Part : ZOOGEOGRAPHY OF COELACANTH MORPHOLOGCAL COMPARSON OF THE NDONESAN COELACANTH, Latimeria menadoensis AND AFRCAN COELACANTH, Latimeria chalumnae Latimeria menadoensis Latimeria chalumnae Yoshitaka Abe Executive Director, Aquamarine Fukushima n a distribution pattern of the tropical sea fish of the ndo-western Paciic, present author discussed those about on the ndonesian coelacanth, Latimeria menadoensis and African coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae which are not either being an exception in the former AMF coelacanth committee held in March 2007. By the progress of the AMF's Greeneye Project, knowledge on the ndonesian species which overwhelmingly little in compared to the African species is increasing. Morphological and ethological differences comparing picture information as reference are discussed here. Latimeria menadoensis Latimeria chalumnae AMF 2007 3 Brief history of the Greeneye Project The project name derived form the characteristic of green eyed ish which is common to the ish inhabited in the deeper coastal waters. Aquamarine Fukushima, Marine Science Museum Foundation (hereafter AMF) positioned Greeneye Project as an in-situ conservation program since opening in 2000. The temporary exhibits on the coelacanth titled The Coelacanth, Fathom the Mystery was held in 2001 under the cooperation of SAAB, South African nstitute of Aquatic Biodiversity of Rhodes University. AMF has established cooperative research relation with the institutes of habitat countries of coelacanth, that is LP, ndonesian nstitute of Scientific Research in 2004, and SAAB, ACEP, African Coelacanth Ecosystem Programme under the SST, Sustainable Sea Trust in 2006. AMF held 1st international symposium in February 2002. Since then strengthening the relation of the organizations above, AMF conducted full-scale survey for the irst time off shore Manado, Sulawesi sland, ndonesia in 2005, and extended survey area to the west along the Sulawesi in 2006 and inally succeeded in ilming pictures of coelacanth population with ROV on May 30th, in 2006. AMF followed the survey off in December same year and off Manado and in June 2007 to search for the population there. n the same year, AMF survey team conducted survey off, in Tanzania, Africa in September under the ACEP, SST and confirmed the population there. Permanent exhibits booth has established to introduce the result of activities for the aquarium audiences. Fig. 1. Distribution Pattern of Tropical Sea Fishes in the ndowestern Paciic Zoogeography of the Coelacanth Mitochondrial genome analysis was made by noue et. al (2005) using Salcopterygian and Actinopterygian split as a calibration point (450 Mya), divergence time estimation 40-30 Mya which is much older than those of 19
Part Ⅰ: ZOOGEOGRAPHY OF COELACANTH the previous studies <6.3 Mya> (Forey 199). According to their assumption, the most recent ancestor of Latimeria was distributed continuously along the deep coasts of Africa through Eurasia, the estimate is in agreement with the hypothesis that the collision of ndia and Eurasia (50 Mya) the subsequent siltation caused by the formation of major rivers resulted in a coelacanth habitat disjunction that allowed population of either side of ndia to diverse. Present author discussed on the distribution of coelacanth in the zoogeographical viewpoint in the previous symposium (Abe 2002). For the Zoogeographical treatment of tropical marine ishes, the term ndo-western Paciic has been advocated by a number of authors including Ekman (1953), Cohn (1960, 1973), Talbot (1970) and others. They mostly agree that the other three