Boys Tennis Handbook

355 Harlem Rd. West Seneca, NY 14224 716-821-7581 716-821-7365 Fax: 716-821-7352 2017-18 Boys Tennis Handbook Published: 2/27/18 *Subject to changes Updated 3/21/18 p3 CCAA Rep Ben Wright www.nysphsaa.org http:\\www.section6.e1b.org NEW Tennis Website http://rwschneider.com/nyshstennis.php?view=s Link to Section VI Boys Tennis Web-Page 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Number Calendars... 3 Tennis Advisory Committee... 3 Seeding Meeting Procedure And Release Of Brackets:... 3 Combining of Schools... 3 Heat Index/ Wind Chill... 4 Definition of a Scrimmage... 4 Duties of League Chairperson... 4 Post Season Recommendations... 5 League Qualifying Process... 5 Section VI Tournament Rules... 5 New York State Tournament Information and Rules... 6 Heat Index Procedures... 7 Wind Chill Procedures... 8 Section VI Policy on Travel to State Competition... 9 Contingency Plan for Sectional Competition (weather or illness)... 9 No Shows at Sectionals... 9 All-WNY Scholar Athlete... 10 Section VI AED Policy... 10 Section VI Thunder and Lightning Policy... 10 Regulations Regarding Senior All-Star and Outside Agency Contests... 10 Player Rules and Guidelines... 11 Sportsmanship for Players... 13 Sportsmanship for Spectators... 13 The Singles Game... 15 Tennis Court Diagram... 19 On-Court Rules... 20 Standards of Conduct... 20 Section VI Tennis Coaches Directory... 21 Tennis NYSPHSAA Sports Standard... 23 Sportsmanship Philosophy and Code of Conduct Philosophy... 24 Boy Tennis Forms The following forms are found on the Section VI website (Under General Information, click on Handbooks & Sports Forms ) Sectional Entry Form WNY Scholar Athlete Nomination Form Commitment to Compete Form (State) Commitment to Compete Form (Sectional) Waiver of Minimum Number of Contests for Sectional Participation Form 2

Calendars BOYS 2018 Tennis Calendar The Section VI approved Boys Tennis season is March 5- June 17, 2018 First Practice... March 6, 2018 First Scrimmage... after 6 team / 4 individual practices First Contest... after 8 team / 6 individual practices Seeding Meeting: Site Southtowns Tennis Club, 9:00 AM... May 20, 2018 Sectional Entry deadline... May 21, 2018 Spring Scholar Athletes Nomination Deadline... May 8, 2018 SECTIONALS Monday - Friday, May 21-25, 2018 3:00 PM Lancaster High School STATES Thursday - Saturday, May 31 - June 1 & 2, 2018 National Tennis Center, Flushing (NYC) Tennis Advisory Committee Committee voting privileges: As per the Section VI Constitution item 7.6, The representative members on each sport committee will be appointed by each league and have only one vote per league. Other non-voting members may be selected by the Sport Chairperson. Federated sport representative members that are appointed by their division, league or school will have only one vote. The Sport Chairs of Federated Sports that have divisions will verify that among division representatives each participating league is represented. The Sport Chair may only vote when the vote is tied. A Sport Chair who also represents a league can serve in both capacities but will have only one vote. The voting members of the committee are indicated below with an asterisk. Boys Chairperson: Terry McMahon* TtennisMcMahon@gmail.com 41 Maple Dr. Orchard Park, NY 14127 H: 662-4843 Fax: 209-6281 (fax) Boys Co-Chairperson Stephen Sayoc sayoc@verizon.net Orchard Park High School (C) 997-1868 BOYS Chairperson School Home Work E-Mail Buffalo David Kelly Olmsted 579-3608 dpkelly@buffaloschools.org CCAA Ben Wright Olean 716-560-9920 bwright@ogh.org ECIC Brian Koziol* Sweet Home 341-8850 bkoziol@sweethomeschools.org NFL Dan Krolewski Niag. Wheatfield 553-3799 dkrolewski@nwcsd.org NO Chris Horgan* Medina 798-3193 798-2100 CHorgan@medinacsd.org Seeding Meeting Procedure And Release Of Brackets: Draws will be made available thru the league representative at the conclusion of the seeding meeting Combining of Schools Tennis B/G East High, East Community 11/15/17 96 Tennis B/G Lafayette,Laf. Inter. Laf. Newcomers 11/15/17 214 Tennis Boys Eden, North Collins 9/13/17 399 Tennis Boys West Seneca West, West Seneca East 5/17/17 1183 3

