Evlution of n Inorgnic Soil Amendment to Reduce nd Mnge Firy Ring Symptoms in Turfgrss USGA Firy Ring Project Investigtor Tem: Michel Fidnz, Ph.D., Pennsylvni Stte University, Reding, PA Derek Settle, Ph.D., Chicgo District Golf Assocition, Lemont, IL Henry Wetzel III, Ph.D., Sustinble Pest Mngement Solutions, Coeur d Alene, ID Chicgo Summry: Chicgo District Golf Assocition by Derek Settle with Tim Sibicky, Nick DeVries, nd superintendent Brin Thomson Gol: Exmine the use of n inorgnic soil mendment in combintion with culturl prctices s well in combintion with stndrd fungicide/soil surfctnt progrm for the mngement nd control of firy ring symptoms in golf course turf. Loction: Biltmore Country Club s 5 firwy in ply N. Brrington, Illinois Chicgo Bckground on Firy Ring: Multiple fungi. Firy ring is n enigm becuse we do not exctly know how to choose fungicide for it. Why? Multiple fungi cuse this disorder of turf nd so loction to loction the cusl orgnism will vry. Firy ring re severl soilborne fungi of group clled Bsidiomycetes. Some produce mushrooms Agricles. Some produce puff blls Lycoperdles. Firy ring on Chicgo golf greens re most lwys ssocited with the puffbll types. 2006 Study with Fidnz nd Fry. The CDGA hs intensively studied firy ring on Chicgo greens since 2006. In 2006 we undertook collbortive effort with Dr. Jck Fry nd Dr. Mike Fidnz (PI). In Illinois study ws initited t Twin Orchrd Country Club in Long Grove on prctice putting green. It produced good results nd we found firy ring suppression vried ccording to fungicide fmily. The QoIs (quinone outside inhibitors included Heritge nd Insigni) did not suppress firy ring wheres the DMIs (demethylse inhibitors included Byleton nd Bnner Mxx) could suppress drk green ring/rc symptoms. Also, crboximide fungicide, ProStr, worked to suppress firy ring.
DMIs Cn Cuse Phytotoxicity At High Use Rtes. More reserch is needed, but multiple CDGA studies hve yielded couple of importnt fcts on strtegies for firy ring suppression on golf greens in Chicgo. Firy ring development cn be spordic. For exmple, since 2006 four golf green studies did not hve enough firy ring dt to publish: 1) Twin Orchrd CC in 2007, 2) Blck Sheep Golf Club, Sugr Grove, in 2008, 3) Ridge Country Club, in 2008, nd 4) Kemper Lkes in Kildeer in 2009. Some golf green studies were with good firy ring development nd hve been published s fungicide tests: 1) Twin Orchrd CC in 2006, 2) Ruth Lke Country Club in 2009, 3) Kemper Lkes CC in 2010. However, in ll cses we hve gined vluble insight. One lesson continues is tht some of the stndrd products tht work must be used t high rtes products themselves cn reduce visul qulity on golf greens below cceptble levels. Firy ring development is vrible yer to yer, with hot summers hving most ctivity. Preventive fungicide pproch is current method two pplictions prior to summer. Preventive DMI fungicides work well, but cn be phytotoxic (turf chlorosis or bronzing with thinning). Need for Alterntives to Fungicides. Firy ring is difficult disorder of golf course plying surfces. Some fungicides cn suppress this disese, but complete control is often lcking. At midsummer culturl prctices of needle tining, wetting gent use, nd judicious N fertility (e.g. ure) my be our most effective wy to del with firy ring s together they cn msk rc/ring symptoms nd llevite ssocited loclized dry spot. Other lterntive methods re needed. More reserch is needed to broden current knowledge of lterntive pproches. This will llow superintendents void the negtive effects of DMI phytotoxicity on golf greens nd/or the high cost of fungicides t high lbel rtes necessry for firy ring. o Delivery by Hydroerifiction. Fidnz, M.A., P.F. Colbugh, M.C. Engelke, S.D. Dvis, nd K.E. Kenworthy. 2005. Use of high pressure injection to llevite type I firy ring symptoms in turfgrss. HortTechnology 15:169 172. o Soil Surfctnt. Fidnz, M.A., F.P. Wong, S.J. Kostk, S.J. McDonld. 2007. Use of soil surfctnt with fungicides for control of firy ring disese in turfgrss. Journl of Americn Society of Testing Mterils Interntionl 4(4):JAI100892. o Aerifiction Alone. D. Settle nd K. Rincker. 2010. Fungicides nd lterntives for curtive control of firy ring on creeping bentgrss golf green in Chicgo, 2009. Plnt Disese Mngement Reports 5:T041.
