click for previous page - 75 - Etmopterus decacuspidatus Chan, 1966 SQUAL Etmo 8 Etmopterus decacuspidatus Chan, 1966, J.Zool., Proc.Zool.Soc.London, 148:220, fig. 1, P1. 1a. Holotype: British Museum (Natural History) BMNH 1965.8.11.7, 292 mm adult male. Type Locality : South of Cape Bastion, Hainan Island, China, 16 40.5'N, 109 49.9'E, 512 to 692 m. FAO Names : En - Combtoothed lanternshark; Fr - Sogre filtre; Sp - Tollo lucero peine. Field Marks : Two spined dorsal fins, no anal fin, bladelike unicuspidate teeth in lower jaw and upper teeth with a cusp and 4 or 5 pairs of cusplets. Diagnostic Features: A moderately slender-bodied lanternshark with a long tail, distance from pelvic insertions to ventral caudal origin about as long as head, about 1.2 times in distance between pectoral and pelvic bases, and 1.2 times interdorsal space; distance between pectoral and pelvic bases moderately long in adults, about 1.2 times head length; distance from snout tip to first dorsal spine slightly greater than distance from first dorsal spine to second dorsal insertion. Head width about 1.4 times preoral snout; prespiracular length about 1.4 times distance from spiracles to pectoral origins; gill openings very short, about as wide as spiracle, 1/3 eye length or less; upper teeth with 4 or 5 pairs of cusplets. Origin of underside of head tooth first dorsal fin slightly behind free rear tips of pectoral fins, first dorsal base considerably closer to pectoral bases than pelvics; interdorsal space short, about as long as distance from snout tip to third gill slit; second dorsal fin much larger than first and about twice its area; distance between second dorsal base and upper caudal origin about 1.5 in interdorsal space; caudal fin moderately long and fairly broad, length of dorsal caudal margin almost equal to head length. Lateral trunk denticles with very slender, hooked conical crowns, wide-spaced but not arranged in regular longitudinal rows: snout largely covered with denticles; no rows of greatly enlarged denticles on flanks above pectoral fins. Distal margins of fins largely covered with skin, not fringed with naked ceratotrichia. Colour brown above, with underside of snout and abdomen abruptly black, with an elongated narrow black mark running above, in front, and behind pelvic fins, and other elongated black marks at caudal fin base and along its axis. Geographical Distribution : Western North Pacific: China, south of Hainan Island. Habitat and Biology : A little-known lanternshark taken off Hainan Island, China, on or near the bottom in 512 to 692 m. Size : The only known specimen is an adult male at 29 cm total length. Literature : Chan (1966).
- 76 - Etmopterus gracilispinis Krefft, 1968 SQUAL Etmo 9 Etmopterus gracilispinis Krefft, 1968, Arch.Fischereiwiss., 19(1):3, figs 2, 3a, 4, 5a. Holotype : Institut für Seefischerei, Hamburg, ISH 1051/66, 255 mm maturing male. Type Locality : Continental slope of Uruguay, western south Atlantic, 34 01'S, 51 20'W, 600 m depth. FAO Names : En - Broadbanded lanternshark; Fr - Sagre rubané; Sp - Tollo lucero bandoneado. Diagnostic Features: A moderately stout-bodied lanternshark with a short tail, distance from pelvic insertions to ventral caudal origin somewhat less than tip of snout to first gill openings, 1.4 to 1.6 times in distance between pectoral and pelvic bases, and about equal to interdorsal space; distance between pectoral and pelvic bases moderately long in adults, about 1.3 times head length; distance from snout tip to first dorsal spine about equal to distance from first dorsal spine to upper caudal origin. Head width about equal to preoral snout. Prespiracular length about 1.5 times distance from spiracles to pectoral origins; gill openings very short, about as wide as spiracle, 1/3 eye length or less; upper teeth generally with less than 3 pairs of cusplets. Origin of first dorsal fin well behind free rear tips of pectoral fins, first dorsal base somewhat closer to pelvic bases than pectorals; interdorsal space short, about as long as distance from snout tip to spiracles; second dorsal fin much larger than first and about twice its area; distance between second dorsal base and upper caudal origin about equal to interdorsal space; caudal fin moderately long and slender, length of dorsal caudal margin about equal to head length. Lateral trunk denticles with very slender, hooked conical crowns, wide-spaced but not arranged in regular longitudinal rows; snout covered with denticles; no rows of greatly enlarged denticles on flanks above pectoral fins. Distal margins of fins largely covered with skin, not fringed with naked ceratotrichia. Colour blackish-brown above, with underside of snout and abdomen grading to black, with an inconspicuous elongated but broad black mark running above and behind pelvic fins, and other elongated black marks at caudal fin base and along its axis. Geographical Distribution : Western Atlantic: Virginia, Florida (USA); Uruguay and Argentina. Eastern Atlantic: South Africa. Habitat and Biology : A lanternshark from the outer continental shelves and upper slopes, on or near bottom at depths of 100 to 1000 m; also epipelagic and mesopelagic at depths of 70 to 480 m over water 2240 m deep off Argentina. Size : Maximum total length about 33 cm, males mature at or above 26 cm, females mature at 33 cm. Literature : Krefft (1968, 1980); Schwartz & Burgess (1975); Cadenat & Blache (1981).