Introduction This tennis handbook has been prepared to provide information and guidelines for Section VI tennis competition. Although dates will change from year to year, most information will remain constant. All coaches* and athletic directors are urged to read this handbook. Forms for sectionals are found within. The deadline dates should be noted carefully. Forms should reach the Section VI Chairman or contact person by the date requested. If there are any questions, please contact the Section VI Chairman, listed above * All coaches should familiarize themselves with the NYSPHSAA Handbook (Link) posted on the state website. Pay close attention to the section which deals with eligibility rules, number of practices prior to scrimmages, games, etc. Special Notes 1) The format for Section VI Individual Tournament is subject to change. 2) Additional information including changes may be found in the sectional pre-season and post-season reports published by the Section VI athletic council and the tennis chairperson, and is available through those offices and/or your athletic director. Heat Index/ Wind Chill Heat Index / Wind Chill Procedure: In May 2010, the NYSPHSAA approved Heat Index and Wind Chill Procedures to be used in member school athletic programs. The Heat Index/ Wind Chill must be checked prior to any contest or practice (Link). Definition of a Scrimmage A scrimmage is a practice that is a SIMULATED CONTEST. In scrimmages: (a) both squads use the same field simultaneously with both coaches making corrections and giving instructions, (b) GAME RULES MUST BE ALTERED SEE SPORT SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS NYSPHSAA Handbook (c) no official score is kept, (d) time period(s) are defined in the Sport Standards section of the NYSPHSAA Handbook, (e) no admission is charged. The use of officials would be permitted and encouraged whenever possible for the purpose of instruction regarding the rules and proper application of rules. A tennis scrimmage 1. A tennis scrimmage must alter format, so it does not follow the regular competition format for league/sectional play. Suggested formats include, but are not limited to: 2. Teams use tie breaks only. 3. Five (5) game pro-set first (1st) one to three (3) points. 4. Modified eight (8) game pro-set first (1st) players to three (3) points completes the scrimmage. Duties of League Chairperson 1. Organize and administer all meetings necessary for the proper and efficient conduct of league competition. 2. Be responsible for rules and rule changes governing play within the league. 3. Assist the Section Chairperson in the execution of duties of his office upon request. 4. Determine the best singles players in accordance with the number of representatives allowed for that league and ranked by ability through league records and/or league tournament. 5. Determine the best doubles team in accordance with the number of representatives allowed for that league and ranked by ability through a league doubles tournament. 6. Insure that entry forms are submitted on time and attend, or have a representative attend, the seeding meeting and other meetings called by the Tennis Chairperson. 4

1 Post Season Recommendations Please address to the Committee and the Chairperson, any recommendations for revisions of the Rules, Format, Handbook, Coaches Directory, etc. League Qualifying Process 1. Each league will determine how to qualify singles and double teams for the Sectional Tournament. 2. Guidelines - suggested for qualifying Tournament: a. League will determine the site for the Tournament. b. Players from the same team should be put into opposite sides of the draw. c. Depending on the number of players needed, set up a procedure to determine who will represent their league. For example, if two players are needed, then the two finalists will represent their league. If a third player is needed, have a play-off for the two losers of the semifinals for their spot. The league chairperson will determine how this will be done prior to the tournament. Section VI Tournament Rules 1. Any player wishing to play Section VI competition must have played at least 6 scheduled contests during the season with a coach present. 2. All League Chairpersons should call the Section VI Sportchair on page 3, between 7-10:00 PM to enter all your representatives in the Section VI Tournament by the entry due date. 3. Coaches wishing to have players considered for seeding must send a record of all important matches. This years record, previous Sectional Tournament results, head-to-head results, ETA, club matches, as well as, past season records will be taken into consideration. Make sure your league chairperson reports this information when he calls in his entries for the tournament. 4. Any coach or league that will not be sending representatives to the sectionals should notify the tournament director well in advance so a substitute may be found. 5. All matches will be Best 2 out of 3 sets: First round and second round will be regular scoring - tie breaker at 6 ALL in games. Semi-finals will be regular scoring with no tie-breakers in the finals. All double matches will use the Coman tie breaker when necessary. 6. Balls - Each single player or doubles team must provide a new can of balls for each match. The winner will take the new can of balls to the next match and the loser will get the old one. 7. Placement into the draw - Consideration, if possible will be made for players playing each other from the same team, same league. 8. Players must choose singles or doubles. 9. All players and their coaches must be at the tournament site on their assigned court within 10 minutes of the starting time or they will default their match. 10. All players who enter this tournament must be willing to play in the Section VI Tournament and the State Tournament without defaulting for any reason except medical. Each player must sign the Section VI Commitment to Compete Form (see forms page 2) and submit it to his/her tennis coordinator prior to sectionals. Failure to honor your commitment to complete the tournament for reasons other than injury or illness will result in forfeiture from the tournament and ineligibility from next season s Section VI Tournament. This incident will also be reported to the student s school administration. 11. Size of Draw - 16 singles and 16 doubles. Format: This will be a single elimination tournament. Losers in the semifinals will play back for the third position on the state team. 12. U.S.T.A. Code of Conduct: This code will be used during all play. This will be your only warning. Penalty: 1st offense - loss of point; 2nd offense - loss of game; 3rd offense - loss of match. THIS RULE WILL BE STRICTLY ENFORCED. 13. Warm-ups: A ten minute warm-up will be allowed. It will be timed by the umpires. 14. Continuous Play: You are not to leave your court during play except with permission of the umpire or tournament director. In the case of a third set, the players will be allowed to leave the court for 5 minutes. Coaches will not be allowed on the court at any time. 5

