Chapter 14: PRIMATE EVOLUTION
PRIMATES
What is a primate? Features that are unique to primates: -Present in primates -Absent in closely related groups Outgroup Ingroup Character A present Character A absent Synapomorphy
What is a primate? Arboreal life: Grasping hands and feet Opposable thumb and big toe Movable arms Nails Visual system: Depth perception Large brain size Reproductive biology: High parental investment Single-offspring births Long infancy Delayed sexual maturation Tarsier Loris New World monkey Lemur Old World monkey Ape Human
Primates: main transitions Present Humans 10 Mya 20 Mya Ground dwelling Vegetarian or omnivorous Large body size Long life span Proconsul African apes Old World monkeys 30 Mya Vegetarian diet Sexual dimorphism Aegyptopithecus 40 Mya 50 Mya 60 Mya 70 Mya Diurnal Insectivorous and frugivorous diet Expansion of neocortex Fovea Arboreal life Nocturnal Insectivorous diet Encephalization Temporal lobe Binocularity Grasping hands-feet Adapis? Plesiadapiformes? Purgatorius? New World monkeys Tarsiers Lemurs, lorises Insectivore or dermopteran ancestors
Primate taxonomy Order: Primates Suborder: Prosimians -Lemurs (Madagascar) -Lorises, galagos (Tropical forests of Asia, Africa) -Tarsiers (Tropical forests of Borneo, Sumatra, Sulawesi, Philipines)
Autosomal gene-sequencing data Present 4.5 Mya 8 Mya Humans Chimpanzees Gorillas 10 Mya 20 Mya 30 Mya 31 Mya Old World monkeys 40 Mya 50 Mya 60 Mya 57.5 Mya New World monkeys
Primate taxonomy Order: Primates Suborder: Anthropoids -Platyrrhins Cercopitecines South America Africa, Asia, Europe -Catarrhins Apes Humans
Asian apes Gibbon Orangutan Siamang
Asian apes: distribution Siamangs
African apes Gorilla Chimpanzee Bonobo
Great apes: current geographical distribution Central Africa Southeast Asia
What is an ape? Relative to monkeys, apes: Lack an external tail Have a more vertical posture Have highly flexible limbs Have broad chests, short lower backs, mobile hips and ankles Have a larger body size Exhibit retarded growth and reproduction Have larger brains than monkeys
Miocene apes (5-23 Mya)
Ape evolution Lesser apes Siamangs, Gibbons Orangutan *Ouranopithecus Gorilla Chimpanzee, Bonobo Humans Macaques *Dryopithecus 7-5 Mya *Sivapithecus 9 Mya *Proconsul 14 Mya 16 Mya 25 Mya 19 Mya
What is a hominin? superfamily: Hominoidea family: Hylobatidae Hominidae subfamily: Ponginae Gorillinae Homininae tribe: Panini Hominini species: gibbons siamangs orangutans gorillas chimpanzees bonobos humans A hominin is a bipedal ape.
Divergence between African apes and hominins Trait Function Chimpanzees Hominins Foramen magnum Occipital condyle Posture Behind skull Beneath skull Vertebrate column Posture C-shaped S-shaped Feet Posture Grasping Flat Pelvis, lower back Posture Long Short Brain size Brain evolution 345-505 cm 3 400-1350 cm 3 Face Brain evolution In front of brain Beneath brain Canines Sexual behavior Long Short Diastema Diet Yes No Pliocene Miocene ~5 Mya
EARLY HOMININS
Early speciments of uncertain hominin status Orrorin tugenensis Sahelanthropus tchadensis Ardipithecus ramidus Homo sapiens Chimp Bonobos?? 5-7 Mya Bipedalism
Early speciments of uncertain hominin status Sahelanthropus tchadensis: *~6.5 Mya *From Chad, central Africa (not eastern Africa!) *Less prognathism (typical of hominids) *Bipedalism uncertain Orrorin tugenensis: *~5.8 Mya *From Kenya, eastern Africa *Lower jaw fragment *Bipedalism uncertain
Ardipithecus ramidus: oldest known hominin VIDEO http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ec9aith1ah4 Duration: 9.59 min
Ardipithecus ramidus: oldest known hominin Ardipithecus ramidus: *4.4 Mya *From Ethiopia, eastern Africa *Bipedal locomotion *Grasping bit toe *Small brain