PRELIMINARY STUDY Illustrtes Need for Alterntives, Kemper Lkes, 2009 (unpublished). 2009 Mterils nd Methods. A preventive fungicide study ws locted on Kemper Lke Golf Club s 3 green in Kildeer, IL ( north Chicgo suburb). The green ws built in 1978 to USGAspecs nd seeded with Penncross creeping bentgrss. Currently the green is pproximtely 50% Po nnu nd mintined t 0.125 inches. Tretments were pplied with CO 2 powered bckpck spryer with 8004 TeeJet flt fn nozzles t 35 psi in wter equivlent to 4 gl per 1000ft 2. With two exceptions, ll tretments were every 28 dys nd occurred on 20 My, 17 June, nd 20 July. ConSn nd nitrogen by ure were every 14 dy two dditionl pplictions on 3 June, 6 July. Plots were 4 ft by 6 ft nd used rndomized complete block design with 4 replictions. Dt ws collected every 2 weeks nd included; firy ring number per plot, firy ring percent per plot, nd firy ring color intensity level (1 4). Visul qulity (1 9; 6 or greter cceptble) ws estimted to determine risk of phytotoxicity by products. 2009 Results. Few dys over 90 F temperture occurred summer, 2009. South suburbs such s Lemont recorded 6 dys. Additionlly, wet conditions previled nd up to the third week of June totl precipittion set new record. Firy ring symptoms were moderte t Kemper Lkes becuse typicl hot summer mrked with dry periods did not occur. Qulity rtings were not impcted by firy ring nd insted visul qulity ws negtively impcted by nerly ll DMI fungicides on the Penncross creeping bentgrss / Po nnu green. Tble 1. Tretments to suppress firy ring, Kemper Lkes Country Club, Kildeer, IL, 2009. Tretments (Kemper Lkes) Fungicide Fmily or Type Phytotoxicity on 3 Aug? Rte per 1000 sq. ft. every 28 dys (unless otherwise noted) 1) Untreted 2) N by ure 46 0 0 folir fertilizer no 0.15 lbs 14 dys 3) ConSn wetting gent no 1.6 fl oz 14 dys 4) Byleton Flo DMI yes 1.5 fl oz 5) Egle 20 EW DMI yes 2.4 fl oz 6) Hedwy 1.3 MEC DMI + Anelide yes 1.5 fl oz 7) Heritge 0.31 G QoI yes 4 lbs 8) Honor DG QoI + Crbox no 1.1 oz 9) Insigni + Trinity QoI + DMI no 0.7 oz + 1.0 fl oz 10) ProStr 70 WDG Crboximide no 4.5 oz 11) Reserve SC QoI + Anelide no 3.6 fl. oz 12) Reserve SC QoI + Anelide no 4.5 fl. oz 13) Tourney DMI yes 0.37 oz 14) Tourney + Revolution DMI + wetting gent yes 0.37 oz + 6.0 fl oz 15) Triton Flo DMI no 1.0 fl oz
Visul Qulity After 3 Preventive Applictions Kemper Lkes Country Club, Kildeer, IL 3 Aug 9 8 7 6 5 b b bc bc Uncceptble Qulity (<6.0) bcd bcd bcd cdee c f c f def def ef f 4 50 Visul Qulity After 3 Preventive Applictions Kemper Lkes Country Club, Kildeer, IL Are Under the Curve 7 dtes (2 Jun to 31 Aug) 45 40 35 b b bc bcd b e b f d f d ff def DMI Fungicides efg fgh ghi hi i 30 Figure 1 2. Visul qulity s influenced by DMI fungicides t Kemperr Lkes Golf Club in Kildeer, IL, 2009. Br mens without the sme letter re significntly different (P < 0.05) by Fisher s LSD.