15. Injury Time Outs: U.S.T.A. injury time out rules will be used. Three (3) minutes per injury before point penalty system will be used for delay of match. Loss of conditioning (i.e. cramping) is not considered an injury. A player may ask for one time out of three minutes for injury. If the player cannot continue after 3 minutes, a warning, then a point, then a game, then the match will be forfeited. The winning player should report the score immediately after the match. He will also take the left over new can of balls. 16. Rest breaks during match: While players change sides - 90 seconds; 2 out of 3 sets - 5 minutes between 2nd and 3rd set only. 17. Coaching during matches - Coaching will be allowed on the 90-second change over starting with the third game of each set. Players are not allowed to leave the court; coaches are not allowed on the court. During the 5 minutes between the second and third set, players are allowed to leave the court; coaches are not allowed on the court. (Girls Season only Coaches ARE allowed to sit courtside during matches.) 18. Minimum times allowed between matches (a player may choose to play before that time): 10 game pro set - 15 minutes 2 out of 3 set matches: 1st round match 15 minutes 2nd round match 30 minutes 3rd round match 30 minutes before final match 45 minutes 19. Tournament Advisory Committee will help enforce the rules and to take care of any unforeseen situations. 20. Proper tennis attire is required. Players must wear the following to participate: SHIRTS -Tennis or athletic type with the name of the school that the player is representing must be worn. No shirts with anti-health pictures or names may be worn. SHORTS -Athletic or tennis type shorts/skirts should be worn. No cut-offs or boxer type shorts will be allowed to be worn during play. (In case of warm weather, a player may change his shirt; in case of cold weather, a player may wear warm-ups). THIS RULE WILL BE ENFORCED BY THE TOURNAMENT COMMITTEE. New York State Tournament Information and Rules RULES 1. Top 3 single players and top 3 double teams from State Qualifying Tournament will represent Section VI. 2. Players and parents must sign a Code of Conduct before leaving. 3. Transportation must be provided by the district for the players. Please refer to Section VI Travel to State Competition Policy. (Policy #310 in the Section VI Policy Manual) 4. Additional information will be provided at the State Qualifying Tournament. 5. Please note: Updated Failure to honor your commitment to complete on the Commitment to Play form in States (see Forms, page 2). Media Information Reporting Scores Home coaches are responsible for reporting scores unless the two coaches make an exceptional agreement. In the event a score is not reported to the paper the day after the match, the visiting coach may call the score in. Newspaper/Local Media League Chairmen - update your local paper and the Buffalo News from time to time with league standings as well as win/loss records. Mid-season and Final Standings are critical. At the conclusion of the game, each coach or designated person should contact any of the sports departments listed below that serve your area. Call collect when necessary. A complete Media listing is posted on the Section 6 website: MEDIA LINK 6

Heat Index Procedures Administration of Heat Index Procedures: Feels Like Temperature (Heat index) will be checked 1 hour before the contest/practice by a certified athletic trainer, athletic director, or school designee when the air temperature is 80 degrees (Fahrenheit) or higher. Download WeatherBug app to your phone or log into www.weatherbug.com Enter zip code or city and state in the location section of the app or on-line. If the Feels Like temperature (heat index) is 90 degrees or above, the athletic trainer, athletic director, or school designee must re-check the Feels Like temperature (heat index) at halftime or midway point of the contest. If the Feels Like temperature (heat index) temperature is 96 degrees (Fahrenheit) or more, the contest will be suspended. Please refer to the following chart to take the appropriate actions: R E C O M M E N D E D REQUIRED Feels Like Temp(Heat Index) under 79 degrees Heat Index Caution: Feels Like Temp (Heat Index) 80 degrees to 85 degrees Heat Index Watch: Feels Like Temp (Heat Index) 86 degrees to 90 degrees Heat Index Warning: Feels Like Temp (Heat Index) 91 degrees to 95 degrees Heat Index Alert: Feels Like Temp (Heat Index) 96 degrees or greater Full activity. No restrictions Provide ample water and multiple water breaks. Monitor athletes for heat illness. Consider reducing the amount of time for the practice session. Provide ample water and multiple water breaks. Monitor athletes for heat illness. Consider postponing practice to a time when Feels Like temp is lower. Consider reducing the amount of time for the practice session. 1 hour of recovery time for every hour of practice (ex. 2hr practice = 2hr recovery time). Provide ample water and water breaks every 15 minutes. Monitor athletes for heat illness. Consider postponing practice to a time when Feels Like temp is much lower. Consider reducing the amount of time for the practice session. 1 hour of recovery time for every hour of practice (ex. 2hr practice = 2hr recovery time. Light weight and loose fitting clothes should be worn. For Practices only Football Helmets should be worn. No other protective equipment should be worn. No outside activity, practice or contest, should be held. Inside activity should only be held if air conditioned. Approved May 1, 2010 Updated July 27, 2016 7

