1
Contents NONEL USER S GUIDE USER S GUIDE The NONEL system... 7 Snapline connector block... 8 In-hole detonator... 9 Three different NONEL systems... 10 NONEL MS... 13 Firing plan for bench blasting... 14 Firing plan for pipeline trench blasting... 15 Firing plan with detonating cord... 16 Underwater blasting... 17 Sub-level caving... 19 NONEL UNIDET... 20 Principle of initiation with NONEL UNIDET 21 Risk of overlapping... 23 UNIDET firing plan No. 1... 24 UNIDET firing plan No. 2... 25 UNIDET firing plan No. 3... 26 UNIDET firing plan No. 4... 27 UNIDET firing plan No. 5... 28 UNIDET firing plan No. 6... 29 UNIDET firing plan No. 7... 30 UNIDET firing plan No. 8... 31 UNIDET firing plan No. 9... 32 UNIDET firing plan No. 10... 33 UNIDET firing plan No. 11... 34 UNIDET firing plan No. 12... 35 UNIDET firing plan No. 13... 36 UNIDET firing plan No. 14... 37 UNIDET firing plan No. 15... 38 UNIDET firing plan No. 16... 39 UNIDET firing plan No. 17... 40 UNIDET firing plan No. 18... 40 NONEL LP... 41 Firing plan LP1... 42 Initiation by means of bunch connectors... 43 Firing plan LP2... 44 Firing plan LP3... 45 Firing plan LP4... 45 Firing plan LP5... 46 Initiation by means of detonating cord... 47 Initiation with the aid of Dynoline... 48 Initiation by electric detonator... 51 Destroying detonators... 52 Destroying NONEL tubes... 52 Destroying detonating cord... 52 Dealing with misfires... 53 Fact sheet for NONEL system... 54 EC type certificate... 55 TECHNICAL DATA SHEETS INITIATION SYSTEMS TECHNICAL DATA SHEETS EXPLOSIVES TECHNICAL DATA SHEETS ACCESSORIES 2
USER S GUIDE This User s Guide is intended as a complement to the NONEL System Description, in which the function of the entire NONEL system is described in detail. The main purpose of this booklet is to propose firing plans and give ideas on how they may be adapted to meet different demands in modern rock blasting. Photography: Reinhold Carlson, et al. Illustrations: Thommy Gustavsson, Gösta Lithner Printed on environmentally-friendly paper, Inlaga Cyklus print 150 g; cover Chromocard 240 g. SOO/1998-08/Edition 1. 3
4
User s Guide The NONEL initiation system was invented by Dyno Nobel and first marketed in 1973. It is a non-electric initiation system based on a signal line of low energy type. A shock wave is made to pass through the signal line, which consists of a plastic tube coated internally with a reactive substance. The shock wave is strong enough to initiate a delay element, but not strong enough to split the tube and initiate adjacent explosives. The velocity of the shock wave through the tube is approximately 2100 m/s. The difference between NONEL and other non-electric systems such as detonating cord is that the reaction in NONEL is enclosed in a tube. With detonating cord, the cord itself detonates, as the name implies. Initiation front With NONEL, the shock wave is enclosed in a plastic tube. With detonating cord, the cord itself detonates. 5
With the NONEL system, the explosive can be initiated effectively from the bottom, whereas detonating cord causes initiation in the top part of the hole in most cases. When used to initiate relatively insensitive explosives such as ANFO and certain slurries, detonating cord can cause dead-pressing of the explosive. NONEL Detonating cord Top initiation with detonating cord often causes flyrock, since the stemming is destroyed as the detonation passes through it. NONEL Detonating cord When initiating a round with NONEL, initiation on the surface takes place well before initiation of the explosives in the drill hole. 6
The NONEL system The NONEL initiation system consists of in-hole detonators, surface connector units, starter tube and a blasting machine. Function The function of the in-hole detonator is to initiate the explosive in the drill hole. The function of the surface connector unit is to transmit the initiation signal to the in-hole detonator. The surface connector unit consists of a connector block that contains a mini-detonator with or without a delay element. 7
Snapline connector block The NONEL SL connector block is intended to initiate 5 NONEL tubes. Thanks to the design of the block, the NONEL tubes are initiated in both directions. Snapline connector blocks are intended for transmitting the initiation shock wave on the rock surface only and must not be used in the drill hole. 1 Hold the connector block in one hand between the thumb and forefinger, with the opening (slot) facing upwards. 1 2 2 With your other hand, take the tubes that are to be connected and snap them into the slot one by one. 3 Slide the block toward the drill hole and tension the tubes moderately to tidy up the connection. 3 4 4 When all tubes (max. 5 pieces) are in place, snap shut the cover with your thumb. Make sure the cover snaps into the locked position. If the cover on the SL connector block needs to be opened after it has been snapped shut, simply take the free end of a NONEL tube, slip it underneath the lock of the cover and pull upwards. Knives or other sharp objects should not be used. 8