Tble 1. June July: Tretments (20 My, 17 June, nd 20 July) to suppress firy ring nd their effect on visul qulity. A bentgrss/po green, Kemper Lkes Country Club, Kildeer, IL, 2009. Tretment nd rte (1,000 ft 2 ) rnked by AUC 2 Jun Qulity z 20 Jun Qulity 5 Jul Qulity 20 Jul Qulity 0.15 lbs N by ure 46 0 0 8.0 y 8.3 8.3 7.5 Untreted 6.5 8.0 6.8 7.3 Reserve SC 3.6 fl. oz. 5.3 8.3 8.0 6.3 ConSn 1.6 oz. 6.8 7.8 7.5 6.8 ProStr 70 WDG 4.5 oz. 6.0 8.3 7.3 6.3 Honor DG 1.1 oz. 6.5 7.5 6.5 7.0 Triton Flo 1.0 fl. oz. 7.5 7.3 6.0 6.5 Heritge 0.31 G 4 lbs. 6.5 7.8 7.0 6.5 Reserve SC 4.5 fl. oz. 7.8 7.0 7.0 6.0 Insigni 0.7 oz. + Trinity 1.0 fl. oz. 5.8 7.0 6.3 6.5 Tourney 0.37 oz. + Revolution 6 fl. oz. 5.5 7.0 6.8 6.8 Tourney 0.37 oz. 6.3 7.0 5.5 6.5 Byleton Flo 1.5 fl. oz. 3.8 7.3 5.0 6.3 Hedwy 1.3 MEC 1.5 fl. oz. 5.3 7.0 5.5 5.5 Egle 20 EW 2.4 fl. oz. 4.3 6.3 5.3 6.0 z Visul qulity ws rted on scle of 0 9 with 9 = best, nd 6 = minimum cceptble. y Vlues re mens of four replictes. Mens followed by the sme letter in column re not significntly different (P<0.05) ccording to Fisher s Protected LSD.
Tble 2. August: Tretments (20 My, 17 June, nd 20 July) to suppress firy ring nd their effect on visul qulity. A bentgrss/po green, Kemper Lkes Country Club, Kildeer, IL, 2009. Tretment nd rte (1,000 ft 2 ) rnked by AUC 3 Aug Qulity z 17 Aug Qulity 31 Aug Qulity AUC x Qulity 0.15 lbs N by ure 46 0 0 8.8 y 8.3 9.0 49.5 Untreted 7.8 b 7.0 b 8.5 bc 44.3 b Reserve SC 3.6 fl. oz. 8.0 b 6.5 bc 8.5 bc 43.9 b ConSn 1.6 oz. 7.3 bc 6.5 bc 8.8 b 43.5 bc ProStr 70 WDG 4.5 oz. 7.3 bc 6.5 bc 8.3 d 42.6 bcd Honor DG 1.1 oz. 7.0 bcd 6.5 bc 8.3 d 41.9 b e Triton Flo 1.0 fl. oz. 7.0 bcd 6.0 bcd 8.3 d 40.6 b f Heritge 0.31 G 4 lbs. 6.0 c f 5.5 cd 8.0 d 40.0 c f Reserve SC 4.5 fl. oz. 6.3 cde 5.8 bcd 8.0 d 39.9 c f Insigni 0.7 oz. + Trinity 1.0 fl. oz. 6.8 bcd 6.5 bc 8.3 d 39.8 def Tourney 0.37 oz. + Revolution 6 fl. oz. 5.8 def 5.8 bcd 7.3 de 38.4 efg Tourney 0.37 oz. 5.8 def 5.5 cd 7.5 cd 37.1 fgh Byleton Flo 1.5 fl. oz. 6.0 c f 5.5 cd 8.3 d 36.0 ghi Hedwy 1.3 MEC 1.5 fl. oz. 5.3 ef 5.0 d 6.3 e 34.0 hi Egle 20 EW 2.4 fl. oz. 4.8 f 5.0 d 7.8 bcd 33.3 i z Visul qulity ws rted on scle of 0 9 with 9 = best, nd 6 = minimum cceptble. y Vlues re mens of four replictes. Mens followed by the sme letter in column re not significntly different (P<0.05) ccording to Fisher s Protected LSD. x Are Under the Curve summrizes 7 dtes; 2 Jun, 20 Jun, 5 Jul, 20 Jul, 3 Aug, 17 Aug, nd 31 Aug.
