TECHNICAL AND COST MODEL FOR SLIPWAY DEVELOPMENT NOOR RASHIDAWANI BINTI MD NOOR UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

TECHNICAL AND COST MODEL FOR SLIPWAY DEVELOPMENT NOOR RASHIDAWANI BINTI MD NOOR UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

TECHNICAL AND COST MODEL FOR SLIPWAY DEVELOPMENT NOOR RASHIDAWANI BINTI MD NOOR A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Engineering (Marine Technology) Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia OCTOBER 2014

iii To my precious and beloved father and late mother, for the love and prays during the day and night, Whom I dedicate this work with great respect and love, Eternally...

iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful. Praise be to Allah, The Cherisher and Sustainer of the worlds; Most Gracious, Most Merciful; Master of The Day of Judgment. The do we worship, and Thine aid we seek. Show us the straightway, the way of those whom Thou has bestowed Thy grace, those whose (portion) is nor wrath, and who go not astray. This thesis is the testimony of the fact that by having faith in Allah, the impossible is made possible. Many times I reached dead ends; many times I felt frustrated and stressful; it is in Him I found the strength, peace and hope to carry on. I would also like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor, Associate Professor Dr. Mohd Zamani Bin Ahmad of all his encouragements, guidance, patience, dedication and confidence in helping me to complete this project. I would like to express my appreciation for him in sharing his professional opinion and knowledge while working on my project. Warmest gratitude and special dedication to late mother and father, whom I can afford on facing any hardship and accomplish this work at my best. Special gratitude to dearest sisters for the understanding, support and prays. Also thanks to Kamarudin, who inspired me to move on forward despite the painstakingly sacrificial. I dedicate this work for our beloved family gratefully. I also extend my utmost gratitude to all my friends who lend a hand in the success of my thesis. I would like to thank Sunarsih for their dedication and motivation in helping me to achieve the completion of the research.

v ABSTRACT In recent years, the discussion and progression of slipway construction in Malaysia is developing extensively due to the growth of the fleets registered in the country. In conjunction with the slipway constructions, it is crucial for the developer to have an early estimation of the principal dimensions of the slipway as well as the final cost since the development of the slipway involves a huge cost. The technical and cost estimation tools are oftenly used by the key person in the project management team to identify the technical feature and cost involved in slipway construction project. Therefore, this research is aimed at developing a model to identify the principal dimensions of the slipway including length, breadth, maximum capacity, angle, cradle size and construction cost. The technical and cost model developed can be used as a tool to support the developer in performing the decision making during the pre-design stage of the slipway development project. The model was developed by performing regression analysis to the collected historical data from the previous slipway projects in Malaysia. A total of thirteen (13) mathematical equations to identify the slipways principal dimension and construction cost has been successfully generated. An Excel package for technical and cost model have also been developed. The package has been verified by substituting the historical data in order to determine the limitations of the package. The technical and cost model package was deemed appropriate for the slipways with capacity between 277 tones to 3363 tones. At the end of the research, the package has been tested to determine the accuracy of the output was validated by comparing the results against the real world data from Slipway Kuala Linggi Project. The highest error found was only 13.1% for the slipway length variables, showing that the package resembles the real world data. Therefore, the technical and cost model developed is considered relevant to both industry practitioners and academic researchers.