regional areas for tropical fish distribution are West Africa, the West ndies (Caribbean) and the Eastern Pacific (Panamanian). The ish fauna of the ndian Ocean and western Paciic Ocean face each other through a transitional zone ranging from southern coast of Sumatra southward to the north eastern coast of Australia. t appears that tropical ish fauna of the ndian Ocean resulted from the dispersal and differentiation of the western pacific species. The number of species constantly decreases in number as proceed in a westerly direction (Fig. 1). Summarizing our past zoogeographical study in the waters of the Arabian Gulf (Kuronuma and Abe 196) and Dr. Mochizuki s hypothesis mentioned at the last symposium (Mochizuki 2002), the distribution of coelacanth will be centered in the western Paciic region as the pattern shown by many other tropical marine fishes in the ndowestern Paciic. Further discussion will be needed on the zoogeographical aspect on the coelacanth distribution pattern to explain the hypothesis on the speciation of both Latimeria (Fig. 2). Table 1. Morphological Measurements in cm, %in St,L and Meristic data ccc no.175 (199) M-2* (2007) African Reported Range Total Length 124 129 St. Length 119 127.3 106.3-162.3 Head Length(to lap) 33 (27.7%) 34.2 (26.9%) 30.7-4.5 (27-33%) Head Length 26 (%) 29.2 (22.9%) 22.-39.0 (21-26%) Snout Length (6.7%) 9.1 (6.9%) 4.3-12.6 (4-9%) Upper Jaw Length 13 (10.9%) 13.0 (10.2%) 9.7-1. (9-13%) Lower Jaw Length 24 (20.2%) Orbital Diameter 4 (3%) 4.7 (3%) 3.4-5.6 (3-4%) Body Depth 25 (21%) 30.9 (24.3%) 25.6-43. (20-30%) 1st D Height 1 (15.1%) 17.1 (13.4%) 17.6-26.0 (13-1%) 2nd D Height 22 (1.5%) 21.7 (17.0%) 17.-29.3 (13-20%) Pectoral Length 29 (24.4%) 29.4 (23.1%) 22.9-33.3 (17-23%) Pelvic Length 20.5 (17.2%) 19.0 (15.5%) 19.2-31.2 (16-21%) 1st Anal Length 22.5 (1.9%) (%) 16.2-27.2 (15-19%) Gular Plate left19.4 (15.2%) right1.9 (14.%) Lateral Line Scale 2 0 76-2 1st Dorsal Rays 2nd Dorsal Rays 2 25 27-31 Pectoral Fin Rays 33 30 29-32 Pelvic Fin Rays 36 35 29-33 1st Anal Fin Rays 30 2 2-30 * Specimen captured in off Manado on May 19th, tentatively named M-2 Fig. 2. Comparison of Proile; Let. ndonesian Coelacanth, Latimeria menadoensis, Right, African Coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae 20 The Coelacanth, Fathom the Mystery 2007
Cyber Taxonomy on the Coelacanths First specimen of Latimeria menadoensis was measured by Erdman et al (199). Second one captured by local isherman on 19th, May in 2007, tentatively named M-2 was transported to the Aquamarine Fukushima in November 2007. Present author chanced to measure carefully and compared to the irst specimen and compared to the African reported range as tabulated below. As shown in table 1, figures of measurement of M-2 specimen are very close to those of CCC no.175, proportional length of head in solid igures shows smaller in ndonesia specimens than those African range, and also proportional length of pectoral is longer and pelvic in is shorter, in solid igures, deviated over African ranges. As for meristic counts, 2nd dorsal fin rays in solid figures shows fewer in M-2, and pelvic fin rays deviate over African range. However other results of measurements and meristic counts are within African reported range (McAllister & Smith 197). Table 2. List of Specimens Filmed by ROV. B- Sulawesi, M-Manado, T-, Tanzania, # measured No. #B-1 B-2 #B-4 B-5 #B-6 #M-1 #T-1 T-2 T-3 T-4 T-5 T-6 T-7 date May 30,06 May 31,06 May 31,06 Dec.12,06 Dec.14,06 Dec.15,06 June 27,07 Sept.2,07 Oct.0,07 locality Manado time 0:2-0:40 07:52-07:59 11:15-11:44 1:42-20:56 1:42-20:56 1:42-20:56 15:14-15:1 15:19-15:49 14:1 12:15-12:41 00:17-00:40 12:01 12:01 14:40-14:4 14:40-14:4 14:50-15:00 14:22-15:44 depth m 165 165 13 161-127-129 153 194 146-147 190 19 1 1 193 16 w.temp.c -17.1 14.