YEAR Training Module Access to medical records Confined space Hearing protection Respiratory protection Supplied air Fire extinguishers
Access to employee exposure and medical records (29 CFR 1910.1020) This is the section of the code of federal regulations that governs maintenance of employee medical records. The Company must keep these records for the duration of your employment plus 30 years
Access to medical records The Company files records of your work related medical exams and representative monitoring-(hearing, Hexavalent Chromium, Lead, etc.) You have the right to request a copy of these records for yourself or your representative You may make the request verbally If a verbal request does not get your records promptly submit a written request: the Company then has 30 days to provide records
Written request should contain: Your name and signature The date of your authorization to release the records The Company s name (authorizes us to release the records) A listing of who you want the records released to A general description of the medical information you will be releasing An simple explanation of why you request that the records be released A date or condition when your authorization to release the records will expire
Confined Space Training
What will we cover? Government regulations on confined spaces How to use confined space permits Hazard recognition and defining confined space classifications Proper equipment selection Ventilation of confined spaces Air monitoring instruments
What s a Confined Space? Definition OSHA 1910.146(b) A space that is large enough to enter and perform assigned work, but has limited means for access and egress and is not designed for continuous human occupancy.
Examples of Confined Space General examples of confined spaces are tanks silos storage bins hoppers vaults and pits
Why Worry? Confined space deaths occur regularly, there was a recent peak in deaths at over 100/ year About 30% of confined space accidents involve multiple fatalities Rescuers are frequent victims, about half of all fatalities in confined space incidents Often friends of fallen workers
What Kinds of Accidents Happen? 30% 10% Atmospheric Engulfment Other 60%
Hazard Identification Before a space can be entered, the hazards must be identified as to the nature and severity of each confined space in the work place How is the type of confined space determined?
Two Types of Confined Spaces Non Permit-Required Confined Spaces Permit-Required Confined Spaces Alternate Entry to Permit-Required Confined Spaces
Non Permit-Required Confined Space The space is large enough that an employee can fully enter it and work There are limited (or restricted) ways to enter and exit Not primarily designed for human occupancy No other hazard or potential hazard exists
Permit-Required Confined Space Permit-Required Confined Spaces are confined spaces that contain another hazard such as: A hazardous atmosphere (or the potential for one) Material that could shift and engulf or crush someone who enters Sloped internal spaces that could cause someone to be trapped or smothered Physical hazards such as extreme heat, electric shock, moving parts etc. Unexpected machinery or process starts
Hazard Identification
When entering a Permit-Required Confined Space Determine the hazards posed by the space, and the equipment or procedures required to mitigate them Perform monitoring and fill out an entry permit Arrange to have a rescue team on-site or close enough to respond in case an employee is injured Employees who enter must wear a harness to allow rescue without entry (unless the harness would complicate recue efforts or pose an additional threat to the entrant) Have an attendant who will maintain communication with the entrant and the rescue team without other duties that would distract them from their watch Entry supervisor must sign off on the permit for all employees who will be working in the space
Alternate Entry to Permit-Required Confined Space Alternate entries to Permit-Required Confined Spaces are acceptable when the only hazard within the confined space is a hazardous atmosphere (or the potential for one) In an alternate entry scenario the hazardous (or potentially hazardous) atmosphere is controlled by continuous ventilation A completed entry permit is still required, along with records of the air monitoring performed An attendant (hole watch) is not required Special rescue services are not required
General Requirements Employer must identify & evaluate permit spaces Signs must be posted and/or confined spaces locked Employer must develop a written program Classification & reclassification of spaces Inform contractors about hazards
The Written Program Must ID and evaluate permit spaces Define program for Testing Spaces Prevent unauthorized entry Establish methods for making spaces safe
Identify job duties Provide and maintain PPE & equipment Ensure attendants are posted outside spaces Coordinate multi-contractor work
Establish rescue & emergency procedures Establish a permit system Review entry operations, and annually revise permit program Implement procedures for monitoring multiple spaces
Entry Restrictions Entrants must exit upon detection of unexpected hazards If entry is prohibited, the employer must take steps to prevent unauthorized entry Sealing or locking of entrances is adequate; signage alone is not
Contractors Contractors must be informed about permit spaces and hazards Multi-company activities must be coordinated for effective and safe work
Training All employees must be trained; Prior to entries First aid and CPR for rescue team Again, upon introduction of new hazards or process changes Must be certified and retained on file
Certification of Training The Employer shall certify that the training has been accomplished, and the certification indicating employee proficiency shall be maintained on file and available for inspection by employees or their authorized representatives.