vi ABSTRAK Kebelakangan ini, pembinaan tempat pelancaran kapal semakin meningkat iaitu selari dengan pertambahan bilangan kapal yang berdaftar di Malaysia. Seiring dengan perkembangan ini, adalah penting bagi pemaju menganggar parameter utama tempat pelancaran kapal ini dan sekaligus menganggar kos yang diperlukan untuk membina tempat pelancaran kapal yang mana ia melibatkan kos yang sangat tinggi. Teknikal dan kos model seringkali diguna pakai oleh orang yang berkepentingan dalam industri pembinaan tempat pelancaran kapal walaupun kejituan keputusan yang diperolehi itu berkemungkinan rendah. Kajian ini menumpukan terhadap pembinaan model untuk mengenal pasti parameter utama panjang, lebar, kebolehan maksimum, sudut, dan kos pembinaan bagi tempat pelancaran kapal. Model ini boleh digunakan sebagai medium utama dalam peringkat awal merekabentuk tempat pelancaran kapal. Model ini dibina dengan mengaplikasikan analisis regresi terhadap data yang diperolehi daripada projek-projek pembinaan tempat pelancaran kapal yang terdahulu di Malaysia. Sejumlah tiga belas (13) persamaan matematik untuk mengenal pasti parameter utama tempat pelancaran kapal dan kos pembinaan telah berjaya dihasilkan. Pakej Excel juga telah dibina untuk mengenal pasti parameter teknikal dan kos pembinaan tempat pelancaran kapal. Pakej ini telah disahkan dengan menggunakan data yang terdahulu untuk menentukan had kebolehan pakej dalam menentukan parameter utama dan kos pembinaan tempat pelancaran kapal. Teknikal dan kos model yang dibina sesuai untuk pelancaran kapal dengan kapasiti antara 277 hingga 3363 ton. Pada akhir kajian ini, pakej yang telah diuji untuk menentukan ketepatan output. Pakej ini telah disahkan dengan membandingkan data sebenar dari tempat pelancaran kapal Projek Kuala Linggi. Ralat paling tinggi didapati hanya 13.1% bagi panjang tempat pelancaran kapal. Oleh itu, model yang dibina dianggap bermanfaat untuk sektor industri dan juga penyelidik akademik.

vii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE DECLARATION DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT ABSTRAK TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES ii iii iv v vi vii xi xvii 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background of Study 1 1.2 Statement of Problem 3 1.3 Research Objective 4 1.4 Scope of Research 4 1.5 Structure of Dissertation 5 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction 6 2.2 Short Review of Slipway 6 2.3 Types of Slipway 9 2.4 Site Selection of Slipway Development 11 2.4.1 Bathymetry and Approach Channel 11 2.4.2 Sheltered Area 12

viii 2.4.3 Environmental Impact 12 2.4.4 Soil Condition 13 2.4.5 Site Accessibility 13 2.5 Main Component of Slipway 14 2.5.1 Repair Berth 15 2.5.2 Keel Blocks 15 2.5.3 Ground Ways 16 2.5.4 Sliding Ways 16 2.5.5 Cradle 17 2.6 Design Theory of Slipway 18 2.6.1 Slipway Slope and Length Calculation 18 2.6.2 Pulling Capacity Calculation 20 2.7 Factors Need To Be Considered in Develop a 22 New Slipway 2.8 Overview of Technical Cost Model 23 2.9 Overview of Regression Analysis 24 2.10 Variable Selection for Regression Analysis 25 2.11 Building of Regression Model 27 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction 30 3.2 Research Methodology Flowchart 31 3.3 Selection of Research Variables 32 3.4 Data Collection 34 3.5 Development of Technical Model 35 3.5.1 Research Hyphotesis 36 3.5.2 Test for Statistical Significance 40 3.5.3 Interpretation of Pearson Correlation Result 43 3.5.4 Develop Technical Model 45 3.6 Development of Cost Estimation Model 48 3.7 Development of Excel Package 55 3.8 Model Verification 56 3.9 Model Validation 58

ix 4 RESULT AND FINDINGS 4.1 Introduction 60 4.2 The Technical Model 61 4.2.1 Slipway Length 61 4.2.2 Slipway Breadth 64 4.2.3 Slipway Angle 67 4.2.4 Slipway Capacity 69 4.2.5 Cradle Length 72 4.2.6 Cradle Breadth 75 4.3 Cost Model 77 4.3.1 Engineering Cost 81 4.3.2 Earthwork Cost 82 4.3.3 Cradle Cost 85 4.3.4 Rail Track Cost 86 4.3.5 Winch Cost 89 4.3.6 Assembly Cost 90 4.3.7 Commissioning Cost 92 4.4 Excel Package for Technical Cost Model 93 4.5 Results of Model Verification 96 4.6 Results of Model Validation 98 5 DISCUSSION 5.1 Introduction 100 5.2 Discussion on Results of Technical Model Developed 100 5.3 Discussion on the Trend of Current Slipway 104 Development Cost 5.4 Discussion on the Cost Model Developed 108 5.5 Discussion on the Excel Package Developed 112 5.6 Discussion on the Results of the Package Verification 113 5.7 Discussion on the Results of the Package Validation 114 6 CONCLUSION 6.1 Overview of the Research 115 6.2 Conclusion 116