R E C O M M E N D E D Wind Chill Procedures Administration of Wind Chill Procedures: Feels Like Temperature (Wind Chill) will be checked 1 hour before the contest/practice by a certified athletic trainer, athletic director, or school designee when the air temperature is 39 degrees (Fahrenheit) or lower. Download WeatherBug app to your phone or log into www.weatherbug.com. Enter zip code or city and state in the location section of the app or on-line. If the Feels Like temperature (wind chill) is 10 degrees or below, the athletic trainer, athletic director, or school designee must re-check the Feels Like (wind chill) at halftime or midway point of the contest. If the Feels Like (wind chill) temperature is - 11 degrees (Fahrenheit) or lower, the contest will be suspended. Please refer to the following chart to take the appropriate actions: Feels Like Temp (wind chill) above 40 degrees Wind Chill Caution: Feels Like Temp (wind chill) 39 degrees to 20 degrees Wind Chill Watch: Feels Like Temp (wind chill) 19 degrees to 10 degrees Wind Chill Warning: Feels Like Temp (wind chill) 9 degrees to -10 degrees Full activity. No restrictions Stay adequately hydrated. Notify coaches of the threat of cold related illnesses. Have students and coaches dress in layers of clothing. Stay adequately hydrated. Notify coaches of the threat of cold related illnesses. Have students and coaches dress in layers of clothing. Cover the head and neck to prevent heat loss. Stay adequately hydrated. Notify coaches of the threat of cold related illnesses. Have students and coaches dress in layers of clothing. Cover the head and neck to prevent heat loss. Consider postponing practice to a time when the Feels Like temp is much higher. Consider reducing the amount of time for an outdoor practice session. Wind Chill Alert: Feels No outside activity, practice or contest, should be held. REQUIRED Like Temp (wind chill) -11 degrees or lower Special Note: Alpine Skiing will be exempt from this policy and will follow the regulations of the host ski center where the practice or event is being held. Approved May 1, 2010 Updated July 27, 2016 8

Section VI Policy on Travel to State Competition For the complete policy click on #310 in the Policy Manual Summary for Individual Sports Member schools participating in state competition will be responsible for all costs related to that participation. Section VI responsibility for member school participation in state championships is outlined below. SUPERVISION: Effective 1/21/09, one or more certified coaches are required to travel with the student athletes from their school and must be present on any Section VI contracted bus, as well as the location where the athletes are housed, state competition where the athlete(s) will compete and all related events. TRANSPORTATION: Small Scale Individual sports and Wrestling: Rifle, Golf, Tennis, Gymnastics and Wrestling The schools will be responsible for transporting their athletes to state competition and all associated transportation costs. LODGING: The Sportchair will be responsible for reserving a block of rooms for all athletes (4 per room). The block will include rooms for coaches (2 per room) for small scale sports. For large scale sports the block will be increased by 50% to allow for coaches. (e.g.: If XC needs a block of 40 rooms for athletes and supervisors, they will now reserve a block of 60 rooms) When the qualifiers have been determined, the Sportchair will register all athletes and coaches who are using Section transportation from the block of reserved rooms. Schools that opt-out of Section transportation are responsible for registering their own athletes and coaches. They may register from the remaining rooms in the reserved block until the rooms are exhausted or choose their own lodging. MEALS: Schools will be responsible for the cost of the athletes meals at state competition with the exception of Cross Country, B&G Swim, Indoor & Outdoor Track, Bowling, Girls Gymnastics, B&G Golf, B&G Tennis, and Alpine Skiing for trial year 2016-17. For some individual sports, the Section will facilitate meal handling by paying meal expenses and invoicing the schools per participating athlete. *State approved 5/09 Contingency Plan for Sectional Competition (weather or illness) 1. Contests will be postponed only if a participating school is officially closed due to weather or illness. 2. It is the responsibility of the Athletic Director (or designee) to notify the Sport Chairperson that the school has been closed due to weather conditions (or illness) as soon as he/she becomes aware of such action. Officials and the media will be notified by the Chairperson (or designee). 3. In the event that a school is closed on the day its playoff contest is scheduled, the decision to play shall rest with the District Superintendent. 4. When a contest is at a non-school site: If the competition facility and the roads to that destination are open, then the competition will go on as scheduled. If either the roads or the facility are closed, then the competition will be cancelled. Under NO CIRCUMSTANCES is a site contracted by Section VI available for practice when a meet is cancelled. Individual schools wishing to use a site for practice must follow standard rental procedures through their Athletic Director. 5. The Sport Chairperson will notify the Executive Director of any postponements. 6. PLEASE NOTE: It is up to the individual leagues to recognize the potential for snow days, power outages, etc. that may cause cancellations and problems. The individual leagues should schedule their last league contest at least one or two days prior to the seeding meeting, allowing for a make-up league contest(s) prior to the seeding meeting if necessary. The storm in Feb. 2006 that closed schools the day before the seeding meeting bears this point out. No Shows at Sectionals A school team that does not show or refuses to play in a Sectional contest after the seeding meeting spoils the integrity of the tournament. The Section VI Athletic Council approved the following policy 11/98: a. Schools shall declare their intent to play or not play prior to sectional seeding, as per the sport specific sectional handbook. Schools failing to fulfill their pre-tournament commitment shall be subject to the following sanction: One year ineligibility for sectional play in that sport with the ability to appeal to the Athletic Council. Appeal must occur within 60 days of the completion of sectional play. b. The Section Chairperson must notify the Executive Director of the occurrence and the Section office will notify the Superintendent, Principal and Athletic Director of the sanction. 9