-15.5 14.-20.5 12.-1.0 12.-1.0 12.-1.0 16.1-16.2 16.1-1.6 15.2 12.4-15.7 1.3-22.0 15.7 15.5 14.9-15.2 14.9-15.2 14.6-17.4 14.9-15.5 Reference Fig. 3. Method of Proportional Comparison of ndonesian Coelacanth, Latimeria menadoensis, on the irst type ndonesian specimen of CCC no.175 in Cybinon Proportional measurement of both ndonesian and African specimen based on the ilmed pictures is practiced. For the purpose to measure proportional profile form the ilmed pictures, picture of CCC no.175 in the tank located at the Cybinon nstitute, ndonesia was carefully measured and compared to the ilmed specimens which are selected from the ilmed pictures showing almost in lateral proile (Fig. 3). Table 2 shows all specimens data ilmed in, Mando in ndonesia and, in Tanzania Africa. n, totally 6 individuals of coelacanth were ilmed in different dates and times in 2006 of which B-3 specimens appeared 4 times. n 2006, one specimen was ilmed in Manado. 9 individuals were ilmed in in Tanzania, Africa. Depth of habitat water ranges from 127m to 194m in ndonesian species, and 146m to 193m in African species. Water temperature in C ranges from 12.4 to 20.5 in ndonesian species, and from 12.4 to 22.0 in African species. 6 individuals with # sign are selected (Fig. 4). Reason of fewer number in African species is that they used to turn back against the lights of ROV and escape, whereas, ndonesian specimens could be measured on relatively many specimens because they were generally freezed against the lights. Proportional proile comparison on the ilmed pictures was made on 5 ndonesian pictures and one picture including on the M-2 specimen (Table 3). Solid figures show over ranged in T-1 picture. 1st dorsal height and 2nd dorsal height are lower than T-1 picture. 2nd anal base is smaller than T-1 picture. Proportion of 1st dorsal to 2nd dorsal is smallest in T-1 picture. Distance form snout to 2nd anal and snout to pelvic are shorter in T-1 picture. As for the pectoral and pelvic length, which deviated form African reported range, have no signiicant difference. This may be caused by the dificulty of waving in ray to measure in the pictures. 21
Part Ⅰ: ZOOGEOGRAPHY OF COELACANTH Table 3. Proportional comparison of coelacanth measured based on ROV pictures in % on the specimens B-1, B-2, B-4, B-6, M-1, and T-1. M-2 igures were based on the specimen caught on May 19th, 2007 Specimen No: B-1 B-3 B-4 B-6 M-1 M-2 T-1 Head Length(to lap) Head Depth Body Depth 1st D Height 2nd D Height 1st D Base 3rd D Base 2nd Anal Base Pectoral Length Pelvic Length 1st Anal Length Snout to 1st D Snout to 2nd D 1st D to 2nd D Snout to 1st Anal Snout to 2nd Anal Snout to Pelvic 2nd D to 1st Anal 3rd D to 2nd Anal 31.3 2.2 6.5 17. 14.7 16.0 42.1 63.0 22.6 63.9 0.0 46.9 22.6 21.3 27.0 21.4 25.6 17.6 17.6 19.2 16.3 32.7 57.7 26.3 60.9 0. 46.1 20. 31.6 24.7 5.6 20.5 1.6 13.3 15.0 35. 61.9 25.6 62. 0.9 45.1 27.6 12.3 17.3 6.6 19.0 17.2 17.9 34.0 5.3 26.7 61.7 0.0 46.7 27.6 24.1 12.1 7.9 25. 19.0 1.6 35.5 53.4 61.4 79.3 43.1 24.3 26.9 20.4 24.3 13.4 17.0 6.2 17.5 16.1 14.9 36. 59.5 22.0 67. 1.7 49.5 26.9 27.3 1.1 1.1 6.9 25.5 14.9 40.0 5.1 61. 