Current observations at the Jan Mayen Ridge Kjell Arne Mork 1, Ken Drinkwater 1, Steingrimur Jónsson 2, Hédinn Valdimarsson 2 1 Institute of Marine Research and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway 2 Marine Research Institute, Iceland ESSAS Open Science Meeting Seattle 211
The main surface currents in the Nordic Seas Jan Mayen The main surface currents in the North Atlantic Atlantic water Arctic water
IPY-NESSAR IPY-Nessar: Focus on the ecosystem at the front Field work: June 27 & June 28 Sharp fronts where the warm and saline Atlantic water meets the cold and fresher Arctic water IMR (Norway) and MRI (Iceland) deployed two and one mooring, respectively, which included several instruments for current measurement
Three moorings deployed at the Jan Mayen Ridge Jan Mayen Iceland Sea Dreki JM-1?? JM-2? Norwegian Sea Purpose: To investigate water exchanges between the Norwegian and Iceland Sea Measurement period: JM-1 and JM-2: 27-29 Dreki: 27-28 Atlantic water Arctic water
The moorings had several different instruments for current measurements ADCP, RDCP, RCM CT sensor ADCP CT sensor ADCP Tor Villy with the Nortek ADCP
5 4 35 34.95 South- North section 71 o N 2 3' 6 7 o N 8 2 3' 3 34 22 1 69 o N 2 3' -18 68 o N 1 o W 9 o W 8 o W 7 o W 6 o W 5 o W 4 o W 2.5 3 2 1.5 1.5 3.5 3 2.5 1 3.5 3 2.5 11.5 2 1.5 2.5 1.5 -.5 4 4.5 4 2 4 6 8 -.7 1 12 14 JM-2 JM-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 13 14 34.95 34.95 35 34.95 35 34.9 34.85 34.95 34.95 35 35.5 35.5 34.95 35.5 35.1 2 34.9 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 13 14 34.9 34.9 6 8 1 12 14 Depth (m) Depth (m) Temperature 16 18 2 Temperature (deg. C) South-North section R/V G.O.Sars, June-27 68.6 68.8 69 69.2 69.4 69.6 69.8 7 7.2 7.4 7.6 Latitude (deg.) Salinity 16 18 2 Salinity South-North section R/V G.O.Sars, June-27 68.6 68.8 69 69.2 69.4 69.6 69.8 7 7.2 7.4 7.6 Latitude (deg.) Latitude Jan Mayen
4 5 4 2 Temperature and salinity across the Ridge 35.5 35 35.5 35.5 35 34.95 34.95 35.5 1 34.95 2 34.95 35.5 3 35 34.9 4 5 6 Depth (m) 34.9 7 8 9 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 71 o N 2 3' -9-8.5-8 -7.5-7 -6.5-6 -5.5 Longitude 3 3 1 1 2 2 1 3 3 4 5 Depth (m) 6 7 8 9 1 Salinity 6 7 o N 8 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 3' 22 1 34 3 69 o N 2 3' -18 68 o N 1 o W 9 o W 8 o W 7 o W 6 o W 5 o W 4 o W CTD-station 1 1 JM-1-9 -8.5-8 -7.5-7 -6.5-6 -5.5 Longitude Longitude Temperature
JM-1 7 days moving averages. Every second day is presented.
JM-1, eastward velocity JM-1 ADCP RCM RCM RCM Blue color indicates flow into the Iceland Sea. Data are 14 days moving averages.
JM-2 7 days moving averages. Every second day is presented.
JM-2 (velocity rotated 2 o ) JM-2 ADCP RCM RCM RCM Blue color indicates flow into the Iceland Sea. Data are 14 days moving averages.
Bottom current -.5 JM-1 78 m JM-2 198 m Velocity (cms -1 ) -1-1.5-2 -2.5 JM-1 JM-2-3 -3.5 Oct7 Jan8 Apr8 Jul8 Oct8 Jan9 Apr9 Velocity across the Jan Mayen Ridge near the bottom at JM-1 and JM-2. The velocity at JM-2 is rotated 2 degrees CCW. The velocity are three months moving averages.
Seasonal variation Direction Direction Seasonal averaged velocity with standard error. Red color: eastward (directed to the Norwegian Sea), blue color: westward.
Dreki
Currents from vessel mounted ADCP (Feb-28) Dreki JM-2 Current at 5 m depth Dreki JM-2
Mean current field (schematic) Winter Summer Current at the upper layer (-2 m) Bottom current
Forcing? The deep/depth averaged circulation in the Norwegian Sea and Nordic Seas are largely influenced by the wind stress curl (e.g., Isachsen et al., 23; Nøst and Isachsen, 23; Voet et al., 21) The deep circulation is stronger during winter compared to summer (Voet et al., 21; Mork and Skagseth, 25). Deep circulation (~1 m) from Argo floats (Voet et al., 21).
Bottom current vs sea level height and wind Sea level anomaly Wind stress curl r=-.5 Normalized time series of sea level height at the Jan Mayen Ridge and bottom current at JM-2 Normalized time series of bottom current at JM-2 and wind stress curl in the Norwegian Sea (opposite directed).
Strong semi-diurnal oscillation cm/s 5 4 3 2 1-1 JM-1, ADCP (5m) Amplitude (cm/s) Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun 15 1 5 JM-1 ADCP-5 m CCW CW -2-3 -4-5 1/21 1/28 11/4 11/11 mm/dd Velocities (u,v) at JM-1 from 5 m depth during October-November 27 u v Amplitude (cm/s) 15 1 5 JM-2 ADCP-5m CCW CW Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun 27 28 Amplitude of rotation direction (instead of u and v) for the semi diurnal period. CW=Clock Wise, CCW=Counter Clock Wise
Zooplankton migration? Using signal (backscatter) from ADCP (19 khz) Seasonal migration JM-1 Amplitude (counts) Daily migration 2 3 4 4 5 Depth (m) 6 Depth(m) 6 7 8 8 9 1 1 11 Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Time (27-28) 12 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 Time during day
Main results Weak flow (low stability) from the Norwegian Sea to the Iceland Sea at JM-1. Seasonal changes in the bottom current. Seasonal variation at JM-2 (in the deep channel): Upper layer, winter: flow to the Iceland Sea, summer: opposite Deep water, from the Norwegian Sea into the Iceland Sea both summer and winter Link to the wind stress curl in the Norwegian Sea Northwards (barotropic) current at Dreki Strong semi-diurnal (inertial) oscillation