in gonad cycle. Individuals release ova in two batches during the spawning season which extends from Feibuary to July in the area. The length at fiirst maturity is estimated at 145 mm. The s-sx rstio indicates predominance of males in most months and length groups. INTRODUCTION The fishes of the family Sciaenidae form fisheries of considerable magnitude along Indian coasts; off Kakinada (16.15'-17.10' N Lat. and 82.22'- 35' E long), an estimated 603.1 tonnes of these fishes were landed by the trawlers during April 1968-December 1970 (Muthu et al 1975). The catches of these fishes have been increasing with increased intensity of trawl fishing and during 1976 alone, an estmated 873.1 tonnes of these fishes were landed (CMFRI, 1976) from this area. The fishery is a raultispecies one and Atrobucca nibe supports a rich fishery at Kakinada. Though there is considerable information on the biology of sciaenld fishes from different localities along the Indian coasts (Rao 1967, Annigeri 1967, Rao K. V. S. 1968, Kutty 1968, Devadoss 1972), there is practically no information on the biology of A. nibe from any where in the world except for the work of Matsui and Takai (1951) from Japanese waters. The present paper gives information on some aspects of biology of this species- from the trawler catches landed at Kakinada during the years 1975-1977. MATERIAL AND METHODS The samples were obtained from the trawler landings at weekly intervals. In the laboratory, the constituent species were separated and data taken on each species. For biological studies, data on length, weight, sex, stages of maturation and relative fullness of the stomachs were taken. Always the data from
BIOLOGY OF A. NIBE 67 fresh specimens only were taken. The length-weight relationship was calculated by the method of least squares using the formula W = a L'^ or log W = log a + n log L where W = weight in grams, L = length in mm, a = a constant and n = exponent. The relative condition factor (Kn) was calculated using the formula Kn = W/W (Le Cren 1951), where W = observed individual weight and W = weight calculated from the length-weight relationship for each length. The colour and general appearance of the gonads.were noted in fresh condition and ova diameter measurements were taken from formalin-preserved ovaries. In taking the diameter measurements the procedure of Clark (1934) was followed. From each ovary about 400 ova were measured at a magnification where 1 md equals 0.014 mm. Spawning season is determined on the basis of the data on females only. As A. nibe occurs in the catches seasonally, the biological data of corresponding months in different years were pooled for purpose of the present study. LENGTH-WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP The data of 125 females ranging from 122 to 235 mm length and from 14 to 136 g weight and 164 males ranging from 94 to 218 mm length and from 6 to 109 g weight, were used to calculate the length-weight relationship. The equations for both the sexes are: Males: log W = -5.571216 + 3.234755 log L Females: log W = -5.461329 + 3.185315 Log L The regression coefficient of males and females were compared by analysis of covariance following Snedecor and Coohran (1967). The results (Table 1) show that there is no significant difference both in the slopes and in the elevations between sexes. Hence the data of sexes were pooled and a common relationship calculated (fig. 1) which can be expressed by the equation: Log W = -5.524308 + 3.213476 log L. RELATIVE CONDITION FACTOR The values of relative condition factor calculated separately for each fish were added up and the mean for each month and for each length group obtained. It is seen that Kn values in May, June and September are higher than the weighted average; whereas in other months the values are lower (fig. 2). It is also evident that the Kn value is minimum in March and maximum in September. As stated elsewhere in this paper (vide infra), the spawning season for A. nibe is February-July. The generally low values during January-April may perhaps be due to the peak activity of ripening of gonads and consequent spawning stress.
68 MURTY TABLE. 1. Comparison of Regression lines of the length-weight relationship of A. nibe. df 2x^ Sxy Sy^ Reg Deviation from regression coefficient df s.s. M.S. Within Females Males Pooled (within) Between Total 124 0.294305 0.93745 3.20119 3.185315 123 0.215110 0.0017488 1^3 0.478141 0.54667 5.38772 3.234755 162 0.384623 0.0023742 285 0.59977330.0021043 287 0.772446 2.4841238.58892 3.215918 286 0.600178 0.0020985 difference between slopes 1 0.000445 0.000445 1 0.068986 0.21979 0.70027 288 0.841432 2.70392 9.28919 between adjusted means 287 0.600195 1 0.000017 0.000017 Comparison of slopes; F = 4.728764; df = 285, 1; F at 5% = 254; not fignificant Comparison of elevations: F = 123.441176; df = 286, 1; F at 5% = not significant W I T H FIG. 1. Length-we!ght relationship in A. nibe
BIOLOGY OF A. NIBE 69 The Kn values in different lengths (fig. 3) show steep decline till 120-129 mm and thereafter show increase till 140-149 mm. A. nibe attains sexual maturity for the first time when the fish is 145 mm and the peak Kn value at this length may be associated with maturity. The Kn values show decline after 140-149 mm and reach another peak at 200-209 mm group..extending the previous suggestion, it is possible that individuals of A. nibe attain maturity for the second time when they attain a length of 200-209 mm. A similar conclusion was drawn in the case of Netnipterus japonicus by Krishnamoorthi (1971). MATURATION AND SPAWNING The study is based on 357 specimens (224 males and 133 females) ranging from 994 to 235 mm in length. in in- I-04- ^0.98-0-92- l _ ^ _ 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 J. JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV FIG. 2. ReLtive codition factor in different months in A. nibe. Stage of maturation: The following stages of maturation are recognised in females of A. nibe:.. Stage I (immature) : Ovary thin, occupying less than half the length of body cavity; ova minute, irregularly-shaped, transparent, without yolk and with clearly visible nucleus. Ova range from 0.02 to 0.13 mm in diameter. Stage II (maturing virgins): Ovary thin, occupying about half the length of body cavity, whitish; yolk deposition initiated in most ova which are translucent. Ova diameter ranges from 0.02 to 0.26 mm. Stage III (maturing): Ovary yellow occupying about f of the length of body cavity; ova visible to naked eye; majority of ova translucent, but opaque ova also are present. Maximum diameter at 0.60 mm. Stage IV (ripening): Ovary pale yellow occupying almost the entire length of body cavity; ovarian wall thin, ova distinctly visible to naked eye; majority of ova are opaque with the maximum diameter at 0.73 mm.
