An Investigation into the use of Solar Sail on Catamaran Fishing Vessel

An Investigation into the use of Solar Sail on Catamaran Fishing Vessel PI Santosa ) ) Lecturer of Naval Architect Department, Institute of echnology Adhi ama Surabaya, Indonesia Abstract he attractiveness and successful application of catamaran form for passenger vessels had inspired naval architect to use it as fishing vessels. he investigation was carried out both experimentally and numerically. Optimum geometry or ship hull is LWL=4.5 m, B=7. m, H=.44 m, =0.94 m, Displacement=. ton, selected from previous work. It is then followed by model testing and evaluation for selection of power combination. he current work describes the development of hybrid technology for a catamaran fishing vessel using the combination of solar-sail. he models were tested at speed equal to speed of the real vessel at open sea from about 9.3 knots, and the Froude numbers were about 0.43 obtained resistance value about,3 kn and giving the effective power (PE) about 0 kw and.5kn thrust. Finally, discovered the combination of solar-sails have reached the optimum benefit of the hybrid concept zero emissions. Keywords Fishing vessel, Solar-sail power, Wind Energy, Solar Energy, Efficiency. I. INRODUCION Development of environmentally friendly vessels has become a major issue since the last 0 years. he powering vessel without using engine and fuel oil has later become more popular considering issues known as a green economy concept,[]. here are several choices of power systems such as the use of sail, solar-powered boat, wave power mechanism and the combination of those two and three power systems, []. Despite the results of those developments are still far from economic benefits, research and development of those power systems has been carried out very intensive around the world such as conduct by [3, 4]. For example: Foscat3 catamaran tourism boat, the concept of a hybrid drive that combines sail, diesel motors, and solar panels, [5]. FIGURE. Foscat3 catamaran tourism boat hybrid FIG. It shows the configuration of the Foscat3 catamaran tour boat equipped with hybrid propulsion which, in this case, the sail and solar panel are fitted on vertically above the ship's navigation space as the sail whose placement is adjusted according to: stability, load space requirements, vessel operations and energy requirements to drive the ship. Foscat3 (Folding Solar Catamaran) is a folding sailboat utilizing natural energy from wind and sun, has a length of 3 meters and a height of 5 meters with a solar panel (95 m ) placed on the main pole and has two electric motors placed on the hull. his ship had high performance because it uses a lightweight system, which is a combination of the power of the sun and wind by reducing CO to almost zero during sailing. his is a reason relates to efforts to reduce the spread of toxic gases to the atmosphere such as CO, CO, SO and NO, which is mainly caused using fossil fuels []. Similar achievements may be applied to the development of fishing vessels, and if it is successful, it can help thousands of fishermen to survive as well as to reduce the effect of green-house gas (GHG). he goal of operating a fishing vessel is to catch from the ocean that fulfilling the target of mission and deliver the fish to land or to another vessel for further processing. Currently, it is apparent that the catch of fishing vessels has supplied the needs of daily food and sustains the food security for millions of people in the world, [7]. However, the activities have a serious impact on the increase of air pollution levels (particularly CO ) into the atmosphere, because those fishing boats mainly using diesel engines and consuming fossil fuels. he impact of the activities is one of the most crucial problems in the world, thus many efforts have been done to look for solutions that the operation of fishing vessels became environmentally friendly. In general, the operation of a fishing boat is always associated with both issues. Economic factor mainly includes the cost of fuel, whilst the environmental factor relates to the level of pollution produced by the ship. Economic problems and strong environmental pressures have forced ship designers and owners to create more efficient vessels to minimize the use of diesel engines as ship propulsion. Reducing magnitude of ship propulsion (and fuel consumption) can be fulfilled since the ship design ISSN: 34 30 www.internationaljournalssrg.org Page