In-hole detonator Cutaway section of NPED detonator The in-hole detonator is of No. 8 strength (according to Prior test No.10) to ensure reliable initiation of primers and detonator-sensitive explosives. It is a NPED* detonator (i.e. Non-Primary Explosives Detonator), which means that it does not contain a primary explosive. The NPED detonator is considerably less sensitive to impact and shock compared with detonators that contain primary explosive. The sensitive lead azide (the primary explosive) has been replaced with pentyl, which is enclosed in a steel sleeve. The in-hole detonator is intended for initiation of the explosive in the hole only and must not be used on the rock surface. (The only exception is when an electric detonator is used to initiate a NONEL round - see page 51). *US patent No. 4.727.808 9
Three different NONEL systems Three NONEL-based initiation systems are available: NONEL MS NONEL UNIDET NONEL LP NONEL MS and NONEL UNIDET are used for bench blasting. Their delay times are therefore designed to suit the conditions that prevail in bench blasting. When blasting several rows on a bench, it is important that the rock in the first row is given enough time to move forwards before the next row starts to move. Since rock swells by approximately 50% in volume when broken up by explosives, room must be made for this expansion within a very short period of time. Studies have shown that, ideally, the rock in a row should move forwards by 1/3 of the burden before the next row is allowed to detonate. Since the required delay time between rows can vary between 10 ms per metre of burden in hard rock to 30 ms/m in soft rock, a value of 15 ms/m can generally be used as a guideline. B = burden 10
NONEL MS is a conventional delay initiation system with a delay time of 25 ms between each interval. Such short delay times are a legacy from the past, when small-diameter holes were drilled with small burdens. Series 11 and 12 integral drill-steels require a burden of between 1 and 1.5 metres, for which a delay of 25 ms between rows is a good normal value. NONEL UNIDET is an initiation system that employs a uniform delay time in the in-hole detonators and variable delay times in the connector units on the surface. The delay time in the drill hole is usually 500 ms (but other options can be used). This is then supplemented by delay times in the surface connector units, which give the desired initiation sequence. Surface delays from 17 to 176 ms are available, which gives great flexibility in adapting the initiation sequence to suit the burden and rock characteristics. NONEL LP is an initiation system intended for underground use. The delay times between intervals in the system are generally longer in order to give enough time for blasted rock to be properly displaced in the confined space and single free face typical in tunnelling. In most tunnels today, the parallel-hole cut is employed to first break out a central cavity in the face, into which the rock surrounding the cut can be displaced. The cut usually incorporates one or more large-diameter relief holes, which are not charged. The rock broken by the hole(s) closest to the relief hole(s) must be thrown out of the face before the next closest hole(s) are detonated. Since blasted rock is thrown out of the face at a velocity of 40-60 metres per second, displacement will take between 60 and 100 milliseconds for a hole 4 metres in depth. A delay time of at least 100 ms between intervals in the cut is therefore essential in order to prevent the rock from jamming up in the cut and impairing the blasting result. 11
Once the cut has been thrown out of the face to make room for further rock displacement, a different detonator/explosive effect is required, since limited throwback of the round is now desirable. The shotholes surrounding the cut are therefore given longer delays (500 ms) between intervals, with the aim of producing a neatly confined muck pile that is easy to load. When blasting the contour, a primary requirement is that the detonators should have good precision in order to ensure simultaneity in smoothblasting. 12
NONEL MS NONEL MS is of conventional construction with 25 ms delays between intervals. The initiation sequence is built up by means of the unique delay times of each interval. Initiation is effected on the surface by means of connector blocks with instantaneous initiation. The system has 18 intervals numbered from 3 to 20. The series begins with No. 3 for the purpose of delaying the first interval by 75 ms in order to avoid the risk of tube cut-offs. NONEL tube, with its shock wave transmission velocity of 2100 m/s, has an inherent delay of 0.5 ms/m. In larger rounds therefore, it is conceivable that all detonators will not receive their initiation signals by the time rock displacement begins from the first hole. By delaying the first interval by 75 ms, a total of 150 m of tube is permissible in the connector units on the surface without the risk of tubes to some parts of the round being damaged by early rock displacement or flyrock. Signal conductors to detonators with nominally lower delay period numbers must not be more than 8 metres longer than signal conductors to detonators with the next higher delay period number. NONEL MS is used mainly in smaller bench blasting operations on the surface and underground, as well as in underwater blasting and sublevel caving. 13
Firing plan for bench blasting 7 6 6 6 6 7 6 5 5 5 5 6 5 4 4 4 4 5 4 3 3 3 3 4 Each surface connector unit initiates 4 in-hole detonators, as well as the next surface connector unit. For the shortest possible delay in surface initiation, initiation takes place via a trunk line from which side lines branch off. However, with this arrangement it should be remembered that, if a surface connector unit in one of the front rows fails to detonate, it would have a negative influence on the blasting result in the rear part of the round. 14