70 MURTY Stage V (ripe): Ovary distended, occupying the entire length of body cavity; ova translucent with a distinct oil globule. Maximum ova diameter upto 1.03 mm. The diameter of the oil globule ranges from 0.19 to 0.26 mm.. Stage Va (Partially spawned): Same as stage V but the ovary does not occupy entire length 6f body cavity. Ripe, translucent ova with oil globule are present but majority are opaque. Stage VI (spent): Not encountered in the samples. i z o S z o lilto' I.I ao i.o*o. 1.040. I.OOO o.t*o I.200-0.9IO- T T i t i "i si 8 - - - - n n L E N G T H ekoui>s <t**jo FIG. 3. Relative condition factor in diffsrent length goups in A. nibe Males are recognised as immature, maturing and mature only, on the basis of macroscopic examination of fresh testes. Length at first maturity: For the purpose of determining the minimum length at first maturity, maturing, ripening and ripe (stage III-V) females and mature males were taken into account. The percentage of these mature fish in relation to immature fish in different lengths are presented in figure 4. It may be seen that untill a lentgh of 200 mm, the percentage of mature individuals show progressive increase and that in specimens above this length, all are mature. On the basis of these observations, it may be concluded that A. nibe mature first at the length of 145 mm (50% mature).
BIOLOGY OF A. NIBE 71 I30 I70 LENGTH (MIU$ 210 FIG. 4. Frequency distritoution of mature individuals in different length groups of A. nibe. Spawmng: The ova diameter frequency distribution in ovaries of stages II, III, IV and V of maturation are presented in firure 5. It may be noted that there is only one mode at 5 md in the diameter frequency distribution in ovary of stage II of maturation. In stage III, a new mode appeared at 32 md. In stage IV, there are two modes in addition to the one at 11 md: one at 32 md and the other at 41 md in the dameter frequency distributian of mature ova. Obviously, certain fast growing ova have got separated from the batch of ova that formed a single mode at 32 md in stage III, by the time the ovary passed on to stage IV. In stage V, the ripe translucent ova got separated from other ova and formed a mode at 59 md. This mode must have resulted by the further z UJ ui " IT AG c-ns Z UJ O tc a» OVA D I A M E T E R (M«8 FIG. 5. Ova diameter frequency distribution in ovaries of diffeent stages of maturation in /). nibe.
72 MURTY growth of ova that formed a mode at 41 md in the dameter frequency distribution of ovary in stage IV. There is another mode at 29 md iin the diameter frequency distribution of stage V ovary. In the partially spawned stage Va ovary, the ripe translucent ova form a minor mode at 59 md while the majority of the ova are opaque forming a mode at 32 md. The fact that: 1) there are two closer modes in the-diameter frequency distribution of mature ova in ovary of stage IV, 2) there are two modes one each in the mature and ripe ova in the ovary in stage V and 3) a partiallyspawed stage occurs with a major mode at 32 md and a minor mode at 59 md indicate a possibility that each adult female of A. nibe spawns twice during a single but extended spawning season; The evidence is not strong enough to believe that there may be two distinct spawning seasons in a year because the batch of ova that are destined to be released in the second batch are already sex JAN. 70- n>njne 20-40- 40 I so aoi z u - S^20- S - JUL -nl 30- FEB- MAR- APRIL MAY lo- 40- I : UJ ^ lo Ul a u. 70- ^ 1 540- u S! lo 60-I ILl m M-S ta '^^ SEF?T. NOV. 60-30- I M *T 1 1 V I III V MATURATION STAGES FIG. 6. Fr-squsncy distribution of different, stages of maturafon in different months in females of /4. nibe