stage by creating more efficient hull design and propulsion systems as well as ship operational activities or operations, in which one of it is the use of solar-sail vessels (SSV). Example of the concept is shown in Figure, which the configuration of a ship with the solar-sail driver. he concept of energy conversion in the ship's configuration is to change solar (sun) and wind energy into the required thrust force of the ship through the propeller and sail. he thrust force (), which is generated by two or more of the ship's propulsion sources, is operated together and popularly known as the hybrid system. FIGURE. Configuration of Solar-sail Vessels (SSV) FIG. It shows the configuration of the vessel with the solar-sail driver. he concept of energy conversion in the ship's configuration is to change wind and solar energy into the required thrust force of the ship through the propeller (electric motor) and sail. he thrust () force generated from one or more of the ship's propulsion sources operates simultaneously or together knows as the hybrid system. II. LIERAURE REVIEWS A. Ship Moving heory he vessel may move forward due to a sufficient thrust to barrier ship resistance at a certain services peed, []. Based on the above concept, then requirements of ship can move. R o r - R 0 () where: is hrust (kn), R is Resistance (kn) B. Ship Resistance he vessel resistance (R) is calculated according to Equation (), where is saltwater density (ρ), Coeff. of resistance (C), wetted surface areas (WSA), and Vs is service speed of ship, []. R C ( WSA ) V () C. hrust hrust () is the energy or force required to drive the vessel, and can be expressed in Eq. (3), []. hrust () = R /( - t) (3) where: t is thrust deduction factor For double screw [3]: where: k R is 0.5 for thin rudder. t = k. wt (4) R wt = - 0.045 + 0.3745CB + 0.590Dw D w - 0.35Fr B 3 +.4773Fr o move itself, the thrust () force generated through the propeller and the sail must be greater than the existing total vessel resistance (R), mathematically expressed in (). Propeller Sail 3 D = + (5) = + () Propeller Sail 4 Propeller thrust, = K.. n.d (7) Propeller where: thrust coefficient (K ), Salt water density (ρ), propeller rpm (n), propeller diameter (D) Sail thrust, Sail = q.as () where: Dynamic wind press (q) = ½ x x x V (ton/m ), Air mass density w (ρ) = γ/g, Weight per unit volume (γ) =.5 t/m 3, g = 9.ms -, = wind pressure coef. (.), wind speed (V w ), sail area (As). D. Powering Engine conventional is the prime mover of the vessel which works by converting the fuel energy to rotate the blades thereby producing sufficient thrust to drag ship resistance at certain service speeds. One of the most fundamental methods of power sharing in this conventional driving force is to distinguish between the effective power (PE) required to drive the ship and power delivered (PD) on the ship propulsion unit, []. he formulations used are as follows: R Effective power (PE) = R x Vs (9) Delivered power (PD) = PE / D (0) Quasi propulsive coefficient ( D) = P. H. R () Service power (Ps) = PD/ () where: η is 0.9 with gearbox, 0.95 without gearbox. Installed power (PI) = Ps + Margin (3) Margins (roughness, fouling, weather) 5 0% depend ship route. Solar cells or photovoltaic (PV), is a technology system that converts sunlight into electrical energy through solar panels stored in batteries,[9]. he formulations used is: Power requiremen t : P = V x I (4) Pmax = Voc x Isc x FF (5) Fill Factor : FF = V mp x V oc xi I mp sc () ISSN: 34 30 www.internationaljournalssrg.org Page