- 77 - Etmopterus granulosus (Günther, 1880) SQUAL Etmo 10 Spinax granulosus Günther, 1880, Rep.Sci.Res.Voy.H.M.S. Challenger, 1873-76, Zool., 1(6):19, pl. 2C. Holotype : British Museum (Natural History), BMNH 1879.5.14.460, 256 mm adolescent male. Type Locality: Off Chile, 220 m depth. FAO Names : En - Southern lanternshark; Fr - Sagre long nez; Sp - Tollo negro narigón. Field Marks : Two spined dorsal fins, no anal fin, bladelike unicuspidate teeth in lower jaw and teeth with cusps and cusplets in upper jaw, stocky body, conspicuous lines of denticles on body, conspicuous black markings on underside of body and tail, with tail marking short and not extending far posteriorly. Diagnostic Features : A moderately stout-bodies lanternshark with a short tail, distance from pelvic insertions to ventral caudal origin about as long as from tip of snout to spiracles, 1.6 times in distance between pectoral and pelvic bases, and 1.3 in interdorsal space; distance between pectoral and pelvic bases moderately long in adults, about equal to head length; distance from snout tip to first dorsal spine to second dorsal insertion. Head width about 1.3 times preoral snout; prespiracular length about 1.3 times distance from spiracles to pectoral origins; gill openings very short, about as wide as spiracle, less than 1/3 eye length; upper teeth generally with less than 3 pairs of cusplets. Origin of first dorsal fin slightly in front of free rear underside of head tips of pectoral fins, first dorsal base considerably closer to pectoral bases than pelvics; interdorsal space short, somewhat less than distance from snout tip to first gill slits; second dorsal fin much larger than first; distance between second dorsal base and upper caudal origin about 2.5 in interdorsal space; caudal fin moderately long but broad, length of dorsal caudal margin about equal to distance from snout tip to pectoral midbases. Lateral trunk denticles with moderately stout, hooked conical crowns, wide-spaced and in random order on the head above the pectorals but forming regular longitudinal rows on trunk and tail; snout mostly bare of denticles, except for lateral patches; no rows of greatly enlarged denticles on flanks above pectoral fins. Distal margins of fins largely covered with skin, not fringed with naked ceratotrichia. Colour brown above, with underside of snout and abdomen abruptly black, with a short, broad black mark running above and slightly behind pelvic inner margins, and other elongated black marks at caudal fin base and along its axis. Geographical Distribution : Western South Atlantic: Southern Argentina, Falkland Islands /Malvinas, Straits of Magellan. Eastern South Atlantic: Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. Eastern South Pacific: Southern Chile. Habitat and Biology : A little-known lanternshark of the outermost continental shelves and upper slopes at depths of 220 to 637 m. It is an unusual southern hemisphere distribution, off southern South America, the Falklands/ Malvinas Islands, and South Africa. Size : Males adolescent at 26 to 38 cm total length, maximum probably larger. Literature : Bigelow & Schroeder (1957); Bass, d'aubrey & Kistnasamy (1976); Cadenat & Blache (1981). Remarks : The systematic position of this species in its genus has been obscured by an error of observation on the nature of its dating from its original description and perpetuated in the systematic literature.i examined the holotype of E. granulosus and did not find the granular denticles supposed to characterize the species, but rather slender-cusped conical denticles partially arranged in longitudinal rows as in E. Lucifer. The species is, however, easily distinguished from E. Lucifer and other species with denticles in longitudinal rows. The above illustration is based on the holotype.