75.6 39.6 23.6 Conclusion and Prospect The species criterion for the numerical taxonomist, natural populations considered by general consent to be species are morphologically distinct. Morphological distinctness is thus the decisive criterion of species rank. Consequently, any natural population that is morphologically distinct must be recognized as a separate species. However, the primary criterion of species rank of a natural population is reproductive isolation. The degree of morphological differences displayed by a natural population is a by-product of the genetic discontinuity resulting from reproductive isolation (Myer 1965). Two species of coelacanth will be morphologically indistinct but seemed to be genetically isolated. This will be applied to the sibling species criterion, that is morphological differences are very little and genetically isolated. Morphological differences are restricted in present observation though, author believes that further study will prove the distinct morphological differences. Measurement on the filmed picture taken by ROV, will be effective as reinforced references to distinguish the species. So called Cyber Taxonomy will be effective and valid for identifying species live in the waters deeper than diving limit and dificult to collect. So many creatures as shown in Fig. 5 awaiting Cyber Taxonomy. AMF s desire is to develop the Greeneye Project further, on this phylogenetic milestone as an in-situ conservation program, supporting conservation activities in ndonesian waters and SST program in the east African countries including Tanzania and Comoro, and searching for the third coelacanth habitat in the western Paciic. Acknowledgement Present author should like to express my sincere appreciation for the researchers of domestic and abroad, of LP and Sam Ratulangi University, those of ACEP. SST and colleagues from Comoro, and United States for their effort accomplished for the successful 2nd nternational Symposium on 24th of November in 2007. B-1 B-2 B-4 B-6 M-1 T-1 Fig. 4. Specimens Measured the Proportion on the 6 specimens 22 The Coelacanth, Fathom the Mystery 2007
Fig. 5. Materials for Cyber Taxonomy Literature Cited Ekman, S. 1953. Zoogeography of the Sea. Sidgwick& Jackson, Ltd., London: -xiv, 1-417, Figs. 1-121. Cohen, D. M. 1960. Geographical distribution of ishes. Encyclopedia Americana Vol.: 275-277. Mayer, E. 1965. Animal Species and Evolution. Belknap Press Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA. Talbot, F. H. 1970. The South East Asian area as a center of marine speciation: an ecological analysis of causes. Rep. Aust. Akd. Sci., 12:43-50. Cohen, D. M. 1973. Zoogeography of ishes of the ndian Ocean. n: The Biology of the ndian Ocean. Springer- Verlag Berlin: 451-463, Fig. 1. McAllister, D.E. and C.L. Smith. 197. Mensurations morphologoques, denombrements meristiques et taxonomie du coelacanthe, Latimeria chalumunae. Nmaturaliste Can. 105:63-76. Kuronuma, K and Y. Abe 196. Fishes of the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait nstitute for Scientiic Research. Sci. Res., Kuwait:i-xii, 1-356, Plates 1-30. Forey, P.L. 199. A home from home for coelacanths. Nature 395:391. Erdmann, M. V. 1999. The second recorded living coelacanth from north Sulawesi. Environmental biology of ishes. 54:445-451. Mochizuki, K. 2002. n proceedings. The Greatest Fish Story. The Coelacanth, Fathom the Mystery. Aquamarine Symposium Feb.16, 2002. waki City, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. Figs. 1-19, Pls. 1-56. Abe, Y. 2002. n proceedings. The Greatest Fish Story. The Coelacanth, Fathom the Mystery. Aquamarine Symposium. Proceedings. Feb.16, 2002. waki City, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. noue, et al. 2005. The mitochondrial genome of ndonesian coelacanth Latimeria menadoensis and divergence time estimation between the two coelacanths. Gene. 349 (2005) 227-235. 23