Ardipithecus ramidus: oldest known hominin Height:117-124 cm Relatively small brain Long arms, suggest arboreal life Relatively small canines Long flexible lower back Long pelvis Opposable big toe Weight: 51 Kg
2001, A Space Odyssey: The Dawn of Man (Directed by Stanley Kubrick, 1968) VIDEO https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ypeagqb6djk Duration: 9.33 min
Basal australopithecines Australopithecus anamensis *4.1 Mya *Kenya Gracile australopithecines Robust australopithecines Chimp Bonobos Australopithecus afarensis *3.0-3.6 Mya *Tanzania, Ethiopia 5-7 Mya Bipedalism Lucy
Lucy VIDEO https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ju-hojtpkj8 Duration: 7.27 min
Robust australopithecines Australopithecus boisei *1.8 Mya *Kenya Australopithecus robustus *2 Mya *South Africa Australopithecus aethiopicus *2.5 Mya *Kenya Australopithecus afarensis *3.0-3.6 Mya *Tanzania, Ethiopia
Gracile australopithecines Australopithecus garhi *2.5 Mya *Ethiopia Homo Australopithecus africanus *3-2 Mya *South Africa Australopithecus afarensis *3.0-3.6 Mya *Tanzania, Ethiopia
HOMO
Early Homo Gracile Homo *2.3-2.5 Mya *Tanzania, Ethiopia Robust Australopithecus anamensis *4.1 Mya *Kenya Stone tools Cranial capacity > 600 ml Chimp Bonobos Australopithecus afarensis *3.0-3.6 Mya *Tanzania, Ethiopia 5-7 Mya Bipedalism
Hominin evolution: a brief survey VIDEO Evolution - Becoming Human (Donald Johanson) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hphlbngcbnk Duration: 9.30 min
Oldowan technology (Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, Africa)
Early Homo Homo habilis Gracile australopithecine H. rudolfensis?? H. ergaster *1.8-1.9 Mya *Kenya *1.6-1.9 Mya *Tanzania, Kenya
Homo ergaster
Homo ergaster: Acheulean technology, 1.4 Mya, Ethiopia
Archaic humans H. erectus H. antecessor *0.8 Mya *Spain H. heidelbergensis *0.6-0.2 Mya *Zambia, Europe *1.8-0.2 Mya *Asia: Georgia, Java, China *Oldowan technology H. ergaster *1.8-1.9 Mya *Kenya
Homo floresiensis H. floresiensis H. sapiens H. erectus H. heidelbergensis H. ergaster Flores Island (Indonesia)
Homo floresiensis VIDEO https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jqczpewd5yq Duration: 3:24 min
Homo floresiensis VIDEO https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ewi3i5v0lze Duration: 3:10 min
Island evolution
Homo neanderthalensis: reconstruction
Recent hominid evolution H. neanderthalensis H. sapiens *130-28 Kya *Europe, Middle East *Mousterian technology *<200 Kya *Ethiopia, South Africa, worldwide H. heidelbergensis *0.6-0.2 Mya *Zambia, Europe
Homo neanderthalensis: Culture Europe, Middle East Intentional burials Clothing Fire Care of the injured Hunting Brain size: 1,200-1,750 cm 3 Mousterian technology Neanderthal Sapiens Sapiens Neanderthal
Homo neanderthalensis: Mousterian technology, < 100 Kya, Europe
Recent hominid evolution H. neanderthalensis Denisovans H. sapiens *130-28 Kya *Europe, Middle East *Mousterian technology *40 Kya *Siberia *<200 Kya *Ethiopia, South Africa, worldwide H. heidelbergensis *0.6-0.2 Mya *Zambia, Europe
Neanderthals, Denisovans, and Humans VIDEO https://www.ted.com/talks/svante_paeaebo_dna_clues_to_our_inner_neanderthal#t-808119 Duration: 17.01 min
Multiregional hypothesis Europe Africa Asia Anatomically modern H. sapiens genes arise in many populations H. erectus disperses from Africa
Homo sapiens: the out-of-africa hypothesis
The human lineage VIDEO https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hsszn4biwzg Duration: 3.27 min
Recent discoveries Oldowan stone tools 2.4-1.9 Mya, Algeria Oldowan-like stone tools 2.12 Mya, China Sahnouni et al., Science, 2018 (10.1126/science.aau0008). Zhu et al., Nature, 2018, 559, 608-612. Oldowan stone tools 2.5 Mya, Ethiopia, Tanzania