P = PVarea x PSI x pv (7) Watt peak he concept of a solar vessel converted sun energy into the driving force required by vessels through solar panels, batteries, electro motors, transmissions and propellers at a certain speed. In detail, solar panels function to capture energy of sun and convert it into electrical energy, then stored in a battery. Power stored in the battery will be used to supply the electric motor and rotate the propeller. So that the vessels can move forward due to the thrust force produced by the propeller (p). Since 00, research on the technology of combined use of wind and sun power in the form of a Solar-sail has been developed in the USA, [0]. FIGURE 3. Solar sail NASA JPL ype, [0] FIG.3 shows Solar sail NASA JPL ype. his solar sail is made of thin Mylar or Kapton films with a thickness of 7. mm and has a broad density (defining the weight of the material divided by the area of material) about g / m. he solar sail has (two) functions, namely: ) As a propeller vessel, ) As a system of Photovoltaic technology that converts sunlight into electrical energy. he existence of an efficient combination between the use of the sail and the solar panel is very suitable to be applied as an environmentally friendly vessel. Determination of Sail Area almost as a comparison of sail area (As) and WSA (wetted surface area) is between.0 and.5. It's known as sail ratio (SR), []. here is another way according to [], where the determination of SR depends on the LWL of the ship by using the graph shown in FIG. 4. FIG.7 shows graph of relation between SR with LWL, which can be used to determine Sail Area with 5-0 feet or 5-5 m LWL limitation. E. Voyage Profile he normal voyage profile of fishing vessels according to [3], are as follows: a) he ship departs and operates in the port (Departure from port), b). he ship goes to the location of the fishing ground (Outward bound), c). he ship arrives at the location fishing ground and fishing (On fishing ground), d). When the ship leaves the location of the fishing ground to the port (Homeward bound), e). When the ship arrives at the port and docked at the port (Arrival at Port). In its operation, a fishing vessel must be completely safe (very seaworthy indeed), in bad weather even the ship must work. All work on the fishing boat must be done quickly, begin from the catching until the processing of the catch is a function of time. he slow catching causes the fish to run all (migrations), while the sluggish processing of the catch causes the fish to be damaged. III. MEHOD AND RESUL his research is a continuing research that has been done [4]. Data's and information used the results of previous research to support scientific / academic and its application. FIGURE 5. owing test of Ship Resistance FIG. 5 Demonstrate of Catamaran Hull Resistance Model est through experiments in the hydrodynamic ank, while able shows the ship dimension data as the model. ABLE Dimension of Ship Parameter Catamaran Demihull LWL (m) B (m) H (m) D (m) C B Displ. (ton) 4.5 7..44 0.94 0.434. 4.5.3.44 0.94 0.434 5.9 FIGURE 4. Graph of SR LWL Relationship est result: ABLE Result of Resistance est ISSN: 34 30 www.internationaljournalssrg.org Page 3

4 7.05 0.304.5.7.947 5 7.50 0.3 3.40 3.5 3.547.03 0.347 4.47 3.954 3.7 7.34 0.3 4.44 4.345 4.34. 0.30 5.49 4.790 4. 9 9.33 0.39 5.07 5.59 5.55 0 9.3 0.43 7.0.44.3 able shows the experimental results of catamaran resistance in towing tanks. Furthermore, from this data will be developed as a basis for designing the concept of a catamaran fishing boat with a combination of solar-sail. Powering calculation result: Effective power (PE) 3,435 kw, quasi-propulsive coefficient (ηd) 0.4, delivered power (PD) 50. kw, transmission losses (η) 0.9 without gearbox, service power (Ps) 5.35 kw and installed power (PI) of 0 kw with total efficiency (PE/PI) is 54%. Engine used x 43 hp or x 30 kw. he specifications of an engine see in FIG.. ype : Beta Marine Power engine : 43 hp max at,00 rev/min Fuel consumption:0 Lt /hr (at continuous Ratting) Engine Dimension : L : 97 mm, B: mm, H:740 mm, Weight : 43 Kg FIGURE. Specification of BEA 43 Engine he result of Sail Area determination: Boats with 4.5 m LWL (47.5 feet) obtained approximately 5 m. he calculation results of hrust is obtained for.5 kn with thrust deduction factor (t) of 0.03. Propeller thrust (p) is achieved at the speed of the ship's service (Vs) of 9. knots while the thrust force (s) is reached at wind speed (Vw) of 9. knots. he results of the above calculation are then used to create Hybrid Curve Charts as shown in Figure 5. his curve can be used to calculate SSV efficiency. he result of recent study is the layout of catamaran fishing vessel are presented in FIG. 7. FIGURE 7. Solar Sail Catamaran Fishing Vessel Run V Catamaran Resistances (kn) Fr No. (knots) S/L=0. S/L=0.3 S/L=0.4 5.7 0.50..59.59. 