x 6.3 Recommendation for Future Works 117 REFERENCES 119 APPENDICES 123

xi LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE 1.1 Number of vessel registered to Malaysia Marine Department 3 based on DWT 2.1 Magnitude of the Effect for Pearson s Coefficient 26 3.1 Technical variable 33 3.2 Short listed variables 33 3.3 Factors that affect slipway construction cost 34 3.4 Regression assumption for technical model 36 3.5 Research hypothesis for length of slipway 37 3.6 Research hypothesis for breadth of slipway 37 3.7 Research hypothesis for angle of slipway 38 3.8 Research hypothesis for maximum capacity of slipway 38 3.9 Research hypothesis for cradle length 39 3.10 Research hypothesis for cradle breadth 39

xii 3.11 Magnitude of the effect for Pearson s Coefficient (r) 40 3.12 Pearson correlation result for slipway length 41 3.13 Pearson correlation result for slipway breadth 41 3.14 Pearson correlation result for angle of slipway 41 3.15 Pearson correlation result for maximum capacity of slipway 42 3.16 Pearson correlation result for cradle length 42 3.17 Pearson correlation result for cradle breadth 42 3.18 Final hypothesis for slipway length 43 3.19 Final hypothesis for slipway breadth 43 3.20 Final hypothesis for angle of slipway 44 3.21 Final hypothesis for slipway maximum capacity 44 3.22 Final hypothesis for cradle length 44 3.23 Final hypothesis for cradle breadth 45 3.24 Regression analysis data in identifying length of slipway 46 3.25 Regression analysis data in identifying breadth of slipway 46 3.26 Regression analysis data in identifying angle of slipway 46 3.27 Regression analysis data in identifying slipway capacity 47

xiii 3.28 Regression analysis data in identifying length of cradle 47 3.29 Regression analysis data in identifying breadth of cradle 47 3.30 Cost consideration factors 48 3.31 Regression assumption for cost model 50 3.32 Conversion factors 51 3.33 Detail of cost figure as of year 2012 for slipway construction 52 3.34 Regression analysis data in identifying engineering cost 53 3.35 Regression analysis data in identifying earthwork cost 53 3.36 Regression analysis data in identifying cradle cost 54 3.37 Regression analysis data in identifying rail track cost 54 3.38 Regression analysis data in identifying winch cost 54 3.39 Regression analysis data in identifying assembly cost 55 3.40 Regression analysis data in identifying commissioning cost 55 3.41 Verification data 56 3.42 Verification input data for technical and cost model 57 3.43 Validation data for technical model 58 3.44 Validation data for cost model 59

xiv 4.1 Regression statistic for slipway length model 63 4.2 Regression analysis for slipway length model 63 4.3 Regression statistic for slipway breadth model 66 4.4 Regression analysis for slipway breadth model 66 4.5 Regression statistic for slipway angle model 68 4.6 Regression analysis for slipway angle model 69 4.7 Regression statistic for slipway capacity model 71 4.8 Regression analysis for slipway capacity model 71 4.9 Regression statistic for cradle length model 74 4.10 Regression analysis for cradle length model 74 4.11 Regression statistic for cradle breadth model 76 4.12 Regression analysis for cradle breadth model 77 4.13 Regression statistic for engineering cost model 81 4.14 Regression analysis for engineering cost model 82 4.15 Regression statistic for earthwork cost model 84 4.16 Regression analysis for earthwork cost model 84 4.17 Regression statistic for cradle cost model 86

