rlvin &sl bijxw : &sl qon izawdw AwriQk lwb prwpq krn lei hr pmjvin lwein iv`c m`ki di ibjwei kiqi jw skdi hy [ ibjwei smyn lweinw ivckwr &wslw 30 syntimitr qy ienhw dw ru`k au~qr-d`kx v`l hoxw cwhidw hy [ mwh qy m`ki di rlvin &sl lei ibjwei smyn Kwd di mwqrw mwh vwli hi r`ki jwvy [ m`ki di &sl lei nweitrojn Kwd, rkby di Anupwq nwl is&wrs kiqi mwqrw dy Anuswr isawvw iv`c pwauxi cwhidi hy [ ndinw di rokqwm : ibjwei qon ie`k mhinw bwad ie`k gofi krn di is&wrs kiqi jwdi hy [ ip`con &sl dy buty m`l ky zmin num F`k lyndy hn, ijs krky Gwh-PUs au~pr nhin au~tdw [ ndinw dy nws lei stonp 30 ei si (pynfimyqwiln) 600 imliiltr prqi eykv icvko Aqy 25 idnw ipcon iek gofi kro jw stonp 30 ei si 1.0 iltr prqi eykv icvko[ stonp dw icvkwa ibjwei qon 2 idn dy AMdr kr idau [ ndin nwsk dvwei dy icvkwa lei 150-200 iltr pwxi vrqo [ ieh ndin nwsk dvwei mosmi Gwh Aqy covy p`qy vwly ndinw di cmgi rokqwm krdi hy pr lmmi aumr dy ndinw di rokqwm nhin krdi [ ismcwei : swauxi di &sl num Awm qor qy ismcwei di zrurq nhin pyndi [ prmqu jy AOV l`g jwvy qw ies num ie`k pwxi dy idau [ KwdW : ibjwei smyn 11 iklo XUrIAw Kwd Aqy 60 iklo ismgl suprpwspyt prqi eykv dy ihswb nwl fir`l kr idau [ vwfi : &sl di ktwei aus smyn kro jdon p`qy JV jwx Aqy &liaw slyti-kwliaw ho jwx[ &sl dy buty jvhw qon hi nhin pu`txy cwhidy [ ghwei dw kmm prc`lq FMg nwl hi krnw cwhidw hy [ not : pod-sur`ikaw lei mumgi Q`ly dyko [ 81
Arhr Arhr ie`k s^q &sl hy Aqy ies di kwsq qy bhuq G`t lwgq AwauNdI hy [ Arhr di kwsq swl 2013-14 dorwn 2.9 hzwr hyktyar BUmI iv`c kiqi gei Aqy ies di ku`l aupj 2.6 hzwr tn hoei [ ies dw AOsq JwV 363 iklo prqi eykv prwpq hoieaw [ zmin : Arhr hr qrhw diaw zminw iv`c pydw ho skdi hy, pr BwrIAW Aqy cmgy jl inkws vwliaw zminw iv`c ieh izawdw cmgi humdi hy [ ies di kwsq lei klrwtiaw Aqy sym vwliaw zminw FukvIAW nhi[ &sl c`kr : Arhr-kxk/jON, Arhr-sPYd synji-kmwd au~nq iksmw pi ey XU 881 (2007) : ieh ie`k AgyqI p`kx vwli Aqy AsiQr vwdy vwli iksm hy [ ieh iksm 132 idnw iv`c p`kdi hy Aqy AglI kxk di &sl vwsqy smyn isr Kyq ivhlw kr idmdi hy [ ies dy buty qkribn 2 mitr au~cy humdy hn [ &liaw BrpUr l`gdiaw hn Aqy hryk &li iv`c pily BUry rmg dy Aqy drimawny moty 3-5 dwxy humdy hn[ ies iksm dw AOsq JwV 5.6 kuiemtl prqi eykv hy [ ey AYl 201 (1993) : ieh Ainsicq vwdy vwli AgyqI p`kx vwli iksm hy jo ik 140 idnw iv`c p`k jwdi hy Aqy AkqUbr dy AMq q`k Kyq ivhlw kr idmdi hy ijs krky kxk vyly isr biji jw skdi hy[ ies iksm dy pody is`dy Aqy qkribn 2.5 mitr au~cy humdy