Firing plan for pipeline trench blasting 12 13 13 12 10 11 11 10 8 9 9 8 6 7 7 6 4 5 5 3 3 4 Connection is made in the direction of initiation. Failure of one surface connector unit does not affect the result significantly. The round can be reconnected and fired with good results. A disadvantage of the NONEL MS system in pipeline trench blasting is the limited length of trench that can be blasted in each round. 15
Firing plan with detonating cord 7 6 6 6 6 7 6 5 5 5 5 6 5 4 4 4 4 5 4 3 3 3 3 4 NONEL MS rounds can be initiated with detonating cord, provided that noise and airborne shock waves are permissible at the worksite. Detonating cord with a charge weight of between 3.6 and 5.0 g/m is recommended. Ideally, the NONEL tube should be connected to the detonating cord by means of a MULTICLIP. 16
Underwater blasting 5 4 4 4... 4 3 3 3... For underwater blasting, a reinforced version of NONEL MS is recommended, as well as two detonators in each hole. The tubes from the detonators are connected to Snapline 0 connector blocks on the water surface. The Snapline connector blocks should be mounted on floats of polystyrene or a similar material. Two initiation paths are recommended in underwater blasting in order to ensure the reliability of initiation. 17
5 4 4 4... 4 3 3 3... Underwater rounds can also be initiated by detonating cord. A maximum of 20 NONEL tubes can be gathered into a bunch, and detonating cord tied in a clove hitch around the bunch. Bunches should be placed at least half a metre away from each other in order to reduce the risk of tube cut-off. 18
Sub-level caving 7 6 5 10 4 9 3 3 8 8 4 9 5 10 6 7 11 11 12 12 NONEL MS is well suited for use in sub-level caving, which could be described as a kind of upside-down bench blasting. 19
NONEL UNIDET NONEL UNIDET is based on the use of in-hole detonators with uniform delay. All in-hole detonators in the round have the same delay time and the initiation sequence is determined on the surface by means of surface connector units with built-in delays. The delay time in the inhole detonator is usually chosen as 500 ms, which normally enables all in-hole detonators to be initiated on the surface before any rock displacement begins. 20
Principle of initiation with NONEL UNIDET Base delay 500 ms 500 500 500... All holes in the round are usually charged with detonators with the same delay in this case 500 ms. Surface delay 0 ms 25 50 75... Final delay 500 ms 525 550 575... The initiation sequence is determined on the surface by means of Snapline connector blocks. 21
Snapline connector blocks are available with different delays and are colour coded to indicate the delay time. Green Yellow Red White Blue Black Orange 0 ms (nominally 1.75 ms) 17 ms 25 ms 42 ms 67 ms 109 ms 176 ms 0 ms 42 84 126 168 210 252 294 336 378 420 462 504 etc. etc. 500 ms 542 584......920 962 1004... With Snapline connector blocks, surface activation takes place well before rock displacement begins. 22
Risk of overlapping. Maximum round sizes for different firing plans using NONEL UNIDET. According to Swedish Standard SS 4990707 Initiation systems with non-electric signal lines of low energy type, section 19.4 Theoretical verification, the maximum round size for different firing plans must be stated. If the stated number of holes is exceeded, a risk of overlapping unacceptable under SS 4990707 arises. Dyno Nobel advises against the use of firing plans that do not meet the demands of SS 4990707. The calculations are based on nominal delay times and maximum standard deviations submitted by the manufacturer. They are intended to show where a theoretical risk of overlapping will arise in the most unfavourable case. A risk of overlapping is considered to exist if there is a possibility of a hole in one of the back rows detonating before a hole in one of the front rows. The risk of overlapping is stated for each firing plan. The recommendations given are applicable provided that all inhole detonators have the same active tube length. The term active tube length refers to the length of tube between the in-hole detonator and the point on the tube at which the surface connector unit is connected. The time increment that the delay times receive (on the basis of the velocity of the detonation wave in NONEL tubes) has a negative influence on the number of holes in a row only when the active tube length reduces with the row depth, i.e. when the active tube length in any row is shorter than that in a previous row. For this reason, the greatest permissible length differential is 5 metres. Length differentials of 0 and 5 metres have been taken into consideration in the calculation of the risks of overlapping. N.B. The delay times between rows must always be equal to or greater than the delay times between the holes in the rows. 23