BIOLOGY OF A. NIBE 7^ mature and opaque and have reached a niodal diameter <?f 32 md in stage Va (fig. 5) and judging from the sequence of maturation process, it may not take more time for these ova to become ripe and be realeased. Similar conclusions were drawn in the case of Pseudosciaena diacanthus (Rao, KVS. 1968) md Johhius dussumieri (Devadoss, 1972). In other sciaenid speeies studied: OtoUthus argenteus (Annigeri 1967), Pseudosciaena qneus and P. bleekeri (Rao, T. A. 1967) and OtoUthus ruber (Devadoss 1972) the ripe ova are stated to be released in only one spawning act. The frequency distribution of maturation stages in females in different months are presented in figure 6. It may be seen that felales witii ripe ovaries (stages V nda Va) occur in the catches during February and March but fishes with ripening ovaries (stage IV) occur in several months from January to July. Further, the ripening females dominate others during February-June period. The occurrence of running ripe females during February-March and the occurrence of ripening females in large numbers during February-June period indicate that A. nibe spawns during February-July period in th sea off Kakinada. It may be stated in this connection that according to Matsui and Takai (1951; as cited by Trewavas 1977), this species "probably" spawns "during the period April-June" in shallow waters between China and Japan. The spawning seasons of other sciaenid species from India are determined as June-August in P. diacanthus off Bombay (Rao, K. V. S. 1968), October-January in O. argenteus in the sea off Mangalbre (Annigeri 1967), February-May in P. bleekeri and January-April in /. carutta off Waltair (Rao, T. A. 1967) and July-October in O. ruber and June-September in J. dussumieri of Bombay (Devadoss 1972). TABLE 2. Sex ratio in different months in A. nibe. Months No. of fi'h examined Percentage of males Percentage of females January February March April May June July August September October November December 31 46 43 37 26 38 25 No data 68 No data 43 No data lla 78.2 44.2 64.9 57.7 18.4 76.0 57.4 95.3 22.6 21.8 55.8 35.1 42.3 81.6 24.0 42.6 4.7 Pooled 357 63.7 37.3 :
74 MURTY TABLE 3. Sex ratio in different length groups of A. nibe Length groups (mm) No. o f fish examined Percentage oj males Percentage oj females 140-149 150-159 160-169 180-189 170-179 190-199 200-209 210-219 220-229 24 52 75 48 71 28 19 11 7. 83.3 75.0 64.0 58.3 59.2 42.9. 42.1 54.5 28.6 16.7 16.7 36.0 41.7 40.8 57.1 57.9 45.5 71.4 SEX RATIO The sex ratio in different months and in different length groups are presented in Tables 2 and 3 respectively. It may be seen that males outnumber females in all months except March and June (Table 2). Similarly, males dominate females in all length group upto 189 mm. The preponderance of males in the catches in different months and in different length groups upto 189 mm and the general preponderance of females from and above 190 mm is noteworthy and may indicate differential growth rate of sexes as shown by Qasim (1966) in some freshwater fishes of India. REFERENCES ANNIGERI, G. G. 1967. Maturation of the intraovarian eggs and the spawning periodicities in a few fishes of M'fngalore. Indian J. Fish., 10: 23-32 (1963). CLARK, F. N. 1934. Maturity of th; California sardine (Sardina caerulea), Calif. Div. Fish Game, 42; 49 pp. CM'PRl. 1976. Annual Report for 1976. Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin, 123 pp. DEVADOSS, P., 1972. Maturity and spawning in OtoUthus ruber (Schn.) and Johnius dussumieri (C. & V.). Indian J. Fish., 16: 117-128 (1969). I KRISHNAMOORTHI, B. 1971. Biology of the threadfin Bream, Nemipteus japonicus (Bloch) Indian J. Fish., 18: 1-21. KUTTY, M. N. 1968. A note on the biology of the 'koth' Otolithoides brunneus (Day). J. mar. bid. Ass. India, 9: 197-198. LE CREN, E. D. 1951. The length-weight relationsibip and seasonal cycle in gonad weight and condition in the perch (perca fluviatilis). J. Anim. EcoL, 20: 201-219.
BIOLOGY OF A. NIBE 75 MATSUI, J. AND T. TAKAI. 1951. Ecological studies on the black oroaker, Nibca nibe. (Jordan & Thompson). Contr. Shimonoseki Coll. Fish., 1951: 65-89. MUTHU, M. S., K. A. NARASIMHAM, G. S. RAO, Y. A. SASTRY AND P. RAMALINGAM. 1975. Th; commercial trawl fisheries off Kakjnada during 1967-70. Indian J. Fish., 22: 171-186. QASIM, S. Z. 1966. Sex ratio in fish populations as a function of sexual difference in growth rate. Cun. Sci., 35: 140-142. RAO, K. V. S. 1968. Some aspects of biology of 'Ghol' Pseudosciaena diacanthus (Lacepade). Indian J. Fish., 10: 413-459 (1963). RAO, T. A. 1967. Maturity and spawning habits of some sci.e.nids in offshore waters at Visakhapatnam. Indian L Fish., 11: 121-126 (1964). SNEDECOR, G. W. AND W. G. CODHRAN. 1967. Statistical Methods. Sixth Edition, Oxford and IBH publishing Co., New D'^lhi, 593 pp. TREWAVAS, E. 1977. The sciaenid fishes (croakers ordrums) of the Indo-west-Pacific. Trans. Zoo/. Soc. Land. 33: 253-541.