hn [ ivckwrlw qxw twhxiaw nwlon kw&i lmmw humdw hy Aqy ies dy Pu`l pily humdy hn ijnhw diaw p`qiaw au~qy lwl DwrIAW humdiaw hn [ pody num BrpUr &liaw l`gdiaw hn[ hr &li iv````c 3-5 pily BUry drimawny Awkwr dy bij humdy hn[ AOsq JwV qkribn 6.2 kuiemtl prqi eykv hy [ ey AYl 15 (1981) : ieh insicq vwdy vwli ie`k QoVHy smyn iv`c p`kx vwli iksm hy[ ieh 135 idnw iv`c p`k jwdi hy Aqy Kyq AkqUbr dy AKIr q`k KwlI ho jwdw hy, ijs krky kxk di &sl vyly isr biji jw skdi hy [ ies dy pody JwVIdwr Aqy Coty k`d dy humdy hn, ijnhw dw k`d qkribn 1.5 qon 1.8 mitr q`k humdw hy [ pody dy iskr qy BrpUr &liaw gu`icaw iv``c l`gdiaw hn Aqy iekswr p`kdiaw hn [ hr &li iv````c 3-5 pily BUry rmg dy drimawny Awkwr dy dwxy humdy hn [ ieh lgbg 5.5 kuiemtl prqi eykv JwV idmdi hy [ kwsq dy au~nq FMg zmin di iqawri : zmin 2-3 vwr vwh ky cmgi qrhw iqawr kro Aqy hr vwhi bwad suhwgw Pyro [ ibjwei smyn Kyq ndin rihq hoxw cwhidw hy [ bij di mwqrw : 6 iklo bij prqi eykv vrqo [ 82
Arhr lei rweizobiam dw tikw : Arhr dy bij num bijx qon pihlw rweizobiam dw tikw zrur lgw lau [ ie`k eykv dy bij num G`to G`t pwxi nwl is`lw kr lau [ tiky dw ie`k pykyt ies ib`jy hoey bij nwl rlw idau [ ieh kmm p`ky sw& &rs aupr kro [ bij CW iv`c sukw lau Aqy qurmq bij idau [ ies tiky di vrqon nwl Arhr di aupj iv`c 5-7% dw vwdw humdw hy [ rweizobiam Aqy bij sod dvwei num iek`tw lgwieaw jw skdw hy [ ieh tikw pmjwb KyqIbwVI XUnIvristI dy mweikrobwieawloji ivbwg pwson iml jwdw hy [ bij di sod : bij num kyptwn* jw QIrm (3 grwm prqi iklo dy ihswb) lgw ky bijo [ ibjwei dw smw Aqy FMg : Arhr mei dy dusry pmdrhvwvy iv`c ijnw jldi ho sky, bij idau qw jo ies dw vdyry JwV ilaw jw sky, &sl jldi p`ky Aqy AglI &sl vyly isr biji jw sky[ kqwrw iv`c 50 syntimitr Aqy buitaw ivckwr 25 syntimitr &wslw r`ko[ vyly isr ibjwei Aqy buitaw di puri igxqi kwiem r`kxi vdyry JwV lyx lei bhuq zruri hy[ ibnw vhwei bijwei : Arhr ibnw vwhy ziro it`l fir`l nwl vwh ky jw ibnw vhwei biji kxk qon bwad biji jw skdi hy [ ijnhw KyqW iv`c ndin izawdw hox auqy A`Dw iltr grwmykson 200 iltr pwxi iv`c imlw ky icvkx nwl bijx qon pihlw aunhw di rokqwm kr skdy hw [ rlvin &sl bijxw : QoVHy Arsy vwli mumgi di AYm AYl 613 iksm Arhr diaw lweinw ivckwr kwmxwbi nwl augwei jw skdi hy [ ies &sl qon qkribn 1.2 kuiemtl aupj prqi eykv iml jwdi hy Aqy Arhr di &sl num koei nukswn nhin humdw [ KwdW : hyt d`siaw KwdW di is&wrs kiqi jwdi hy : *q`q (iklo prqi eykv) KwdW (iklo prqi eykv) nweitrojn PwsPors **potws XUrIAw ***fi ey pi