All-WNY Scholar Athlete Coaches and Athletic Directors are encouraged to nominate athletes for selection as an All-WNY Scholar Athlete. Applications must be completed on-line. Click here for The criteria for selection and the Nomination Form. All paperwork, along with a copy of the completed online application, must be mailed or e-mailed to the Section VI office before May 15 th. Those selected will be honored by both Section VI and the Buffalo News. Section VI AED Policy (Effective Feb. 2003) The game site-chairperson will be responsible for securing an AED for the certified trainer s use at all sectional contests, and at all regional and state contests that are hosted by Section VI. The certified trainer will be provided by an orthopedic group as contracted by Section VI, at all post-season contests held at NEUTRAL SITES. Note: If a school suffers loss or damage to an AED that is being used for post-season contests, the Section will be financially responsible. Section VI Thunder and Lightning Policy (adopted 1/20/99, revised 3/19/03, 11/04) Thunder and lightning necessitates that all contests be suspended. The occurrence of thunder and/ or lightning is not subject to interpretation or discussion - thunder is thunder, lightning is lightning. If lightning and/or thunder is observed, all outdoor activities will be suspended immediately. Players and spectators shall be directed to report to a shelter, a building normally occupied by the public or if a building is unavailable, participants should go inside a vehicle with a solid metal top (e.g. bus, van, car). The officials and responsible authorities shall make every reasonable effort to resume and complete the contest, with full consideration of the weather and site conditions (as they affect safety and playing conditions). The official/coaches shall wait 30 minutes from the time the last boom is heard and/or the last strike is seen before starting or resuming play. CLARIFICATIONS: PRIOR TO CONTEST If thunder/lightning is observed at the site of an outdoor contest by the officials/coaches 30 or fewer minutes prior to the scheduled start of that contest, the official/coaches and the responsible school authorities shall not permit the contest to begin. Before the contest can begin a 30-minute period void of any strike or boom must be observed. DURING THE CONTEST If thunder/lightning is observed at the site of an outdoor contest by the officials during the playing of the contest, the official/coaches shall immediately cease play for 30 minutes. Play may not resume until there has been a period of at least 30 minutes in which a boom or strike has not been observed. The rules of the particular sport shall determine whether the contest is official or must be resumed at a later date. Regulations Regarding Senior All-Star and Outside Agency Contests (updated October 2013 NYSPHSAA Executive Committee) 1. All Senior All-Star and Outside Agency contests MUST be approved by Section VI. In addition, Senior All-Star contests must be approved by NYSPHSAA. The forms required are posted on the section website* 2. All Senior All-Star and Outside Agency contests must be conducted within the season dates approved by the Section VI Athletic Council for that sport. The calendar of approved season dates for all sports is posted on the section website* 3. Only seniors who have completed their secondary school eligibility in that sport may compete in these contests. 4. A contestant may participate in any approved senior all star athlete contest in the same sport during the school year. (approved October 24, 2013, NYSPHSAA Executive Committee Meeting). NOTE: A Senior All-Star contest by NYSPHSAA standards, is one in which an athlete s participation is based solely on outstanding performance as a member of a high school team. If open-tryouts are held, the contest is NOT a NYSPHSAA All-Star contest. *www.section6.e1b.org Click on Forms Scroll down to Senior All Star, or call the Section office 821-7581. 10

Player Rules and Guidelines Guidelines for player responsibility in matches without umpires The following items answer the most common questions which come up in non-umpired matches: 1 Calls a b c d e f g h i j Opponent gets benefit of the doubt. When in doubt about whether a ball is in or out, the player shall make the call in favor of his opponent. If the player has any doubt about whether his opponent's ball is out, she shall call it good. A let shall not be played. Disagreement over call between partners. If a player and his partner disagree about whether their opponent's ball was out, they shall call it good. Player makes calls on his side of the net. A player shall make the calls on his side of the net. Visible or audible out calls. No matter how obvious it is to a player that his opponent's ball is out, the opponent is entitled to an audible or visible out call. Instantaneous calls. A player shall make all calls instantly but not until the ball has hit the court. This means making the call either before the opponent has had the opportunity to play the ball or before the player's shot has gone out of play. Instantaneous calls and the two chance rule. The requirement of making an instantaneous call is designed to eliminate the "two chance" option. For example, the server is advancing to the net for an easy put away when she sees a ball from an adjoining court rolling towards him/her. If the server wants to claim a let she must do so immediately. She may not wait until after she has hit the ball. Once she hits the ball she loses the right to claim a let even if the distraction caused by the ball causes him/her to miss the shot. Player calls against him/herself any ball that is clearly out. If requested, a player shall help her opponent on a call. A player shall call against him/herself any ball that is clearly out. Correcting out call to good. If a player mistakenly calls a ball out and then realizes that it was good, the point shall be replayed if she returned the ball to her opponent's court. If the player failed to make the return, her opponent wins the point. If the mistake was made on a second serve, the server is entitled to two serves. How to question an opponent about her call. A player may ask her opponent about her call by the query: "Are you sure of your call?" No further delay or discussion is permitted. If the opponent reaffirms that the ball was out, her call shall be accepted. If the opponent is uncertain, she loses the point. Requesting help of opponent. A player may ask her opponent about a call that is the player's responsibility. If the opponent gives his opinion, it shall be accepted. If neither player has an opinion, then the ball is considered good. k Spectators should not be asked to make a call. A player shall never ask a spectator to make a call. l Touches, hitting ball before it crosses net, invasion of opponent's court, double-hits, and double bounces. A player shall call against him/herself: A ball touching him/her; her hitting a ball before it crosses the net; her touching of the net; deliberate carries and double hits; and her touching of her opponent's court; double bounces. m Throughs and balls hit into the ground before traveling over the net. A player shall make the ruling on a ball that her opponent hits through the net and on a ball that her opponent hits into the ground before it goes over the net. 2 Serves, Foot Faults, Services Lets, and Service Returns: a b c Practice serves. Service practice by all players shall be completed before the first game of the match. A player shall not practice return of serves on her opponent's serves. Server's request for third ball. The receiver shall comply with the server's request to have three balls in her hand before the start of a point unless the third ball is some distance away and retrieving it then would result in prolonged delay. Foot faults. A player may warn her opponent that the opponent has committed a flagrant foot fault. If the foot faulting continues, the player may attempt to locate an umpire. If no umpire is available, the player may call flagrant foot faults. 11