2011 USGA STUDY Alterntives for Firy Ring in Chicgo, Biltmore Country Club 2011 Site Description. First outbrek ws July 15 nd ws ssocited with hot, dry period. Superintendent Brin Thomson, Dollr spot, firy ring nd puff blls ctive. DRY wter nd more wter. Thinking bout sprying bnner tonight do you wnt me to sve n re for firy ring with puff blls? Alterntives nd fungicides were evluted to suppress ctive firy ring on number 5 firwy, t Biltmore Country Club, in N. Brrington, IL; northwest Chicgo suburb. The firwy is locted on n re of cly soil nd the plying surfce is primrily bentgrss (Agrostis stolonifer), but hs level of Po nnu s well. The turf ws mowed 2 3 dys weekly to height of 0.5 in. nd fertilized with totl of 2.25 lb grnulr nd 0.5 liquid N/1,000 ft 2 during the seson. 2011 Mteril nd Methods. Individul plots were 4 ft x 6 ft nd rrnged in rndomized complete block design tht used 4 replictions. Firy ring symptoms nd puff blls were visible on 18 July when the first nd only pplictions occurred. A totl of 17 tretments were used (Mteril nd Methods Tble). Grnulr tretments were crefully spred on individul plots by hnd. All liquid tretments were delivered using CO 2 powered bckpck spryer with 8004 TeeJet flt fn nozzles t 40 psi in wter equivlent to 2 gl/1000 ft 2. Immeditely following ppliction, ll tretments were wtered in by hnd with 0.1 to 0.2 inch of wter. As needed Toro ProCore 648 erifier with needle tines ws used. Firy ring ws visully evluted per plot s percent re ffected, number of rings per plot, nd color intensity (0 4, with 4 drk green). Normlized Difference Vegettion Index (NDVI) ws tken using 2 subsmples per plot with the hndheld Field Scout TCM 500 (Spectrum Technologies, Plinfield, IL). Visul qulity ws rted (1 9 scle, where 1 = entire plot re brown or ded; 6 = minimum cceptble color nd qulity for putting green in summer; nd 9 = optimum greenness, texture nd density) to monitor for cceptble qulity nd quntify ny phytotoxicity. On 27 July, soil smples were tken using 0.75 inch dimeter probe to 2 inch depth with systemtic pttern of 6 holes (3 rows of 2 holes) spced cross ech plot. The upper verdure nd thtch of ech core ws discrded. Results: Firwy flooding on 23 July cused n ggressive outbrek of type II firy ring with puff blls to suddenly end. Redevelopment did not occur (Figure 2). At study strt on 18 July rnge of type II firy ring verged from 6% to 20% cross tretment plots (Figure 3, Tble 1). On one dte, 4 August, certin tretments reduced brown ptch (Figure 4, Tble 2). No sttisticl differences existed on ny dte for visul qulity nd NDVI. Plnt helth dt did show tretments were sfe s no phytotoxicity occurred (Tbles 3 nd 4). Across ll soil prmeters tested 9 dys fter tretment, only nitrte N showed differences mong tretments nd mmonium N showed similr trends (Figures 5 nd 6, Tbles 5 9).
Mterils nd Methods Tble. Tretments nd rtes for suppression of firy ring on golf firwy t Biltmore Country Club, N. Brrington, IL in 2011. Nbr Tretments nd Rte per 1,000 sq ft Strtegy Type 1 Untreted (Helthy Turf). 2 Untreted (Firy Ring Affected). 7 Revolution 6.0 fl oz Wetting gent 10 Aertion Culturl 11 Aertion + Renovte Plus 25 lbs Culturl + Alterntive (fertilizer with zeolite) 12 Aertion + Renovte Plus 25 lbs + Revolution 6.0 fl oz 13 Aertion + Revolution 6.0 fl oz + Prostr 4.5 oz 14 Aertion + Renovte Plus 25 lbs + Revolution 6.0 fl oz + Prostr 4.5 oz 15 Blue XL w/ Bio Ct Booster 4.5 fl oz + Hum MnFe 2.3 fl oz + H20 rx 0.8 fl oz + Root nd Groom 1.5 fl oz 16 Prostr 4.5 oz Fungicide 17 HeritgeTL 2.0 fl oz Fungicide Culturl + Alterntive + Wetting gent Culturl + Wetting gent + Fungicide Culturl + Alterntive + Wetting gent + Fungicide Alterntive (fertilizer with Bcillus spp.)