xv 4.18 Regression analysis for cradle cost model 86 4.19 Regression statistic for rail track cost model 88 4.20 Regression analysis for rail track cost model 88 4.21 Regression statistic for winch cost model 89 4.22 Regression analysis for winch cost model 90 4.23 Regression statistic for assembly cost model 91 4.24 Regression analysis for assembly cost model 91 4.25 Regression statistic for commissioning cost model 92 4.26 Regression analysis for commissioning cost model 93 4.27 The summarize of verification results 96 4.28 Verification Results 97 4.29 Validation factor for the technical model developed 99 4.30 Validation factor for the cost model developed 99 5.1 List of technical variables 101 5.2 Technical model for the slipway development 102 5.3 Summary of statistical regression for technical components 104 5.4 Cost model for slipway development 109

xvi 5.5 Summary of statistical regression for cost components 111 5.6 Verification result (Minimum Limit) 113 5.7 Verification result (Maximum Limit) 113 5.8 Validation results of the technical model developed 114 5.9 Validation results of the cost model developed 114

xvii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE 2.1 Slipway schematic diagram 7 2.2 Transverse or Crosswise Slipway 9 2.3 Longitudinal Slipway 10 2.4 Main Components of Slipway 14 2.5 Free body diagram of force in slipway slope 19 2.6 Acceleration and velocity of sloping cradle 21 2.7 Different Types of Scatterplot 27 2.8 Possible Power Transformation for Strengthen Scatterplot 28 2.9 Typical Pattern for Residual Plot 29 3.1 Flowchart of research methodology 31 3.2 The flow chart of regression analysis 35 3.3 Relationship between cost and technical factors 49 4.1 Residual plot of ship length for slipway length model 62

xviii 4.2 Residual plot of ship draft for slipway length model 62 4.3 Residual plot of ship deadweight for slipway length model 62 4.4 Residual plot of ship breadth for slipway length model 63 4.5 Residual plot of ship length for slipway breadth model 64 4.6 Residual plot of ship draft for slipway breadth model 65 4.7 Residual plot of ship deadweight for slipway breadth model 65 4.8 Residual plot of ship breadth for slipway breadth model 65 4.9 Residual plot of ship length for slipway angle model 67 4.10 Residual plot of ship draft for slipway angle model 67 4.11 Residual plot of ship deadweight for slipway angle model 68 4.12 Residual plot of ship breadth for slipway angle model 68 4.13 Residual plot of ship length for slipway capacity model 70 4.14 Residual plot of ship draft for slipway capacity model 70 4.15 Residual plot of ship deadweight for slipway capacity model 70 4.16 Residual plot of ship breadth for slipway capacity model 71 4.17 Residual plot of ship length for cradle length model 72 4.18 Residual plot of ship draft for cradle length model 73

xix 4.19 Residual plot of ship deadweight for cradle length model 73 4.20 Residual plot of ship breadth for cradle length model 73 4.21 Residual plot of ship length for cradle breadth model 75 4.22 Residual plot of ship draft for cradle breadth model 75 4.23 Residual plot of ship deadweight for cradle breadth model 76 4.24 Residual plot of ship breadth for cradle breadth model 76 4.25 Percentage of cost element for Geliga Slipway 1 78 4.26 Percentage of cost element for Geliga Slipway 2 78 4.27 Percentage of cost element for Geliga Slipway 3 78 4.28 Percentage of cost element for Muhibbah Engineering 79 4.29 Percentage of cost element for Sapor Engineering 79 4.30 Percentage of cost element for University Kuala Lumpur 79 4.31 Percentage of cost element for Sarawak Slipway 80 4.32 Percentage of cost element for Prospect Dockyard 80 4.33 Percentage of cost element for Tok Bali Dockyard 80 4.34 Residual plot of maximum slipway capacity for engineering 81 cost model 4.35 Residual plot of slipway length for earthwork cost model 83