UNIDET firing plan No. 1 150 125 125 125 125 125 125 100 100 100 100 100 100 75 75 75 75 75 75 50 50 50 50 50 50 25 25 25 25 25 25 0 0 0 0 0 Row-by-row connection of a NONEL UNIDET round: 25 ms delay between rows and no delay between holes. The holes at both edges of the round are delayed by 25 ms to give a better breaking angle and reduce the risk of overbreak. Only 3 components are needed: NONEL UNIDET detonator, Snapline 0 and Snapline 25 connector blocks. Risk of overlapping: 0 metres length differential in active tube length Number of holes per row that can be connected without contravening Swedish Standard SS 4990707. Delay time between rows of holes Milliseconds 17 25 42 67 109 176 Max. No. of holes per row X 292 1000 1000 1000 1000 5 metres length differential in active tube length Number of holes per row that can be connected without contravening Swedish Standard SS 4990707. Delay time between rows of holes Milliseconds 17 25 42 67 109 176 Max. No. of holes per row X 178 1000 1000 1000 1000 X = Not recommended X = Not recommended The stated limitations in the number of holes per row assume symmetric connection, i.e. that the rows are connected in the centre of the round. In the case of rounds connected asymmetrically, only half the stated number is permissible. 24
UNIDET firing plan No. 2 375 350 175 150 125 150 350 325 150 125 100 125 325 300 125 100 75 100 300 275 100 75 50 75 275 250 75 50 25 50 250 225 50 25 0 25 Plow-shaped initiation with 25 ms delay between rows and 25 ms delay between the holes in the rows. Needs few components. Snapline 0 connector block can be replaced with a Snapline 25 in order to rationalize stock holding, i.e. NONEL UNIDET detonators and Snapline 25 connector blocks only. This firing plan gives good fragmentation through the collision effect as the round is thrown forwards. Risk of overlapping: 0 metres length differential in active tube length Number of holes per row that can be connected without contravening Swedish Standard SS 4990707. Delay time between rows of holes Milliseconds 17 25 42 67 109 176 Max. No. of holes per row X 22 34 52 106 172 5 metres length differential in active tube length Number of holes per row that can be connected without contravening Swedish Standard SS 4990707. Delay time between rows of holes Milliseconds 17 25 42 67 109 176 Max. No. of holes per row X 14 30 48 100 168 X = Not recommended X = Not recommended The stated limitations in the number of holes per row assume symmetric connection, i.e. that the rows are connected in the centre of the round. In the case of rounds connected asymmetrically, only half the stated number is permissible. The values in the tables assume that the same delay time is used between rows as between the individual holes in the rows. 25
UNIDET firing plan No. 3 500 475 300 275 250 275 450 425 250 225 200 225 400 375 200 175 150 175 350 325 150 125 100 125 300 275 100 75 50 75 250 225 50 25 0 25 Another firing plan with few components. Through diagonal connection, a 50 ms delay is obtained between rows, with a delay of 25 ms between the holes in the rows. This firing plan gives a wide hole-spacing effect, which has a favourable effect on fragmentation. As in the previous firing plan, the number of components can be rationalized to two the NONEL UNIDET in-hole detonator and Snapline 25 connector block if the round is initiated by means of a Snapline 25 connector block. Risk of overlapping: 0 metres length differential in active tube length Number of holes per row that can be connected without contravening Swedish Standard SS 4990707. Connector block used SL17 SL25 SL42 SL67 SL109 SL176 Delay time between rows Milliseconds 34 50 84 134 218 352 Max. No. of holes per row 56 140 126 224 434 696 5 metres length differential in active tube length Number of holes per row that can be connected without contravening Swedish Standard SS 4990707. Connector block used SL17 SL25 SL42 SL67 SL109 SL176 Delay time between rows Milliseconds 34 50 84 134 218 352 Max. No. of holes per row 46 124 118 214 422 686 The stated limitations in the number of holes per row assume symmetric connection, i.e. that the rows are connected in the centre of the round. In the case of rounds connected asymmetrically, only half the stated number is permissible. 26
UNIDET firing plan No. 4 312 295 278 261 244 227 270 253 236 219 202 185 228 211 194 177 160 143 126 210 168 186 169 152 135 118 101 84 144 127 110 93 76 59 42 102 85 68 51 34 17 0 Firing plan with 42 ms delay between rows and 17 ms between the holes in the rows. Connection is made row-by-row toward the rear of the round. Good wide hole-spacing effect. Risk of overlapping: 0 metres length differential in active tube length Maximum number of holes per row in round with different combinations of surface connector units. Delay between holes Delay between hole rows in the same row Milliseconds Milliseconds 17 25 42 67 109 176 17 X 11 45 103 289 771 25 X 11 45 103 289 771 42 X X 17 38 107 284 67 X X X 26 73 193 109 X X X X 53 140 176 X X X X X 86 X = Not recommended 5 metres length differential in active tube length Maximum number of holes per row in round with different combinations of surface connector units. Delay between holes Delay between hole rows in the same row Milliseconds Milliseconds 17 25 42 67 109 176 17 X 7 39 94 275 748 25 X 7 39 94 275 748 42 X X 15 35 101 275 67 X X X 24 69 187 109 X X X X 50 136 176 X X X X X 84 X = Not recommended The stated limitations in the number of holes per row assume asymmetric connection, i.e. that the rows are connected at one edge of the round. In the case of rounds connected symmetrically, i.e. from the centre outward in both directions, twice as many holes per row can be connected without contravening Swedish Standard SS 4990707. 27