Results using 11 Figures (Wether, Disesee Development, nd Dt of Visul Qulity, NDVI, Wite, nd Po Seedheds), 6 Tbles, nd 12 Imges Chicgo July to August, 20111 Dt = Biltmore Country Club, N. Brrington 100 Minimum Mximum Soil (2 in. verge) Temperture degrees (F) 90 80 70 60 50 30-Aug 27-Aug 24-Aug 21-Aug 18-Aug 15-Aug 12-Aug 9-Aug 6-Aug 3-Aug 31-Jul 28-Jul 25-Jul 22-Jul 19-Jul 16-Jul 13-Jul 10-Jul 7-Jul 4-Jul 1-Jul Figure 1. Temperture: Firy ring symptoms begn 15 July when soil temperture ws 70.5 F. Inches 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 Rinfll for July to August = 12.8 inches flood event the third week of Julyy Dily precipittion 25 Jul 22 Jul 19 Jul 16 Jul 13 Jul 10 Jul 7 Jul 4 Jul 1 Jul 3 Aug 31 Jul 28 Jul 30 Aug 27 Aug 24 Aug 21 Aug 18 Aug 15 Aug 12 Aug 9 Aug 6 Aug Biltmore Country Club (N. Brrington - northwest Chicgo suburb) Figure 2. Rinfll: Significnt flooding observed July. On 23 July O Hre recordedd 6+ inches, record mount ever recorded for 24 hour period. Julyy would become the wettest on record.
Type II firy ring (% per plot) 20 15 10 5 5 Firwy: Initil Type II Firy Ring Sympotoms 18 Jul 20 18.3 16.7 15 14 12.7 10 9 6.7 6 1.7 Figure 3. Initil Distribution: Initil type 2 green ring symptoms were well distributed cross the study site. Untreted helthy turf plots were selected in res without symptoms. Number 5 firwy t Biltmore Country Club, N. Brrington, IL in 2011.
Brown ptch (% per plot) 15 10 5 0 5 Firwy: Influence of Tretments on Brown Ptch 2 Aug b bc bc bc c c c c c c Figure 4. Brown Ptch: Incidencee of brown ptch differed on one dte rted. The trend ws tht fungicide tretments provided complete control, wheres lterntives did not. Number 5 firwy t Biltmore Country Club, N. Brrington, IL in 2011. Brs with sme letter re not significntly different (P<0.05) ccording to Fisher s Protected LSD.
5 Fwy: Influencee of Tretments on Nitrte N 27 July ( 9 dys fter ppliction) ) Nitrogen NH3 N (ppm) 18.0 16.0 14.0 12.0 b bc bc bc bc c 10.0 Figure 5. Nitrogen: Compred to untreted plots, mjority of fertility tretments incresed soil levels of NO3 N on 5 firwy t Biltmore Country Club, N. Brrington, IL in 2011. Brs with sme letter re not significntly different (P<0.05) ccording to Fisher s Protected LSD.
5 Fwy: Influencee of Tretments on Ammoniumm N 27 July (9 dys fter ppliction) Nitrogen NO4 N (ppm) 8.5 7.5 6.5 5.5 Figure 6. Nitrogen: Compred to untreted plots, mjority of fertility tretments tended to incresee soil levels of NO4 N on 5 firwy t Biltmore Country Club, N. Brrington, IL in 2011. Brs with sme letter re not significntly different (P< 0.05) ccording to Fisher s Protected LSD.
Imge 1. The study plots hd 2% to 20% re ffected with green ring symptoms. Settle 7 18 11 Imge 2. As needed, we used Toro ProCore Aerifier with needle tines (Tim). DeVries 7 18 11
Imge 3. All grnulr tretments (Renovte Plus) were brodcst by hnd (Nick). Settle 7 18 11 Imge 4. All tretments were wtered in by hnd using 0.1 to 0.2 inches (Tim). Settle 7 18 11
Imge 5. An exmple of 4 ft by 6 ft tretment plot on bent/po firwy. Settle 7 18 11 Imge 6. A close up of fruiting structures puff blls tht occurred in clusters. If present, they were locted in the center of green ring which ws bout dinner plte size. Settle 7 18 11