- 78 - Etmopterus hillianus (Poey, 1861) SQUAL Etmo 11 Spinax hillianus Poey, 1861, Memorias Hist.Nat.Cuba, 2:340, pl. 19, figs 13-14. Holotype : Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, MCZ-1025, 269 mm female, presumably adult. Type Locality : Off Havana, Cuba. FAO Names : En - Caribbean lanternshark; Fr - Sagre antillais; Sp - Tollo lucero antillano. Diagnostic Features: A moderately stout-bodied lanternshark with a moderately long tail, distance from pelvic insertions to ventral caudal origin about as long as from tip of snout to second gill openings, slightly less than 1.3 times in distance between pectoral and pelvic bases, and about equal to interdorsal space; distance between pectoral and pelvic bases moderately long in adults, about 1.2 times head length; distance from snout tip to first dorsal spine about equal to distance from first dorsal spine to second dorsal insertion. Head width about equal to preoral snout; prespiracular length about 1.5 times distance from spiracles to pectoral origins; gill openings very short, about as wide as spiracle, 1/3 eye length or less; upper teeth generally with less than 3 pairs of cusplets. Origin of first dorsal fin just behind free rear tips of pectoral underside of head fins, first dorsal base considerably closer to pectoral bases than pelvics; interdorsal space short, about as long as distance from snout tip to third gill slits; second dorsal fin much larger than first but less than twice its area; distance between second dorsal base and upper caudal origin about 2 in interdorsal space; caudal fin moderately long, lnegth of dorsal caudal margin about equal to head length. Lateral trunk denticles with slender, hooked conical crowns, wide-spaced but not arranged in regular longitudinal rows; snout largely covered with denticles; no rows of greatly enlarged denticles on flanks above pectoral fins. Distal margins of fins largely covered with skin, not fringed with naked ceratotrichia. Colour grey or dark brown above, with underside of snout and abdomen abruptly black, with an elongated broad black mark running above and behind pelvic fins and other elongated black marks at caudal fin base and along its axis. Geographical Distribution : Western North Atlantic: Virginia to southern Florida (USA), Cuba, Bermuda, St. Kitts. Habitat and Biology : A lanternshark of the upper continental and insular slopes, on or near bottom, at 380 to 717 m depth. Ovoviviparous, number of young 4 to 5. Size : Maximum total length about 50 cm; males mature at about 25 to 27 cm; females mature at about 30 cm; size at birth about 9 cm. Interest to Fisheries : Slight, caught with hook-and-line off Cuba and probably not very important; method of utilization unknown. Literature : Bigelow & Schroeder (1948, 1957); Schwartz & Burgess (1975); Cadenat & Blache (1981).
- 79 - Etmopterus lucifer Jordan & Snyder, 1902 SQUAL Etmo 12 Etmopterus lucifer Jordan & Snyder, 1902, Proc.U.S.Nat.Mus., 25(1279):79, fig. 1. Holotype : Stanford University Natural History Museum, SU-6863, 282 mm adult male. Type Locality : Off Misaki, Japan. Synonymy : Acanthidium molleri Whitley, 1930; Etmopterus abernathyi Garrick, 1957. FAO Names : En - Blackbelly Ianternshark; Fr - Sagre lucifer; Sp - Tollo lucero diablo. Field Marks : Two spined dorsal fins, no anal fin, bladelike unicuspidate teeth in lower jaw and teeth with cusps and cusplets in upper jaw, stocky body, long tail, short interdorsal space, longitudinal rows of denticles on body, very large second dorsal fin, prominent black markings an underside of body and sides of tail. Diagnostic Features: A fairly stout-bodied lanternshark with a moderately long tail, distance from pelvic insertions to ventral caudal origin about as long as from tip of snout to first gill openings, slightly less than 1.5 times in distance between pectoral and pelvic bases, and slightly less than interdorsal space; distance between pectoral and pelvic bases moderately long in adults, about underside of head equal to head length; distance from snout tip to first dorsal spine about equal to distance from first dorsal spine to second dorsal rear tip. Head width about equal to preoral snout; prespiracular length about 1.8 times distance from spiracles to pectoral origins; gill openings moderately long, considerably wider than spiracle, 1/3 eye length or less; upper teeth generally with less than 3 pairs of cusplets. Origin of first dorsal fin slightly behind free rear tips of pectoral fins, first dorsal base considerably closer to pectoral bases than pelvics; interdorsal space short, about as long as head; second dorsal fin much larger than first and over twice its area; distance between second dorsal base and upper caudal origin about 1.5 in interdorsal space; caudal fin moderately long, length of dorsal caudal margin slightly less than head length. Lateral trunk denticles with slender, hooked conical crowns, arranged in regular longitudinal rows on entire dorsolateral surface from snout tip to sides of caudal fin, giving shark and engraved appearance; snout partially naked on anterolateral surfaces; no rows of greatly enlarged denticles on flanks above pectoral fins. Distal margins of fins largely naked but not highly fringed with naked ceratotrichia. Colour brown above, with underside of snout and abdomen abruptly black, with an elongated narrow black mark running above, ahead and behind pelvic fins, and other elongated black marks at caudal fin base and along its axis. Geographical Distribution : Western South Atlantic: Uruguay, Argentina. Eastern South Atlantic:? Namibia. Western Indian Ocean: Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, to Mozambique and Tanzania. Western Pacific: Japan (southeastern Honshu), Yellow Sea, to Taiwan Island, South China Sea, Bali (Indonesia),? Philippines, Australia (New South Wales, South and Western Australia), New Caledonia, New Zealand. Habitat and Biology : A wide-ranging lanternshark, found on the outer continental and insular shelves and upper slopes on or near the bottom, at depths of 183 to 823 m. Off Natal, South Africa, adult males are much more numerous than females. Development presumably ovoviviparous. Eats mostly squid and small bony fishes, including lanternfish, and also shrimp. Size : Maximum total length about 42 cm; males adult at 29 to 42 cm; females adult at 34 cm or more. click for next page