UNIDET firing plan No. 5 194 177 160 143 126 143 160 152 135 118 101 84 101 118 110 93 76 59 42 59 76 68 51 34 17 0 17 34... 42 ms delay between rows and 17 ms between the holes in the rows. Plow-shaped initiation with good wide hole-spacing effect. Risk of overlapping: SL 17 should not be used between rows, or the risk of overlapping will exceed what is permissible under Swedish Standard SS 4990707. In all other combinations where the delay time between the holes in the rows is shorter than the delay time between rows, the risk of overlapping does not contravene Swedish Standard SS 4990707. 28
UNIDET firing plan No. 6 378 361 344 327 344 361 269 252 235 218 235 252 160 143 126 109 126 143 51 34 17 0 17 34 Firing plan with 109 ms delay between rows and 17 ms between the holes in the rows. Suitable for rounds with holes of relatively large diameter and commensurately large burden. Holes connected row-by-row toward the rear of the round. Risk of overlapping: SL 17 should not be used between rows, or the risk of overlapping will exceed what is permissible under Swedish Standard SS 4990707. In all other combinations where the delay time between the holes in the rows is shorter than the delay time between rows, the risk of overlapping does not contravene Swedish Standard SS 4990707. 29
UNIDET firing plan No. 7 755 713 671 629 587 545 587 629... 646 604 562 520 478 436 478 520... 537 495 453 411 369 327 369 411... 428 386 344 302 260 218 260 302... 319 277 235 193 151 109 151 193... 210 168 126 84 42 0 42 84... U 500 U 500 Firing plan with a delay of 109 ms between rows and 42 ms between the holes in the rows. Suitable for rounds with holes of relatively large diameter and commensurately large burden. Holes are connected row-byrow toward the rear. Two detonators are used in each hole, which is recommended when the rock is cracked or fissured and bulk explosives are used. In this case, the top detonator has been connected to a connector block that is initiated 42 ms later than the block that initiates the bottom detonator. This is designed to prevent, as far as possible, the top detonator from initiating before the bottom one. Risk of overlapping: SL 17 should not be used between rows, or the risk of overlapping will exceed what is permissible under Swedish Standard SS 4990707. In all other combinations where the delay time between the holes in the rows is shorter than the delay time between rows, the risk of overlapping does not contravene Swedish Standard SS 4990707. 30
UNIDET firing plan No. 8 430 413 396 379 362 345 370 387 346 329 312 295 278 261 286 303 262 245 228 211 194 177 202 219 203 186 169 152 135 118 143 160 144 127 110 93 76 59 84 101 85 68 51 34 17 0 25 42 By means of diagonal connection, the delay between rows can be well adapted to local conditions. In this case, diagonal connection gives a delay of 17 + 42 ms = 59 ms between rows and a delay of 17 ms between the holes in the rows. The Snapline 67 connector block is used in the last two rows to increase the delay in these rows to 84 ms, which often gives better breakage and throw. Risk of overlapping: 0 metres length differential in active tube length Max. 32 rows of holes can be connected without contravening Swedish Standard SS 4990707. 5 metres length differential in active tube length Max. 29 rows of holes can be connected without contravening Swedish Standard SS 4990707. 31
UNIDET firing plan No. 9 59 118 177 236 295 354... 0 17 76 135 194 253 Simple zigzag connection with 101 ms delay between rows and 59 ms between the holes in the rows. At the beginning of the loop, however, the delay times are shorter, i.e. 59 ms and 17 ms. A good plan if only two rows are to be fired. Risk of overlapping: NONE 32
UNIDET firing plan No. 10 295 312 329 346 363 380 397 431 414 236 253 270 287 304 321 338 355 177 194 211 228 245 262 279 296 118 135 152 169 186 203 220 237 0 59 76 93 110 127 144 161 178 17 34 51 68 85 102 119 136 U 500 U 500 Connected with two detonators in each hole. Can be a good safety precaution if there is water in the holes or if there are other reasons to be concerned about the possibility of interruptions in the explosives column. In this plan there is a 59 ms delay between rows and 17 ms between the holes in the rows. The upper detonator is connected diagonally to the block for the next hole, which gives it a 17 ms delay. This normally ensures initiation of the bottom detonator first. Risk of overlapping: 0 metres length differential in active tube length A maximum of 30 rows of holes can be connected without contravening Swedish Standard 4990707. 5 metres length differential in active tube length A maximum of 27 rows of holes can be connected without contravening Swedish Standard 4990707. 33
UNIDET firing plan No. 11 1290 1048 1006 964 922 880 905 947... 1114 872 830 788 746 704 729 771... 938 696 654 612 570 528 553 595... 762 520 478 436 394 352 377 419... 596 344 302 260 218 176 201 243... 420 168 126 84 42 0 25 67... U 500 U 500 A 176 ms delay between rows, with a 42 ms delay between the holes in the rows in one direction and 25 ms in the other. Gives each hole a unique delay time. Good wide hole-spacing effect. This plan is very reliable, since each hole is initiated by two detonators connected to separate connector blocks. Risk of overlapping: SL 17 should not be used between rows, or the risk of overlapping will exceed what is permissible under Swedish Standard SS 4990707. In all other combinations where the delay time between the holes in the rows is shorter than the delay time between rows, the risk of overlapping does not contravene Swedish Standard SS 4990707. 34