d Calling serves in doubles. In doubles, the receiver's partner should call the service line and the receiver should call the side line and the center service line. Nonetheless, either partner may call a ball that she clearly sees. e Server and her partner should not call first serve out. Neither the server nor her partner shall make a fault call on the first service even if they think it is out because the receiver may be giving the server the benefit of the doubt. But the server and her partner shall call out any second serve that either of them clearly sees out. f Calling service lets. Any player may call a service let. The call shall be made before the return of service goes out of play or is hit by an opponent. If the serve is an apparent or near ace, any let shall be called promptly. g Returning out balls. A player shall not put into play or hit over the net a served ball that is obviously out. Nonetheless, if a player honestly believes that he cannot call a serve out (giving his opponent the benefit of a close call), the server is not entitled to replay the point. h Returning serve when receiver is not ready. The receiver shall not attempt to return a serve unless she, or she and her partner, are ready. If a player returns a serve, she or her partner, are presumed ready. i Delays between the first and second serve. When there is a delay between the first and second serve: the server gets one serve if she was the cause of the delay; the server gets two serves if the delay was caused by the receiver or if there was outside interference. 3 Score: a Server announces score. The server shall announce the game score before the game and the point score before each point. b Disputes. Disputes over the score shall be resolved by using one of the following methods. (The methods are listed in order of preferences.): Count all points and games agreed upon by the players and replay only the disputed points or games. Spin a racket or toss a coin. 4 Miscellaneous: a Points played in good faith count. All points played in good faith stand. For example, if after playing a point the players discover that the net was too high, the point stands. b Requesting an umpire. If an opponent repeatedly violates the rules, a player may ask for an umpire. The player may leave the court to seek the assistance of the referee or to request an umpire. c Talking during a point. A player shall not talk while the ball is moving toward her opponent's side of the court. If the player's talking interferes with this opponent's ability to play the ball, the player loses the point. d Feinting with the body. A player may feint with her body while the ball is in play. She may change position at any time including while the server is tossing the ball. Movements or sounds that are made solely to distract an opponent, such as waving the arms or racket or stamping the feet, are not allowed. e Retrieving stray ball. A player shall not go behind an adjacent court to retrieve a ball when play is in progress. A player shall not ask for one of her balls from players on an adjacent court until their point is over. When a player returns a ball that came from an adjacent court, she shall wait until their point is over and then return it directly to one of the players and preferably to the server. f The Code. "The Code" is a USTA publication originally written by Col. N.E. Powel that discusses in great detail the code that governs unofficiated matches. The principals set forth in "The Code" shall apply in cases not specifically covered by these regulations. 12

Sportsmanship for Players The point penalty system has been a part of the USTA Guidelines that govern Section VI tennis activities. In matches without officials, coaches shall enforce the point penalty system. In all cases if a coach witnesses a violation, he/she must stop that match and warn the offending players as well as inform the opposing coach. In matches with officials, the officials will be responsible for enforcing the point penalty system Sportsmanship for Spectators The following are guidelines that appear in the USTA publication entitled "Guide to Teaching Sportsmanship". 1. Never cheer errors 2. Applause is considered acceptable but such things as football style cheers or cheers that are disguised coaching are considered poor sportsmanship. 3. Learn to applaud good shots from each player. 4. Spectators will never get involved in a match! They will never suggest, by word or action, that a call is correct or incorrect. They will not offer suggestions when players are unsure of the score. 5. Only cheer positive things. 6. Spectators will not attempt to coach a player during a match. 7. Spectators will stay a comfortable distance from the fences around the tennis courts. 8. Friends, children, teammates, parents are not permitted on the court at any time. Excerpts from "The Code" by Colonel Nick Powel 6. In making a line call a player should not enlist the aid of a spectator. In the first place, the spectator has no part in the match and putting him in it may be very annoying to an opponent; in the second, he is liable to offer a call even though he was not in a position to see the ball; in the third, he may be prejudiced; and in the fourth, he may be totally unqualified. All these factors point decisively toward keeping all persons out of the match who are not officially participating. 7. It is both the obligation and prerogative of a player to call all balls in his court, to help his opponent make calls when the opponent requests it, and to call against himself (with the exception of his partner's first service; see par. 32) any ball that he clearly sees out on his opponent's side of the net. 8. The prime objective in making line calls is accuracy, and all participants in a match should cooperate to attain this objective. When a player does not call an out ball against himself when he clearly seeks it out - whether he is requested to do so by his opponents or not - he is cheating. 9. All players being human, they will all make mistakes, but they should do everything they can to minimize these mistakes, including helping an opponent. No player should question another's call unless asked, but a player should always ask his opponent's opinion when the opponent is in a better position to see a ball. For example, the opinion of a player looking down a line is much more likely to be accurate than that of a player looking across a line. 9.2 Unless you have made a local ground rule, designed to save chasing balls that are obviously going out, when you catch in the air a ball that is in play you have lost the point, regardless of whether you are inside or outside the court. 10. Any call of "out, "let", "fault", or "double-hit" must be made instantaneously; otherwise, the ball is presumed good and still in play. In this connotation "instantaneously" means that the call is made before either an opponent has a chance to hit the return or the return has gone out of play. 14. Any ball that cannot be called out is presumed to have been good, and a player cannot claim a let on the basis that he did not see a ball. 15. It is each player's responsibility to call all balls on his side of the net, and if the ball can't be called out with surety, it is good. 13

