Can Economic Pressure Overcome Social Norms? The Case of Female Labor Force Participation Ana Rute Cardoso Louis-Philippe Morin September 2018 Barcelona GSE Working Paper Series Working Paper nº 1051
fp crt =α + βr crt + δ ln emp crt + ϕ r + π c + γ t + ρ ct + ζ rt + ε crt fp crt c r t R crt ln emp crt ϕ r π c γ t ρ ct ζ rt ln emp crt P gc rt g = m, f c r t t c P gc rt =B gc r =B gc r + J gc rt L gc rt + N gc rt g Br gc r c J gc rt c r
c t L gc rt N gc rt = J gc rt L gc rt c c Rrt c = Bmc r Br fc = Bmc r Br fc + J mc rt L mc rt + J fc rt L fc rt + N mc rt + N fc rt. [ 1 + J Rrt c =Rrc c mc rt /Br mc L mc 1 + J fc rt /Br fc L fc [ ] 1 + j =Rrc c mc rt lrt mc 1 + j fc rt l fc rt [ ] 1 + n =Rrc c mc rt 1 + n fc rt rt /Br mc rt /Br fc R c rc c j gc rt l gc rt c t c r g n gc rt ln R c rt = ln R c rc + ln [ 1 + j mc rt = ln R c rc + ln [ 1 + n mc rt ] ] [ ] lrt mc ln 1 + j fc rt l fc rt ] [ ] ln 1 + n fc rt. ln X X 1 R c rt R c rc + [ j mc rt R c rc + [ n mc rt ] [ ] lrt mc j fc rt l fc rt ] [ ] n fc rt.
j fc rt = l fc rt = 0 t ln emp crt
fatal rate c rt = Dmc r Br mc, D B t t t t
E g c r t
E gc rt =I gc t a E r,50s, E r,50s r I gc t a g c a t t t a r emig gender c rt =e mc r e fc r, e gc r g c r
t ln emp crt Erate c rt = Emc r B mc r + Er fc + Br fc, l mc l fc
rt = Y fc rt y fc P fc rt y Y P f c r t E f i /Em i E i c r t E m E Gini = 1 i j m E f i j E m E m i Ef j Ei m Ej m. 2 E f E m i j 1/2
wgap c rt =[log(wh)] mc rt [log(wh)] fc rt, wh
g i sh g 1960 = A g i,1960 /Ag 1960 I 1960 = sh m 1960/sh f 1960
r
index 0 100 200 300 400 index 0 100 200 300 400 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 beginning of decade AU DK FI GB NL NO SE US 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 beginning of decade ES FR GR IE IT PT CA BE t t t + 1
1960 1970 female activity rate (%) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 PT ES NL NO IT BE AU CA IE GR DK FR SE GB US FI female activity rate (%) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 ES PT IT GR NO BE IE AU FR CA GB US DK FI SE 1980 1990 female activity rate (%) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 ES NL IE GR BE IT GB DE FR FI AU PT CA US NO DK SE female activity rate (%) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 ES IT IE GR BE NL DE FR PT AU GB US CA DK NO FI SE 2000 female activity rate (%) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 IT GR ES BE IE DE FR PT NL GB AU FI CA US DK NO SE t t t + 1
pt, gender=f es, gender=f activity rate.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9 1 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 birth cohort census year 1981 1991 2001 activity rate.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9 1 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 birth cohort census year 1981 1991 2001 pt, gender=m es, gender=m activity rate.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9 1 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 birth cohort census year 1981 1991 2001 activity rate.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9 1 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 birth cohort census year 1981 1991 2001
N deaths in war 0 200 400 600 800 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 N deaths in war 0 200 400 600 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 war fatalities rate (over m birth cohort) 0.002.004.006.008.01 1937 1942 1947 1952 birth cohort
Emigrants / 100,000 Births 0 5000 10000 15000 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 Birth Year Portugal Spain Emigrants / 100,000 Births 0 5000 10000 15000 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 Birth Year 1968 Census 1975 Census
Sex Ratio 0 1 2 3 4 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 Birth Year Portugal Spain number 0 50 100 150 200 SCMA number 0 10 20 30 40 50 FJGJ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 month males 1971 males 1976 females 1971 females 1976 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 month males 1971 males 1976 females 1971 females 1976
Rrc c Rrt c
Rrc c Rrt c
t