Certification of Training
Duties Authorized Entrant The person who does the dirty work Attendant (Hole Watch) The person who monitors the entrants Entry Supervisor The person who authorizes and cancels permits
Authorized Entrant Responsible for safely entering, working in, and exiting the confined space Must know about hazards and protective measures May use monitoring equipment Must watch out for others working in the space
Attendant Remains outside the space to monitor entrants and provide communication and support services Must know hazards and protective measures May use monitoring equipment Keeps roster of entrants
The attendant never leaves his/her post! Orders evacuations in emergencies The attendant NEVER enters the confined space for any reason! Attendants may monitor more than one space, under certain conditions
Confined Space Fatalities 13% 3% 2 Victims 3 Victims 4 Victims 84% Number of persons in multiple fatality incidents
Entry Supervisor Confined Space Expert Authorizes and cancels permits Should visually inspect spaces before authorizing or canceling a permit Puts a stop to unsafe practices and removes unauthorized personnel
Emergencies Must have a rescue team available Rescue team must have also had entrant training Rescue teams should be ready to respond quickly Preplanning is the best protection
Equipment Full body harness with back, shoulder or chest D rings Wristlets have limited approval If space exceeds five foot depth, an anchored mechanical retrieval device is required MSDS must be readily available
UNDERSTANDING THE PERMITTING PROCESS How to obtain, use and cancel a permit
Permit System Must be signed by Entry Supervisor prior to entry Must be canceled by Entry Supervisor Copy must be posted at jobsite during work Must specify certain information
Permit Info Test results Tester s initials or signature Entry supervisor s name Attendant and entrant names
Purpose of entry Known hazards Measures to be taken to isolate space Name and phone of emergency services Date and authorized duration of entry
Acceptable entry conditions Communication procedures Additional permits required Special equipment or procedures Other pertinent info
Entry Permit
Entry Permits Required for EVERY entry into permitrequired spaces (including alternate entry) Authorized before work can begin Canceled after work is complete Must be filed after cancellation Valid for no more than 24 hours
Preparation for Entry Evaluate the space and review written procedures Determine need for additional permits Select personnel Talk with Entry Supervisor
Get permit and begin filling out Gather and inspect equipment Inform security/rescue of planned entry Assemble crew and review permit Set up all equipment
Complete isolation (lockout/tagout) Collect initial readings Begin ventilation Collect pre-entry readings Have Entry Supervisor review setup and air monitoring data, then authorize permit
Preparation for Entry (monitoring) Always monitor gases in the following order: 1. Oxygen Deficient (19.5% or less) 2. Oxygen Enriched (23.5% or more) 3. Flammable Gas LEL (10% or more) 4. Toxic gases or vapors (PEL depends on toxin)
Entry and Work Perform entry and conduct work Attendant must keep accurate roster of Entrants Record monitoring data on permit Maintain planned communications
Exiting the Permit Space Exit in emergencies Exit if Attendant must leave Exit if work is complete Take head count after exit Restore space to service Entry Supervisor will inspect area, then cancel and file the permit
Hearing Protection
The effect of noise on hearing Exposure to sound levels that average over 85 decibels (db) damages your hearing 85 db is approximated as a level of noise that impairs normal conversation (talking without raising your voice) The effect of loud noise is gradual and cumulative, it may happen so slowly that you don t notice it and it adds up over time
Protecting your hearing The action level for implementing a hearing protection program is 85 db Engineering controls are used during the design phase of a project (or area) in order to decrease your noise exposure When engineering controls are not enough to bring exposure below the federal action level personal hearing protection must be used
Hearing protection types Ear plugs Foam + light comfortable and versatile - become dirty quickly, can be hard to fit PVC + light and easy to insert - can become uncomfortable and dirty Ear muffs + Easy to properly fit, quick to put on and remove, tend to stay cleaner - May get in the way of other PPE (glasses) Noise cancelling ear muffs Very effective in areas where there is a continuous exposure to noise at fixed frequencies
Fitting hearing protection Roll plugs between your fingers to decrease their diameter down their length Reach around behind your head and pull your ear up and back slightly to straighten you ear canal Insert the plug well into your ear canal and hold it for a moment while it expands Just sticking plugs in your ears without properly fitting them is NOT effective
Caring for hearing protection Foam plugs are designed to be disposable, do not attempt to clean them once they are soiled PVC plugs are reusable, wash them with mild soap and water when they are soiled, replace them if they become brittle or cracked Ear muffs should be kept clean, inspect them daily for damage All hearing protection should be clean and dry, store in a cool dry place out of direct sunlight
Testing your hearing Employees who work in areas or perform tasks that will expose them to sound levels above the action level must have their hearing tested Testing consists of wearing a set of ear phones that play tones at different volumes and frequencies to determine what you can hear Initial testing will occur within 6 months of their first exposure (or within 1 year if the testing is done by a mobile test van) Testing is repeated yearly after the initial test to see if there has been a change in hearing acuity
Respiratory Protection
Respiratory Protection Respirators protect against the inhalation of dangerous substances: Vapors Fumes Dust Gases Dust Respirators can also provide a separate air supply in very hazardous situations such as painting and sandblasting in confined spaces or work in atmospheres that are immediately dangerous to life
Who may need a respirator Employees performing: Painting Sanding blasting Welding or cutting stainless steel Welding painted surfaces Work in excessively dusty environments
Respirator selection Factors that are considered when choosing a respirator for a specific task: Type of substance Amount of substance present Hazard presented by the substance Limits of the device Activities of the workers Supervisors are the competent persons charged with reviewing MSDS and determining proper filter selection
Disposable Dust masks Worn over the nose and mouth to protect the respiratory system from certain nuisance dusts, mists, etc. They are not recognized as respiratory protection and may not be worn if a potential for overexposure exists This type of mask has a protection factor of ~1.3 (protection = normal exposure/1.3) Employees using dust masks are not required to be fit tested
Disposable half-face respirators This type of respirator is similar in appearance to dust masks but is certified as a half mask respirator This type of respirator has a protection factor of 10 (protection = normal exposure/10) Employees using disposable half face respirators are required to be fit tested
Half-face respirators This type of respirator is designed to be used repeatedly and has separate replaceable cartridges This type of respirator has a protection factor of 10 (protection = normal exposure/10) Employees using half face respirators are required to be fit tested
Full-face respirators This type of respirator is designed to be used repeatedly and has separate replaceable cartridges or a connection to a supplied air line. Full face respirators offer greater protection factors and protect the eyes from harmful and irritating exposure This type of respirator has a protection factor of 50 (protection = normal exposure/50) Employees using full face respirators are required to be fit tested
Checking for Damage Before each use, make sure there are no holes, tears, etc., in the respirator. Rubber parts can wear out and should be checked very carefully every time a respirator is used. Replace worn and damaged parts when necessary. For SCBA units make sure air and oxygen cylinders are fully charged.
