6 Content Foreword 4 Chapter 04 Chapter 06 Preface 5 Auditorium Stadium catering Adefinition of all planning parameters Coneepts of eulinary service for speetators 68 Chapter 01 relevant for a grandstand structure 38 Stadium eatering 68 Ahistory of stadium construction Spectator comfort 38 Kiosk coneepts 71 Abrief historical survey of building typologies Distribution of functions at World Cup First-aid points 71 and definitions of terms 10 Stadium Cologne 39 Produetion in the central kitehen 72 A historical definition of terms 10 Definition of seating accommodation 40 General WC areas 74 Circus and amphitheatre 12 Measurements of seats 40 Marcus Pollio Vitruvius 13 Barriers and sighdine 41 Chapter 07 The theatre of Alberti 14 Barrier types 42 Media facilities From the baroque to the loggia theatre 16 Seating types 43 Working areas and requirements Divergences between geometrie Safety barriers for seats 44 of the media and press 76 viewing angles 17 Standing accommodation 45 Media 76 Historical classifications 18 Radial gangways in standing areas 46 Working areas for the media 77 The Olympic idea 20 Crush barriers 47 Commentators' positions 78 Generations of stadia 21 Places for wheelchair users 48 Photographers 79 The origins of football 22 Location and number of places 49 Written press (print media) 80 Space requirements for wheelchair places 51 TV produetion 80 Chapter 02 Mixed Zone 82 Preliminary planning Chapter 05 Press eentre in the stadium 83 A general overview of the measures VIP areas & corporate hospitality FIFA - TV compound 84 to be taken in the run-up of constructing Different concepts of hospitality and the special Temporary media facilities 85 asports and event venue 24 function of executive lounges and boxes 52 Camera positions 88 Event and motivation 24 VIP lounges 52 Space requirements of eamera positions 90 Preliminary planning 25 Executive capacities 56 Super slow motion 93 Combined GRW-procedure 26 VIP boxes 57 High Definition TV (16: 9) 93 Noise control and traffic 27 World Cup Hospitality Concept 2006 58 Accessibility and stationary traffic 28 Concepts for private hospitality boxes 59 Chapter 08 Definition of the term 'box tier' 62 Players' area and changing rooms Chapter 03 Lounge concepts 64 Faeilities for players, referees and organization of use Surface area demands for lounges 67 team officials 94 Determination of user groups and safety Players' area 94 aspects related to asports complex 32 Players' beneh and tunnel 96 Distribution of functions 32 Safety in sports stadia 33 Zoning and sectors 34 Sector division 35 Entrance areas 36 Admission control system 36
Content 7 Chapter 09 Stadium administration Essential functional rooms such as stadium control room and other ancillary rooms 98 Stadium control room Other ancillary rooms 98 99 Chapter 10 Planning principles A listing of essential regulations and recommendations for the construction of spectator facilities 100 Regulations and Recommendations 100 Mandatory construction specifications 101 Definition of EN / DIN 103 The German MVStättV 2005 (Model regulation for piaces ofassembly) 104 Dimensioning of escape routes 105 Egress times 107 Holding capacity 108 Chapter 11 Pre-dimensioning and circulation Shedding light on the relationship between circulation systems and holding capacity 110 External circulation systems 110 Internal circulation systems 112 Radial gangway types 113 Reduction factor 115 Block definition for seating accommodation 116 Circulation areas 117 Capacity pre-dimensioning 118 Chapter 12 The Modulor 'E N' The definition of a typical stadium spectator as an anthropometrie minimum standard and contractually binding reference size for the planning and construction of spectator stands 122 The Modulor 'EN' (European Norm) 122 Architecture and harmony 123 The 'Golden Section' 124 Le Corbusier's Modulor 126 'Homo bene figuratus' 127 Anthropometrics 128 Chapter 13 Physiology of viewing An evaluation ofvisual acuity, spatial perception and visual angle zones based on an examination of the human eye 130 Physiology of the eye 130 Physiology of visual acuity (resolution) 131 Physiology of spatial viewing 133 Human field of perception 134 Visual perception 134 LIVE-effect 135 Viewing distance 136 Visual angle zones 138 Optimum viewing circle 140 Chapter 14 Layout types and undulation Defining geometrical families and explaining the geometrieal context ofground plans and of inclination profiles for grandstands 142 Layout types 142 Theatre undulation 146 Chapter 15 Principles of sightline calculation A methodical approach to determine optimized sightline profiles for places of congregation 150 Guidelines for sightline profiles 150 General terminology 151 Calculation of single riser height 152 Sightline elevation ['C'value] 153 The term 'sightline' 154 Stand elevation 155 Eye-point height in relation to seating/ standing place As 156 Seating row depth and width 158 Sightline elevation 'C' 159 Distance of the 'first row' D 161 Chapter 16 Inclination and 'polygonal transformation' The optimization of viewing conditions by means of maximum slope and 'polygonal transformation' of an eye-point curve 162 General introduction 162 Radial gangway versus stairs 162 Request for deviation 164 Maximum gradient of stands 165 Safety compensation (20 cm) 166 Limitation of rows (maximum inclination) 167 'Polygonal transformation' 168 Continuous difference in rise Parameter studies 171 169