ismgl imauryt Aw& supr potws PwsPyt 6 16 12 13 35 100 20 * ieh KurwkI q`q mmfi iv`c imldiaw hor KwdW qon vi prwpq kiqy jw skdy hn [ (vyko AMiqkw 4) [ ** potws q`q di vrqon kyvl auqy kro ijqy im`ti prk Anuswr ies di Gwt hovy [ *** jdon fi ey pi Kwd vrqi jwvy qw nweitrojn iblkul nw vrqo [ swri Kwd ibjwei smyn ie`ko vwr hi por idau [ not : Arhr-kxk dy &sl c`kr iv`c jykr Arhr, kxk di &sl ijs num PwsPors di is&wrs kiqi mwqrw pwei gei hovy, qon ip`con biji jwvy qw Arhr num PwsPors vwli Kwd pwaux di koei lov nhin [ ndinw di rokqwm : &sl num Gwh-PUs qon mukq r`kx lei do gofiaw kro [ pihli gofi ibjwei qon iqmn h&qy Aqy dusri Cy h&qy bwad kro [ ndinw di rokqwm lei iek iltr stonp * ieh rswiex hri iqkon vwli SRyxI iv`c AwauNdw hy [ 83
30 ei si (pynfimyqwiln) icvkwa nwl jw 600 imliiltr stonp 30 qwkq vwli Aqy ibjwei qon Cy-s`q h&iqaw ipcon ie`k gofi krn nwl vi kiqi jw skdi hy [ stonp dw icvkwa ibjwei qon 2 idn dy AMdr kr idau [ ndin nwsk dvwei dy icvkwa lei 150-200 iltr pwxi vrqo[ ieh ndin nwsk dvwei mosmi Gwh Aqy covy p`qy vwly ndinw di cmgi rokqwm krdi hy pr lmmi aumr dy ndinw di rokqwm nhin krdi [ ismcwei : &sl num pihlw pwxi ibjwei qon 3-4 h&qy ip`con idau[ ies ip`con pwxi kyvl aus vyly idayu jdon lmmy smyn lei vrkw nw hovy[ &sl num A`D sqmbr qon ip`con pwxi nhin dyxw cwhidw ikaunik ies qrhw &sl dyr nwl p`kdi hy [ vwfi : &sl di ktwei AkqUbr dy AKIrly h&qy kiqi jw skdi hy [ pod sur`ikaw a. kivy-mkovy bilstr bitl (Blister Beetle) : kivy dw vyrvw mumgi hyt dyko [ rokqwm : &sl qy ies kivy dw hmlw hox qy 200 imliiltr iemfokswkwrb 14.5 AYs si jw 200 imliiltr fyltwmyqirn 2.8 ei si num 100-125 iltr pwxi iv`c Gol ky prqi eykv dy ihswb nwl Swm dy smyn icvkwa kro [ jy lov pvy qw 10 idnw bwad dubwrw icvkwa kro[ &li diaw sumfiaw (Pod borer complex) : Arhr dy kiivaw iv`c &li Cydk icqkbri su MfI (Spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata) Aqy &li Cydk su MfI (Helicoverpa armigera) ies &sl dy mu`k kivy hn [ &li Cydk icqkbri sumfi Pu`l pyndy swr hi &sl qy hmlw kr idmdi hy [ puri pli sumfi hlky pily rmg di humdi hy Aqy ies dy srir dy auprly ih`sy qy kwly jw BUry D`ibAW diaw DwrIAW humdiaw hn [ ieh sumfi p`qy, fofiaw, Pu`l Aqy &liaw num jwlw bxw ky jov lyndi hy Aqy AMdro-AMdrI Pu`lW Aqy &li iv`c bx rhy dwixaw num Kw ky &sl dw bhuq nukswn krdi hy [ &li Cydk icqkbri sumfi di rokqwm lei &sl num Pu`l pyndy swr hi 60 imliiltr spweinosyf 45 AYs si jw 200 imliiltr iemfokswkwrb 14.5 AYs si num 100-125 iltr pwxi iv`c Gol ky