Cleaning Respirators should be cleaned and disinfected before and after every use Dirt and debris can block a respirator s valves Dirty respirators are a breeding ground for dangerous bacteria Use only mild soap and water or wipes that are designed not to damage respirators
Daily Fit Checks The Importance of Correct Fit Even a tiny gap between the respirator and the face can allow contaminants to enter. Respirators should be comfortable and properly fitted. Proper fit includes: Secure but not too tight No slipping or pinching Allowance for head movement and speech
Secure respirator so that the sealing surface is secure to the face; snug, but not too tight Cover exit manifold and exhale. No air should escape the respirator. If air leaks around the sealing surface, readjust and repeat test. No air should enter the respirator around the sealing surface. If air passes into the respirator, readjust and repeat test Cover air intake surface (canisters or cartridges) and breathe in. A suction with no leak should form
Respirator Storage Respirators should be stored away from light, heat, cold, chemicals, and dust Store respirators in a "normal" (natural, undistorted) position to hold their shape. Do not allow respirators to get crushed, folded, or twisted Respirators must be stored clean in an air-tight container
Supplied Air Air supplying respirators are used in atmospheres that are Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) Air supply may be from a tank (SCBA) or from an air line supplying grade D breathing air Supplied air respirators may be fitted full face respirators that require a fit test or blast hoods that do not require a fit test
Supplied Air Air supplying respirators must be inspected and cleaned daily and stored away from high temperature, contaminated or dirty environments Never use an air line that is compatible with any other air supply than breathing air, if you find a fitting that is interchangeable you must notify your supervisor immediately If the air monitor alarm on the supply line activates you must clear the work area and remove the respirator or hood as quickly as is feasible
Fire Extinguisher Training
What will we cover? The fire triangle and elements of combustion How to properly use extinguishers using the PASS system The different classes of fires and the selection of an extinguisher to match fire class When to use extinguishers and when not to fight a fire Extinguisher inspection
What makes up a fire? Something to burn (fuel) An oxidizing agent (oxygen) Sufficient energy to sustain combustion (heat)
Putting out a fire Extinguishers fight fires by removing one of the elements of the fire triangle Cool the system (Water type extinguishers) Separate the fuel from the oxidizing agent or atmosphere (chemical type extinguishers) Remove the fuel (when possible)
Using extinguishers: the PASS system
Using extinguishers: the PASS system Extinguishers will run out of suppressant with surprising rapidity, use short bursts Stay low to keep out of the heat and fume zone and so you can see the fire s base Do not use an extinguisher that is not rated for the fire type: that could make things much worse!
Fire types and extinguisher selection
Extinguisher selection for fire size Extinguishers are rated for different fire sizes as follows: 1-A:10-B:C This means a normal person could extinguish: An A-class fire that would be extinguished with 1.25 gallons of water OR A B-class or C-class fire that is 10 square feet in size or smaller
When to use extinguishers Portable extinguishers are designed to fight incipient fires Use extinguishers on small fires that have limited fuel source YES
When NOT to use extinguishers Portable extinguishers are not designed to combat fully developed fires Do not attempt to extinguish fires involving significant sources of fuel NO
Fire fighting specifics (by site) The firefighting equipment located in your workplace includes: And is located: Some areas that you should be particularly aware of are: To sound the fire alarm here: Evacuation routes here are:
Always get help Fighting a fire can be dangerous, always get help Small fires can quickly get out of control! If there is any possibility of the fire s spread sound an alarm
Extinguisher inspection and maintenance Extinguishers must be inspected each month Check the charge indicated on the gauge Visually inspect the container for damage Be sure the pin is in place and the seal is intact Turn dry-type extinguishers over to keep the contents loose and free inside This inspection must be recorded in some way Yearly inspections must be performed by a qualified person (usually a third party inspector)