UNIDET firing plan No. 12 376 351 326 301 276 301 326 259 234 209 184 209 234 167 142 117 92 117 142 75 50 25 0 25 50 U 500 U 500 Extra reliability through double initiation lines. 25 + 67 = 92 ms delay between rows and 25 ms between the holes in the rows. There are two detonators in each hole, which can be a good precaution in cracked or fissured rock and when using bulk explosives. To avoid top initiation as far as possible, the upper detonator is connected to a block that detonates later than the block to which the bottom detonator is connected. Risk of overlapping: In both symmetric and asymmetric connection, an unlimited number of holes and rows can be connected without contravening Swedish Standard SS 4990707. 35
UNIDET firing plan No. 13 59 118 177 236 295 0 17 76 135 194 253 U 450 U 475 U 500 Three-deck charge in each hole for sites where there are restrictions on vibration. Each sub-charge has its own delay time. There is a 101 ms delay between rows and 59 ms between the holes in the rows (with the exception of holes 1 and 2 in the first row). Risk of overlapping: Complies with Swedish Standard SS 4990707. 36
UNIDET firing plan No. 14 420 437 454 471 488 505 522 539 336 353 370 387 404 421 438 455 252 269 286 303 320 337 354 371 168 185 202 219 236 253 270 287 84 101 118 135 152 169 186 203 0 0 17 34 51 68 85 102 119 U 450 U 475 U 500 Firing plan for blasting with three-deck charge in each hole. There are two detonators in each charge. Two parallel initiation lines give a delay of 84 ms between rows, with 17 ms between the holes in the rows. Plan demonstrates that NONEL UNIDET, together with Snapline connector blocks, can be used in the most complicated of situations. Risk of overlapping: 0 metres length differential in active tube length A maximum of 43 rows of holes can be connected without contravening Swedish Standard 4990707. 5 metres length differential in active tube length A maximum of 41 rows of holes can be connected without contravening Swedish Standard 4990707. 37
UNIDET firing plan No. 15 453 436 436 436 436 453 378 361 344 327 344 361 269 252 235 218 235 252 160 143 126 109 126 143 51 34 17 0 17 34 Smooth blasting with NONEL UNIDET. The smooth-blast row is detonated last in the round. Risk of overlapping: 0 metres length differential in active tube length Number of holes that can be connected without contravening Swedish Standard SS 4990707. No. of rows 4 11 16 Max. No. of holes per row 14 12 10 The values assume symmetric connection, i.e. connection in the centre of the row and outward in both directions. 5 metres length differential in active tube length Number of holes that can be connected without contravening Swedish Standard SS 4990707. No. of rows 3 10 16 Max. No. of holes per row 14 12 10 The values assume symmetric connection, i.e. connection in the centre of the row and outward in both directions. 38
UNIDET firing plan No. 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 395 378 361 286 269 252 177 160 143 126 344 361 378 235 252 269 143 160 68 51 34 17 34 51 0 Pre-splitting with NONEL UNIDET. Best results are obtained if detonating cord can be used (3.6 or 5.0 g/m) to initiate the pre-split row (bear in mind the airborne shock wave). N.B. The detonating cord should be located at least 20 cm away from the NONEL tubes in the round in order to avoid cut-offs of the tubes. Risk of overlapping: No limitation in the round part. However, pre-split row will detonate first. 39
UNIDET firing plan No. 17 221 238 204 Simple connection of pipeline trench using only 3 components, which can be reduced to 2 if the Snapline 0 connector block is replaced with a Snapline 17. 170 187 153 119 136 102 68 85 51 17 34 0 UNIDET firing plan No. 18 500 542 584 626... 475 517 559 601... 500 542 584 626... U 475 U 500 Pipeline trench blasting with UNIDET U475 detonators in the centre holes and U500 in the outer holes. A delay of 42 ms between rows gives good breaking geometry in the round. 40
NONEL LP NONEL LP has been developed for drift and tunnel blasting, where longer delay times are needed to give enough time for the rock to break free and be thrown away from the face. The LP series detonators have the following nominal delay times: No. 0 25 ms No. 14 1400 ms 1 100 ms 16 1600 ms 2 200 ms 18 1800 ms 3 300 ms 20 2075 ms 4 400 ms 25 2500 ms 5 500 ms 30 3000 ms 6 600 ms 35 3500 ms 7 700 ms 40 4000 ms 8 800 ms 45 4500 ms 9 900 ms 50 5000 ms 10 1000 ms 55 5500 ms 11 1110 ms 60 6000 ms 12 1235 ms 41
Firing plan LP 1 45 45 45 45 30 30 30 45 45 50 35 35 50 40 25 20 16 20 25 30 40 40 18 12 10 14 18 25 40 8 3 7 40 16 9 4 2 9 16 20 40 5 1 6 50 18 14 10 12 18 25 50 55 50 50 50 50 50 50 55 The round is charged conventionally, with the lowest period number nearest the large-diameter relief hole and the highest out at the contour. Initiation can be effected by means of bunch connectors. Connect the NONEL tube from the bunch connectors to a Snapline 0 connector block or a NONEL STARTER. Note that LP detonator No. 0 has not been used in the firing plan. (It may, however, be advisable to keep it as a spare in case the relief hole is full of water. The water can then be blown out of the hole using a weak charge that detonates first.) The length differential between the initiation points on the respective NONEL tubes and their in-hole detonators should not exceed 5 metres. 42