xx 4.36 Residual plot of slipway breadth for earthwork cost model 83 4.37 Residual plot of slipway angle for earthwork cost model 83 4.38 Residual plot of cradle length for cradle cost model 85 4.39 Residual plot of cradle breadth for cradle cost model 85 4.40 Residual plot of slipway length for rail track cost model 87 4.41 Residual plot of slipway breadth for rail track cost model 87 4.42 Residual plot of slipway capacity for rail track cost model 87 4.43 Residual plot of slipway capacity for winch cost model 89 4.44 Residual plot of slipway capacity for assembly cost model 90 4.45 Residual plot of slipway capacity for commissioning 92 cost model 4.46 Information and instruction sheet for the technical cost 94 model package 4.47 Input value and result sheet of the technical cost model 95 package 4.48 Validation result of the excel package 98 5.1 Percentage of cost element of slipway construction 107 project within Malaysia

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of Study Slipways are structures to transfer vessels to or from water for temporary storage of ship repair or new ship building purposes. Maintenance and repair are required by all vessels to keep them in good conditions. Furthermore, it is an obligatory for a vessel to be pulled up for checking and inspection every five years (Soric. Z, 2005). These requirements made slipways and other dry docking methods to be the workhorses of the ship repair facilities. Slipways are extensively used in small yards in Malaysia to accommodate small or medium size vessels. The slipways are widely used in ship repair and ship building industries before the existence of another method of the new technologies such as dry dock, ship lift and floating dock. However, till now the slipways play important role in the ship repair industries due to minimal cost for the ship owner compared to the other methods with the new technologies. According to Mackie et al. (2006), usually slipways can accommodate vessel weight up to 3000 ton. However, it is a high risk to load any vessel more than such weight due to safety issues as the stability of the vessel on the slipway totally

2 depends on the center of gravity of the vessel. Hence, loading a vessel with more than the stated weight will lead to a risk of collapse. Generally, the main component of a slipway consists of winch, rail track and cradle. However, the critical element is the rail track as highlighted by Mackie et al. (2006). The rail track is made up of a deck system with a flat slab and is supported with bore cast in situ piles. Slipway construction project evolved through a series of stages, beginning from the preliminary study, followed by several design stages and finally implementation of the design through the actual construction. In conjunction with such stages, preliminary design and cost estimation are very important for the developer or project owner. According to Yaman (2007), since 1950s effo rts have been made to understand the cause-effect relationship between design parameters and the construction cost as well as to develop a model in estimating the construction cost. The research addressed the need of a user friendly and reliable technical and cost estimation model on slipway construction during early stage of a project and proposed a conceptual technical and cost estimation method that relies on information known before the detailed plan and specifications identified. Prediction model for the principal dimension and size of the cradle is developed using regression analysis. The data used is collected from the shipyards with slipways in Malaysia. The model developed in this research can be used as a tool to assist the developer or project owner to identify the particulars of the slipway including the length, breadth, angle of the slipway as well as the cradle size and the required funding for the overall slipway construction project. Users only need to state the desired design criteria such as length, breadth, draft and deadweight by referring to the maximum vessel to be slipped on the slipway. The model will perform the calculation and produce the output for the principal dimension of the slipway and the cost to be incurred in the construction process.

3 1.2 Statement of Problem Generally, slipway is the most cost effective dry docking method for small vessels. It is not worth to docking vessels up to 3000 tons on dry dock, ship lift or floating dock since the cost would be slightly higher compared to docking on a slipway. The higher cost is the resultant of the higher technology used special and complex design of the docking system which is more suitable for larger vessels. According to the list of ship registered to Malaysia Marine Department, there are 2150 numbers of ships have a deadweight less than 3000 ton. The detail data is presented in Table 1.1. Table 1.1: Number of vessel registered to Malaysia Marine Department based on DWT (http://www.marine.gov.my/jlmeng/index.asp, 26 Feb 2012) Deadweight <3000 3000-10000 10000-20000 >20000 (Ton) No. of Vessel 2150 1333 420 300 Based on the data, it can be interpreted that slipways will be more demanding in Malaysia since the vessels with capacity of 3000 ton are higher in number compared to other capacities. However, the current developer or shipbuilders are potentially facing many challenges to design and construct the slipway since there is no coherent design theory and pre-design cost estimation which is the crucial elements to construct the slipway. Hence, an effort is necessitated to fill in the gap as to facilitate the requirement of slipway development. As mentioned by Mackie (2006), specialized theory is required in designing and determining the cost of the slipway. It is not a rocket science but road geometrics of civil engineering as well as hydrostatics and stability analysis from naval architecture side are required. Considering such thought, this research attempts to