17. In doubles when one partner calls a ball out and the other one good, the doubt that has been established means the ball must be considered to have been good. The reluctance that some doubles players have to overrule their partners is secondary to the importance of not letting your opponents suffer from a bad call. The tactful way to achieve the desired result is to tell your partner quietly that he has made a mistake and then let him overrule himself. If it comes to a showdown, untactful honesty is preferable to tactful dishonesty. 25. Recent USTA rule interpretations have indicated that the receiver or his partner is authorized to call footfaults on the server. This call should be made only when the caller is absolutely certain. 28. In general, any conversation between partners while the ball is moving toward their opponents' side of the net is taboo; once either you or your partner has hit the ball, don't say anything until an opponent has hit it. 33. Calls involving a ball touching a player, a player touching the net, a player touching his opponent's court (invasion), hitting an opponent's return before it has passed the net, a carry, a double-bounce, and a double-hit are usually very difficult to make. Any player who becomes aware that he has committed a violation in one of these areas should announce the violation immediately. 34. A player should provide his opponent five minutes of warm-up, which is adequate even on a chilly day, though it may not be adequate for you to practice your shots as much as you would like. 34.1 Courtesy dictates that you not practice your service-return when your opponent practices his service. 40.1 To eliminate arguments about the score the server should announce the game score prior to his first serve and the point score prior to serving each point. This is important. 41.1 If your opponent actually has poor eyesight and makes a large number of what you feel sure are bad calls, what should you do? There is only one answer: quietly and calmly call for an umpire, and refuse to continue until the umpire arrives. 43. What has been written here constitutes the essentials of "The Code", the summarization of procedures and unwritten rules which custom and tradition dictate all players should follow. If you and your opponents will abide by them you will help in establishing a pattern which will make tennis more fun and a better game for all concerned. Summarized Rules of Tennis United States Tennis Association Introduction The official rules of tennis are summarized below for the convenience of all players. In the preparation of this summary, no changes were made in the official rules, which have been established by the International Tennis Federation and are adhered to by the United States Tennis Association. Some technical aspects, however, such as specifications on all court size and equipment, balls and rackets, have been deleted here for the sake of brevity. For those who are interested in these specifications, they are covered in their entirety in the complete Rules of Tennis, which also includes interpretative Cases and Decisions and USTA Comments. Another invaluable reference for players is The Code, whose principles and guidelines apply to unaffiliated matches. Players all over the world follow not only the official rules of tennis but also the traditions of sportsmanship and fair play found in The Code. A familiarity with these rules and traditions is essential for achieving the greatest possible benefit and enjoyment from tennis. Information on how to purchase the Rules of Tennis and The Code may be found under References. (page 35) 14

The Singles Game Server and Receiver The players stand on opposite sides of the net; the player who first delivers the ball is called the Server and the other, the Receiver. Choice of Sides and Service The choice of sides and the right to be Server or Receiver in the first game is decided by toss. The player winning the toss may choose or require his opponent to choose: (a) the right to be Server or Receiver, in which case the other player shall choose the side; or (b) the side, in which case the other player shall choose the right to be Server or Receiver. Delivery of Service The service is delivered in the following manner: immediately before commencing to serve, the Server positions himself with both feet at rest behind the baseline and within the imaginary continuation of the center mark and the sideline of the singles court. He shall not serve until the Receiver is ready. The Server then throws the ball into the air in any direction and strikes it with his racket before it hits the ground. Delivery is deemed complete at the moment the racket strikes the ball. Return of Service The Receiver may stand wherever he pleases on his own side of the net. However, he must allow the ball to hit the ground before returning service. If the Receiver attempts to return the service, he shall be deemed ready. Service from Alternate Courts In delivering the service, the Server stands alternately behind the right and left courts, beginning from the right in every game. The ball served shall pass over the net and hit the ground within the service court which is diagonally opposite, or upon any line bounding such court, the resulting play stands, but service from the proper court, in accordance with the score, shall be resumed immediately after this discovery. Faults The service is a fault if the Server misses the ball in attempting to serve it, if the ball does not land in the proper service court, or if the ball served touches a permanent fixture other than the net, strap or band before it hits the ground. Throughout the delivery of the service, the Server shall keep both feet behind the baseline and shall not change his position by walking or running. A foot fault is called when the Server steps on the baseline or into the court before his racket meets the ball. Service after a Fault After a first fault, the Server serves again from behind the same half of the court from which he served that fault (unless it was a fault because he served from behind the wrong half, in which case he is entitled to deliver one service from behind the proper half). Receiver Becomes Server At the end of the first game, the Receiver becomes Server and the Server, Receiver; and so on alternately in all the subsequent games of a match. The players change sides and the end of the first, third and every subsequent alternate game. If a player serves out a of turn, the player who ought to have served shall serve as soon as the mistake is discovered. All points scored before such discovery shall stand. If a game has been completed before such discovery, the order of service remains as altered. 15