Initiation Initiation by means of bunch connectors The bunch connector is only intended for use hanging freely on the tunnel face. Gather at least 5 but maximum 20 NONEL tubes into a bunch. Bind the bunch together with tape as close as possible to the face of the tunnel. Apply another band of tape 40 cm out from the first binding. Insert the bunch through a loop of 5 g/m detonating cord. Fit a Snapline 0 connector block to the loop and slide it up against the bunch of tubes. Make sure the Snapline connector block and detonating cord are located at least 20 cm away from the tape point nearest the tunnel face. Press the Snapline connector block against the bunch of NONEL tubes and snap it shut by pressing the cover down into the locked position. Now connect the leads from the Snapline connector blocks on the respective bunch connectors into a Snapline 0 connector block and pull the bunch connectors away from the tunnel face. N.B. Make sure that none of the bunch connectors is located any closer than 20 cm to other NONEL tubes. 43
Firing plan LP 2 45 45 45 45 30 30 30 45 45 50 35 35 50 40 25 20 16 20 25 30 40 40 18 12 10 14 18 25 40 8 3 7 40 16 9 4 2 9 16 20 40 5 1 6 50 18 14 10 12 18 25 50 55 50 50 50 50 50 50 55 If there are restrictions on vibration at the worksite, the problem can be alleviated by delaying half the face by 42 ms (for instance), as in this case. The solution gives a greater spread and reduces the risk of charges detonating simultaneously. In this case, LP detonator No. 0 cannot be used, since a hole with a delay of only 25 ms would detonate before the detonators bunch-connected to the Snapline 42 connector blocks could be activated, thus incurring an obvious risk of cut-offs of the NONEL tubes. 44
Firing plan LP 3 +67 ms +109 ms 30 35 35 35 40 18 40 18 14 20 20 14 12 25 25 25 30 30 25 25 25 30 16 16 16 16 18 12 12 12 12 10 10 10 9 9 10 30 30 35 18 35 35 18 40 14 18 40 20 12 14 20 20 5 4 20 14 12 10 8 5 8 10 12 14 2 2 25 14 12 9 7 4 1 4 7 9 12 14 25 3 3 50 16 14 10 8 5 5 8 10 14 16 50 4 55 50 50 45 45 45 45 45 45 50 50 55 ±0 ms +176 ms +42 ms Firing plan LP 4 +67 ms +109 ms ±0 ms +176 ms +42 ms By using Snapline connector blocks with different delays, the risk of simultaneous detonation in sensitive environments can be reduced. In this case, 5 different Snapline blocks have been used to give a greater spread in detonation times. The lowest delay time in the cut is 100 ms (LP det. No. 1) in order to avoid cut-offs of the NONEL tubes. 45
Firing plan LP 5 +67 ms +109 ms 2667 2567 2567 3067 3067 3067 1667 3567 1667 3567 1867 3567 1302 1867 4067 1302 1867 1467 4067 1067 2609 2609 2609 3109 3109 1709 3109 1709 3609 1909 3609 1309 3609 1909 1309 4109 1109 1509 1909 4109 2142 2184 2142 1467 1267 1067 967 1009 1109 1309 1509 2184 2075 1400 1235 1000 800 2075 1400 1235 900 700 5000 1600 1400 1000 800 576 676 676 376 376 276 576 576 476 476 676 576 676 842 1042 1277 1442 2117 742 942 1277 1442 2542 842 1042 1442 1642 5042 5500 5000 5000 4500 4500 4676 4676 4542 4542 5042 5042 5542 ±0 ms +176 ms +42 ms Nominal times according to connection arrangement shown on preceding page. 46
Initiation by means of detonating cord In bunch initiation using detonating cord, at least 5 but maximum 20 NONEL tubes are gathered into a bunch and taped together as close as possible to the tunnel face. A second tape binding is applied approximately 40 cm from the face. A clove hitch is then tied around the bunch using 3.6 or 5 g/m detonating cord, and tightened at least 20 cm away from the tape point nearest the tunnel face. 45 50 35 45 30 45 45 30 30 45 45 35 50 40 25 20 16 20 25 30 40 40 18 12 10 14 18 25 40 8 3 7 40 16 9 4 2 9 16 20 40 5 1 6 50 18 14 10 12 18 25 50 55 50 50 50 50 50 50 55 The bunches are then connected together with detonating cord and pulled away from the tunnel face. The detonating cord should be tensioned so that it does not lie too close (min. 20 cm) to the NONEL tubes, otherwise there is a risk of the shock wave from the detonating cord to cut off the NONEL tubes without initiating them. 47
Initiation with the aid of Dynoline The simplest and safest way to initiate NONEL rounds is with the aid of Dynoline, which is NONEL tube supplied in rolls of 750 or 1500 metres. A suitable length of Dynoline is connected between the leader on the first Snapline connector block in the round and the DynoStart blasting machine that is used to initiate the round. (NONEL rounds can also be initiated by means of an electric detonator - see page 51). 48
The glue plug or sealing weld in the NONEL tube from the Snapline block must be cut off and the tube connected to the Dynoline by means of an outer tube 4 cm in length (cut from the outer tube supplied with the roll of Dynoline). The NONEL tube must be pressed into the outer tube by at least 1 cm. The Dynoline should then be drawn out to the chosen firing site. When the round is ready for firing, connect the Dynoline to a blasting machine (type DynoStart) by inserting the tube into the chuck as far as it will go. Do not turn the chuck. 49
50 To initiate the round, press the CHARGING button until the lightemitting-diode (LED) lights constantly. Then, keeping the CHARG- ING button depressed, press the FIRING button.