4 develop simple mathematical equations to identify the principal dimension of the slipway and the early cost estimation. In the early stage or pre-design stage, most basic and functional decisions which comprised of principal dimensions and construction cost should be made by the developer or project owner. The developer or project owner required a technique or a system to emphasise and prioritise their effort to control the project cost, otherwise worst impact will affect the total cost of the slipway construction project. Therefore, the mathematical equations developed in the current study will benefit the developer and project owner in managing the project by predicting the basic principal dimension and estimating the slipway construction cost. 1.3 Research objective The objective of this research as per following:- To develop a technical model for a main slipway parameters. To develop a cost model for slipway construction. To develop an excel package which can be used as a tool for predicting the principal dimension and cost of the slipway construction. 1.4 Scope of the research The scopes of the research are as follows. i. This research will develop a cost model for slipway which based on technical and construction parameter applicable in Malaysia.

5 ii. This research focusing on quantitative parameters only. iii. The technical and cost model includes only the slipway main parameters and the construction cost for the main components of the slipway while the overhead cost are excluded iv. The cost model developed focuses on the construction cost only while the land price are neglected v. The historical data is collected from the shipyards in Malaysia only 1.5 Structure of Thesis This thesis is divided into six chapters. Each chapter has been partitioned into few parts where each part has its own sectioning. The sectioning and partitioning have been carefully done hence the content and the positioning emphasise the whole flow of the dissertation. Chapter 1 is the introduction of the research which contains five parts including the background of the research, the problem statement, the objective and the scope of the research. Chapter 2 reviews all topics which are essential to understand the detail of the research and hence the content is related to the literature on slipway design, technical and cost model as well as the regression analysis. Chapter 3 overviews the detail of the methodology applied in the research which covers all the utilized methods and activities performed towards achieving the required results. Chapter 4 presents the result generated from the study which is further discussed in Chapter 5. Finally, chapter 6 concludes and highlights research achievements and makes some recommendations for the possible continuation of the research.

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APPENDICES 123

124 Technical data for Geliga Slipway 1 DESCRIPTION ITEM UNIT VALUE Limitation Factor Slipway Parameter Cradle Parameter Vessel Length (Max) m 32 Breadth (Max) m 10 Deadweight tonnes 400 Vessel Draft (Max) m 2.6 Length of Slipway m 65 Breadth of Slipway m 15 Maximum Capacity tonnes 500 Angle of Slipway degree 2 Length of Cradle m 34 Breadth of Cradle m 16 Technical data for Geliga Slipway 2 DESCRIPTION ITEM UNIT VALUE Limitation Factor Slipway Parameter Cradle Parameter Vessel Length (Max) m 40 Breadth (Max) m 13 Deadweight tonnes 600 Vessel Draft (Max) m 2.8 Length of Slipway m 85 Breadth of Slipway m 21 Maximum Capacity tonnes 600 Angle of Slipway degree 2 Length of Cradle m 45 Breadth of Cradle m 17

125 Technical data for Geliga Slipway 3 DESCRIPTION ITEM UNIT VALUE Limitation Factor Slipway Parameter Cradle Parameter Vessel Length (Max) m 45 Breadth (Max) m 15 Deadweight tonnes 1000 Vessel Draft (Max) m 3.0 Length of Slipway m 103.5 Breadth of Slipway m 25 Maximum Capacity tonnes 1000 Angle of Slipway degree 2 Length of Cradle m 49 Breadth of Cradle m 20 Technical data for Muhibbah Engineering DESCRIPTION ITEM UNIT VALUE Limitation Factor Slipway Parameter Cradle Parameter Vessel Length (Max) m 55 Breadth (Max) m 16 Deadweight tonnes 1000 Vessel Draft (Max) m 3.0 Length of Slipway m 150 Breadth of Slipway m 21.33 Maximum Capacity tonnes 1000 Angle of Slipway degree 2.5 Length of Cradle m 55 Breadth of Cradle m 21