8 Chapter 17 Parameter studies Geometrical relations between the sightline parameters eye-point height, tread width, 'C' value and distance of the 'first row' 172 Calculation of a grandstand profile 172 Parameter: height and distance 173 Adjustment of 'C' value 174 Sightline summary 176 Five-step method 177 Chapter 18 Playing fields A summary of the major sports types and relevant dimensions as a means to determine the minimum distance of a grandstand 178 Facilities far athletics competitions 178 Orientation 179 Athletics arena 181 Form type 01 (IAAF standard 400-m running track) 182 Farm type 02 (IAAF Double Bend Track 40170) 182 Form type 03 (IAAF Double Bend Track 60) 183 Farm type 04 (IAAF Double Bend Track 74/53) 183 Football playing field 184 Baseball playing field 185 American football playing field 186 Rugby playing field 187 Cricket playing field 188 Australian Football playing field 189 Hockey playing field 190 Playing fields far indoor sports 191 Minimum angle of view at the advertising hoarding 194 System variants far perimeter board advertising 195 Chapter 19 Securing of the playing field The roje of the 'first row' and securing of the stadium interiar toward the grandstand 196 Significance of the 'first row' 196 Securing measures far the playing field 196 Principles of pitch securing 197 Option 1: Elevation of the 'first row' 200 Option 2: Installing a fence system 200 Option 3: Maats 201 Option 4: Presence of security staff 201 Mobile security measures 202 Service ring with downward slope 204 Rescue or relief gates 205 Securing against streakers vs. securing against panic 206 Chapter 20 Adaptable stadia Structural conversion of modern sparts and event facilities in the light of multifunctional utilization 208 The adaptable coliseum 208 Multifunctional stadium interiar 210 Multipurpose hall 212 Movable grass pitch 214 Adaptable stadia 216 Retractable lower tier 218 Convertible roofs 220 Retractable roof membranes 222 Adapting capacity 224 Supplementary utilizations 225 Chapter 21 Light and architecture Light archestration and media-compatible floodlighting for event venues 226 Allianz Arena, Munich 226 Comparison PTFE/PVC 227 Light and structure 228 Floodlight planning 229 'Ring of Fire' - Berlin 231 The development of floodlight technology 232 Illuminance E 233 Sports association guidelines 233 Safety facilities 235 Chapter 22 Natural versus artificial turf Shedding light on a question offaith and the current technological status of developments far the playing field 236 Natural versus artificial turf 236 The artificial turf fibre 238 'FIFA recommended 2 Star' 239 Natural turf 240 'GreenGoal' - FIFA WM 2006 241 Turf exchange 242 Factors supporting turf growth 243 Chapter 23 The planning of significant roof structures An overview of structural systems far fast orientation 244 Structural systematics 245 Hybrid structural systems 245 Families of structural systems 246 Linear systems 248 'Simulated' spatial systems 250 'True' spatial systems 251 FIFA requirements far the roof 253 FIFA scoreboard 254 Visual communication system 254
Chapter 24 Grandstand profiles of built examples A comparison of the stadia for FIFA World Cup 2006 in Germany 256 World Cup Stadium Berlin 258 Olympic Stadium BerHn Two-tier stadium (athletics) 262 World Cup Stadium Dortmund 268 Signal Iduna Park, Dortmund Two-tier stadium (football) 270 World Cup Stadium Frankfurt 274 Commerzbank Arena, Frankfurt Two-tier stadium (football) 278 World Cup Stadium Gelsenkirchen 282 Veltins Arena, Gelsenkirchen Two-tier arena (multipurpose hall) 286 World Cup Stadium Hamburg 290 AOL Arena, Hamburg Three-tier stadium (football) 292 World Cup Stadium Hanover AWD Arena, Hanover 296 Two-tier stadium (football) 298 World Cup Stadium Kaiserslautern 302 Fritz Walter Stadium, Kaiserslautern One-tier stadium (football) 304 World Cup Stadium Cologne 308 RheinEnergieStadion, Cologne Two-tier stadium (football) 310 World Cup Stadium Leipzig 314 Zentralstadion, Leipzig Two-tier stadium (football) 316 World Cup Stadium Munich 320 Allianz Arena, Munich Three-tier stadium (football) 322 World Cup Stadium Nuremberg 326 World Cup Stadium Nuremberg Two-tier stadium (athletics) 328 World Cup Stadium Stuttgart 332 Gottlieb Daimler Stadium, Stuttgart Two-tier stadium (athletics) 334 Chapter 25 Final evaluation and compendium An assessment summary of the twelve German World Cup stadia and selected stadia in Korea/ Japan, Portugal, Austria/ Switzerland, South Africa 338 Stadium evaluation 338 FIFA WorldCup 2002 346 UEFA EURO 2004 348 FIFA WorldCup 2006 351 UEFA EURO 2008 352 FIFA WorldCup 201OT'{ 355 Appendix Epilogue 357 Notes 358 Bibliography 362 Sources 364 Acknowledgement 366 Architects ofthe Football World Cup stadia, Germany 2006 367 List of advertisers 367