Initiation by electric detonator NONEL rounds can also be initiated by means of an electric detonator. In this case, the detonator is connected to the lead of the first Snapline connector block in the round (preferably a Snapline 0). The detonator must be connected firmly to the lead using insulation tape, and the bottom of the detonator must point in the direction in which lead on the connector block is required to initiate. N.B. To protect the NONEL tubes in the round from shrapnel from the electric detonator, the detonator must be well covered with soil or drill cuttings. Ideally, it should be located at least 5 metres away from the round. This can be achieved by connecting a suitable length of Dynoline to the lead on the Snapline connector block (see page 48 for instructions) and connecting the electric detonator to the opposite end of the Dynoline. N.B. When an electric detonator is connected to the round, you are subject to the same risks as in electric initiation as far as lightning, static electricity, stray currents, etc. are concerned. For this and other safety reasons, the detonator must NOT be connected to the Snapline connector block until the round has been connected up completely and firing is about to take place. 51
Destruction Destroying detonators Detonators that are damaged or too old must not be used. They must be destroyed. Individual undamaged detonators can be destroyed by detonating them in conjunction with the firing of a round. Cut the tubes off the detonators and drop the detonators one-by-one into one or more of the drill holes. They will detonate when the round is fired. Detonators can also be exploded by taping them to an explosive cartridge and then detonating the cartridge. If the cartridge is detonated in the open air, bear in mind the potential hazards posed by shrapnel and airborne shock waves. If larger quantities of detonators need to be destroyed due to damage or age, please contact Dyno Nobel or your nearest Dyno Nobel representative. Destroying NONEL tubes With the aid of a DynoStart blasting machine, initiate and burn out the reactive substance in the tube and then send it to: 1. A recycling site 2. A garbage dump 3. An incineration site. Destroying detonating cord 1. Connect the detonating cord to a detonator and fire the detonator. Bear in mind the risk of shrapnel and airborne shock waves. 2. Drop the detonating cord into a blast hole together with the explosives and let it detonate with the round. 52
Dealing with misfires If undetonated holes are encountered after blasting, the following procedure can be followed: A B C D E F G 1 Risk zone evacuated and guarded. Signal, fire, wait, check. 2 Completely OK Misfire Muck out 3 Whole round Part of round Report 4 New starter Check B1 Isolated misfires Several misfires Report 5 Uninitiated tube Undetonated charge Assess entirety Treat as C4 Report 6 New starter Check B1 Open charge Stemming Report 7 Uncover New primer, new starter Easy Difficult Check 8 B1 Report Blow out New primer and starter Check B1 Can be saved for next round Report Notify, mark, guard if necessary Must be fired Report Flush out and scale alongside Re-charge B1 Note: The relevant safety regulations in each country must be observed. 53
Fact sheet for NONEL system The NONEL system is not intended for use in gaseous environments such as underground coal mines or other locations in which explosive gases can occur. Nor is it intended for use where dust explosions can occur. The NONEL system is approved for use with the products described in this booklet only. Since the use of NONEL products together with other shock tube initiation systems has not been tested and approved, it cannot be recommended and does not come with any guarantees in respect of function. Recommended temperature range in which NONEL can be used - Surface: -35 C to +50 C - Inside drill hole: -25 C to +70 C Recommended storage temperature: Maximum hydrostatic pressure (water): Tensile strength (tube): Elongation: below +50 C 3 bar for 7 days 25 kg at +20 C for 2 minutes, which results in elongation to approx. 2.5 times original length 15 kg at +70 C for 2 minutes, which results in elongation to approx. 3 times original length After elongation to 3 times original length, detonation velocity remains within specification, i.e. 2100 m/s ± 20%. Tensile strength - joint between detonator and tube: 4 kg for 2 minutes (up to +50 C) NONEL detonators are vacuum-packed in aluminium-foil bags. They may be stored for 2 years from the date of manufacture in an unbroken bag. Products in broken bags should be used within 3 months. NONEL products should be stored in a well ventilated explosive magazine. 54
Assurance of product compliance with EC Directive 93/15/EEC (Explosives for civil use) Manufacturer: Dyno Nobel Europe, Gyttorp, S-713 82 Nora, Sweden Tel: +46 587 85000 Fax: +46 587 25660 Dyno Nobel Europe is a division of DYNO, Dyno Nobel. Manufacturer s representative within EU/EES (with regard to verification of conformity with essential safety demands): Nitro Nobel AB, Gyttorp, S-713 82, Nora, Sweden Tel: +46 587 85000 Fax: +46 587 25660 Product: Trademark: Non-electric blast initiation system including non-electric detonators. NONEL detonators EC Directive applicable to the product: Explosives for civil use (93/15/EEC). Standards or technical norms that apply: Swedish Standard SS 499 07 07, edition 1, 1990: Initiation systems with non-electric signal conductors of low energy type - General requirements and testing. SP Method 1939:28, edition 1, 1995: Type testing and testing of conformity to type of electric detonators and initiation systems with non-electric signal conductors of low energy type - Marking. SP Method 1939:29, edition 1, 1995: Type testing and testing of conformity to type of electric detonators and initiation systems with non-electric signal conductors of low energy type - Manufacturer s product specification design basis information. SP Method 1939:30, edition 1, 1995: Type testing and testing of conformity to type of electric detonators and initiation systems with non-electric signal conductors of low energy type - Manufacturer s instructions for use. EC type-examination certificate (ref. 158401) issued by Notified Body (ID No. 0402) for explosives for civil use: SP - Swedish National Testing and Research Institute, Box 857, S-501 15 BorÂs, Sweden. Tel: +46 33 165000; Fax: +46 33 135502. NONEL detonators comply in full with the product for which the EC type-examination certificate has been issued. The manufacturer s representative within EU/EES assures at its own risk that the product to which this assurance refers complies with the essential safety demands in EC Directive 93/15/EEC. However, since the product is not intended for use in dangerous environments (e.g. those in which explosive mine gases occur), it does not meet the essential safety demands specified in clause II.1.h, enclosure I, of EC Directive 93/15/EEC. Nitro Nobel AB (Legal entity) Date Signature Position Jan Carreman Managing Director 55