prqi eykv dy ihswb h`q nwl c`lx vwly nypsyk pmp nwl icvko [ &sl num &liaw l`gx smyn au~pr ilkiaw kitnwskw iv`con iksy vi ie`k kitnwsk dw icvkwa duhrwau [ &li Cydk icqkbri sumfi di rokqwm lei vrqy gey kitnwsk, Arhr di &sl num nukswn phumcwaux vwliaw hor &li Cydk sumfiaw di vi rokqwm krdiaw hn [ swvdwni : Sihd diaw m`kiaw jw hor kivy ijnhw rwhin pr-prwgx ikiraw humdi hy, auprokq kitnwskw rwhin mr skdy hn [ ies lei ienhw num bcwaux lei icvkwa Swm num hi krnw cwhidw hy, ikaunik aus vyly &sl auqy ienhw im`qr kiivaw di igxqi bhuq G`t rih jwdi hy[ A. ibmwriaw p``iqaw dy D``ibAW dw rog (Cercospora leaf spot) : ieh auli dw rog hy qy ies rog nwl p`iqaw dy hytly pwsy slyti BUry rmg dy D``by py jwdy hn [ kei vwr ieh D`by ie`k dujy nwl iml ky by-qrqiby ijhy ctwk bx jwdy hn Aqy kei vwr p`iqaw Aqy qxy qy DwrIAW ijhiaw bx 84
jwdiaw hn [ ies ibmwri nwl purwxy p`qy CyqI JV jwdy hn [ ies di rokqwm lei ibmwri rihq bij vrqo [ bij num kyptwn* jw QIrm (3 grwm prqi iklo dy ihswb) lgw ky bijo [ byktiriaw duawrw p`iqaw dy D`ibAW dw rog (Bacterial leaf spot) : guvhy BUry nokdwr D`by p`qy qy pydw ho jwdy hn Aqy izawdwqr D`by p`qy dy ie`k pwsy humdy hn [ hmly vwly p`qy pily ho ky CyqI JV jwdy hn[ ieh D`by p`qy diaw nwviaw, mu`k qxy Aqy twhxiaw qy py jwdy hn[ Axigxq D`by qxy Aqy twhxiaw qy pwey jwdy hn [ ies ibmwri di rokqwm lei ibmwri rihq bij vrqo[ qxy dw Juls rog (Phytophthora stem blight) : ieh ie`k au~li rog hy [ ieh ibmwri nvyn zmin iv`con in`kl rhy poidaw qy hmlw krdi hy Aqy ieh buty mr jwdy hn [ twhxiaw au~qy BUry qon kwly rmg dy lmmy-lmmy D`by py jwdy hn jo ik ivckwron kuj d`by hoey humdy hn Aqy kmifaw qon aubry hoey nzr AwauNdyy hn [ D`ibAW vwli QW qon twhxiaw tu`t jwdiaw hn [ ieh ibmwri p`iqaw qy vi hmlw krdi hy Aqy p`qy Juls jwdy hn [ ies ibmwri qon bcx lei Arhr di &sl G`t pwxi dy inkws vwliaw zminw iv`c nw bijo[ ijnhw KyqW iv`c ibmwri izawdw AwauNdI hovy auqy Arhr nw bijo [ ivswxu rog duawrw bwjpx (Sterility mosaic) : ieh ibmwri ie`k jum (mite) rwhin AwauNdI hy [ ies diaw ivsys inswniaw pily hry p`qy humdy hn [ buty Pu`lW Aqy &liaw qon s`kxy rih jwdy hn [ p`qy smgxy humdy hn Aqy qxy qon gu`icaw iv`c p`qy Pu`tdy hn [ rokqwm : Arhr Aqy ies diaw kuj jmgli jwqi diaw iksmw auqy ieh jum rihmdi hy [ ienhw jmgli iksmw num nst kr idayu Aqy Arhr dw koei vi podw kmwd, kpwh Aqy hor KyqW duawly srdiaw iv`c KVHw nw rihx idau qw ik ieh ibmwri PYlwaux vwly swdn dw mu`fon hi nws ho sky[ * ieh rswiex hri iqkon vwli SRyxI iv`c AwauNdw hy [ 85