126 Technical data for Sapor Engineering DESCRIPTION ITEM UNIT VALUE Limitation Factor Slipway Parameter Cradle Parameter Vessel Length (Max) m 80 Breadth (Max) m 20 Deadweight tonnes 3000 Vessel Draft (Max) m 3.4 Length of Slipway m 210 Breadth of Slipway m 30 Maximum Capacity tonnes 3200 Angle of Slipway degree 3 Length of Cradle m 82 Breadth of Cradle m 24 Technical data for University Kuala Lumpur DESCRIPTION ITEM UNIT VALUE Limitation Factor Slipway Parameter Cradle Parameter Vessel Length (Max) m 42 Breadth (Max) m 8 Deadweight tonnes 250 Vessel Draft (Max) m 1.8 Length of Slipway m 98 Breadth of Slipway m 10 Maximum Capacity tonnes 300 Angle of Slipway degree 1.8 Length of Cradle m 34.5 Breadth of Cradle m 10

127 Technical data for Sarawak Slipway DESCRIPTION ITEM UNIT VALUE Limitation Factor Slipway Parameter Cradle Parameter Vessel Length (Max) m 50 Breadth (Max) m 16 Deadweight tonnes 1800 Vessel Draft (Max) m 3.2 Length of Slipway m 80 Breadth of Slipway m 20 Maximum Capacity tonnes 2000 Angle of Slipway degree 0.8 Length of Cradle m 64 Breadth of Cradle m 20 Technical data for Prospect Dockyard DESCRIPTION ITEM UNIT VALUE Limitation Factor Slipway Parameter Cradle Parameter Vessel Length (Max) m 35 Breadth (Max) m 8 Deadweight tonnes 250 Vessel Draft (Max) m 1.2 Length of Slipway m 70 Breadth of Slipway m 10 Maximum Capacity tonnes 300 Angle of Slipway degree 0.7 Length of Cradle m 33 Breadth of Cradle m 12

128 Technical data for Tok Bali Dockyard DESCRIPTION ITEM UNIT VALUE Limitation Factor Slipway Parameter Cradle Parameter Vessel Length (Max) m 38 Breadth (Max) m 15 Deadweight tonnes 500 Vessel Draft (Max) m 1.6 Length of Slipway m 96 Breadth of Slipway m 18 Maximum Capacity tonnes 500 Angle of Slipway degree 1.2 Length of Cradle m 39 Breadth of Cradle m 20

129 Total and breakdown cost for slipway construction COST ELEMENT No SHIPYARD Engineering (RM) Earthwork (RM) Cradle (RM) Rail Track (RM) Winch (RM) Assembly (RM) Comm. (RM) Total (RM) 1 Geliga Slipway 1 (1983) 159,950 54,840 319,900 434,150 388,450 100,540 82,260 1,540,090 2 Geliga Slipway 2 (1983) 191,940 68,550 457,000 502,700 411,300 127,960 114,250 1,873,700 3 Geliga Slipway 3 (1983) 228,500 82,260 491,275 731,200 479,850 159,950 123,390 2,296,425 4 Muhibbah Engineering (1990) 389,350 149,750 658,900 1,141,502 658,900 269,550 197,670 3,465,622 5 Sapor Engineering (1990) 778,940 492,597 838,600 2,836,974 898,847 572,385 521,430 6,939,773 6 University Kuala Lumpur (2002) 231,000 660,000 495,000 742,500 495,000 165,000 123,750 2,912,250 7 Sarawak Slipway (1985) 394,400 147,900 594,065 690,200 640,900 320,450 290,870 3,078,785 8 Prospect Dockyard (1990) 167,720 71,880 359,400 419,300 299,500 119,800 89,850 1,527,450 9 Tok Bali Dockyard (2000) 316,000 94,800 711,000 790,000 711,000 237,000 181,700 3,041,500