Server Wins Point The server wins the point if the ball is served, not being a let, touches the Receiver or anything which he wears or carries before it hits the ground or if the Receiver otherwise loses the point as described below. Receiver Wins Point The Receiver wins the point if the Server serves two consecutive faults or otherwise loses the point as described below. Ball Falling on Line - Good A ball falling on a line is regarded as falling in the court bounded by that line. Player Loses Point A player loses the point if: (a) he fails to return the ball in play directly over or past the end of the net before it ha hit the ground twice consecutively; or (b) he returns the ball in play so that it hits the ground, a permanent fixture (other than the net, posts or singles sticks, cord or metal cable, strap or band), or other object outside any of the lines which bound his opponent's court; or (c) he deliberately carries or catches the ball in play on his racket or deliberately touches it with his racket more than once; or (d) he or his racket touches the net, post or the ground within his opponent's court at any time while the ball is in play; or (e) he volleys the ball and fails to make a good return even when standing outside the court; or (g) he throws his racket at and hits the ball; or (h) he deliberately and materially changes the shape of his racket during the playing of the point; or (i) he deliberately commits any act which hinders his opponent in making a stroke; or (j) the ball in play touches him or anything that he wears or carries other than the racket in his hand. A Good Return It is a good return if: (a) the ball touches and passes over the net, posts, cord or metal cable, strap or band and hits the ground within the court; or (b) the ball touches any other permanent fixture after it has hit the ground within the proper court; or (c) the ball hits the ground within the proper court and rebounds back over the net and the player whose turn it is to strike reaches over the net and plays the ball, provided that neither he nor any part of his clothes or racket touches the net, and that the stroke is otherwise good; or (d) the ball is returned from outside the post, provided that it hits the ground within the proper court; or (e) a player's racket passes over the net after he has properly returned the ball; or (f) a player succeeds in returning the ball which has struck another ball lying in the court. A Let In all cases where a let (other than a service let) has to be called under the rules or to provide for an interruption of play, the point shall be replayed. If a player is hindered in making a stroke by anything not within his control, except a permanent fixture or deliberate interference by his opponent, a let shall be called. Coaching A player may not receive coaching during the playing of any match other than one that is part of a team competition. 16

The Doubles Game The above Rules apply to the Doubles Game except as below. Delivery of Service The Server positions himself with both feet at rest behind the baseline and within the imaginary continuation of the center mark and the sideline of the doubles court. Order of Service At the beginning of each set, the pair serving the first game decides which partner shall do so and the opposing pair decides similarly for the second game. The partner of the player who served in the first game serves in the third; the partner of the player who served in the second game serves in the fourth, and so on in the same order in all subsequent games of a set. Order of Receiving The pair receiving the service in the first game of each set decides which partner shall receive in the right-hand court, and the opposing pair decides similarly in the second game of each set. Partners receive the service alternately throughout each game. The order of receiving the service shall not be altered during the set but may be changed at the beginning of a new set. Service out of Turn If a partner serves out of his turn, the partner who ought to have served shall serve as soon as the mistake is discovered, but all points scored and any faults served before such discovery shall stand. If a game has been completed before such discovery, the order of service remains as altered. Receiving out of Turn If during a game the order of receiving the service is changed by the Receivers, it remains as altered until the end of the game, but the partners shall resume their original order of receiving in the next game of that set in which they are the Receivers. Served Ball Touching Player The service is a fault if the ball touches the Server's partner or anything which he wears or carries. The Server wins the point if the ball served (not being a let) touches the partner of the Receiver, or anything he wears or carries, before it hits the ground. Ball Struck Alternately The ball shall be struck by one or the other player of the opposing pairs in the course of making a serve or a return. If both of them hit the ball, either simultaneously or consecutively, their opponents win the point. Scoring A Game If a player wins his first point, the score is called 15 for that player; on winning his second point, his score is called 30, on winning his third point, his score is called 40; and the fourth point won by a player is scored a Game for that player except as follows: If both players have won three points, the score is called a Deuce; the next point won by a player is scored Advantage for that player. If the same player wins the next point, he wins the Game. If the other player wins the next point, the score is again called Deuce; and so on, until a player wins the two points immediately following the score at Deuce, when the Game is scored for that player. A Set A player (or players) who first wins six games wins a Set, except that he must win by a margin of two games over his opponent. Where necessary, a Set is extended until this margin is achieved (unless the total number of games in such set is even, in which case the change is not made until the end of the first game of the next set. The maximum number of sets in a match is five for men and three for women. 17