0..4.5.0 3.77 0..443.39.34 he layout SSV shows the arrangement of fish holds an area for crew activities on the main deck. he wider space area for fishing activities on main deck is the primary concern for the commercial fishing industry now. he space area on main deck for catamaran is mostly related to the separation length ratio (S/L). herefore, this ratio need to be investigated and discussed into the resistance performance to estimate the ship speed and powered required. Large areas provides an incredible amount of spaces for accommodation, engine room and massive fish storage. he Data of SSV is LWL=4.5 m, B=7. m, H=.44 m, =0.94 m, Displacement=. ton, LW 7.47 ton, Payload 4 G, Power: electric motor and Sail supply by Solar Panel 70 pcs @30 WP was placed under canopy 4 pcs (50 m areas) and remaining put on sail in the form of solar sail NASA JPL ype (5 m ). Solar panels were used to absorb energy from sunrays and then saved it into battery. his mechanism was managed by a battery recharge controller circuit is presented in FIG.. FIGURE. Configuration of hybrid system. FIG. shows the configuration of a hybrid system which can do automatic work. he controller maintains the battery voltage of about 4. If the voltage drops until., then the controller will charge the battery using energy from a solar-cell panel. he controller will stop recharging process when arrives at.3. III. DICUSSION By using Equation (9), it can be determined that the magnitude of a thrust deduction factors (t) is 0.03, hence the thrust of ship () is.5 kn, whilst the ship resistance is.3 kn. It means that as the thrust is greater than ship resistance thus the boat will move, sea also Equation (). As the fishing vessel is designed to use a solar-sail drive (SSV), the generation of thrust to move the ship comes from ISSN: 34 30 www.internationaljournalssrg.org Page 4

Wind speed V w (knots) Ppropeller hrust p (kn) propeller and sail. When the ship moves, the propeller and sail can work individually/separately or together as a hybrid system both with service speed (Vs) of 9.3 knots. 0.0.0.0 0 4 Sail 0 hrust s (kn). 0 s - V w 5 V s - V w fossil energy, then to calculate the ESV efficiency and how the hybrid system at SV will be explained in detail in the following case study. In order to test the validity of the present approach as summarized in FIG 9, a case study is given, namely Case Study. Case Study When SSV is operated the sea breeze blows (V W ) with the varying speeds of 0.0, 4.0,.0,.0,.0, and 9. knots at noon (Assuming normal weather). By using Hybrid Curve, estimate: thrust of sail ( S ), thrust of propeller ( P ), contribution of propeller to S thus the vessel can be operated at the service speed (Vs) of about 9.3 knots. Answer:.0 4.0 s - p V s - p. 5 4 0.0 0 4 Ship service speed 0 V s (knots) 0 a b c FIGURE 9. Hybrid Curve Chart, [] he relationship between propeller thrust ( P ), see Equation (3) and sail thrust ( S ), see Equation (7) is shown in FIG 9, P S curve. Meanwhile, the relationship between wind speed (V W ) with the sail thrust ( S ) is shown in FIG. 9, the V W S curve. Likewise, the relationship between ship service speed (V S ) and propeller thrust ( P ) is also shown in FIG. 9, the V S P curve. he relationship between wind speed (V W ) and ship service speed (V S ) is called the V W V S curve. ABLE 3. Details of Hybrid Curve Chart No Number of Axis Relationship of 3 4 Axis is s Sail hrust (kn), s p Curve use ordinate and abscise V Axis is s - V w Curve use p ordinate 3 and Propeller hrust (kn) Axis 3 is V s Ship speed (knots) Axis 4 is V w Wind speed (knots) abscise 4 V s p Curve use ordinate 3 and abscise s - V w Curve use ordinate 4 and abscise 4 ABLE 3 shows number of axis and relationship of Hybrid Curve Chart as shows in FIG.. he economic value of the use of wind energy is equated with the d FIGURE 0. Applied of Hybrid Curve Chart.Sail Propeller Vw s p Electric Prime mover (Knots) (kn) (kn) motor Rpm 0.0 0.5 700 Propeller 4.0 0.5.5 550 Propeller-sail.0. 5.45 40 Propeller-sail.0.4 4.5 300 Propeller-sail.0 5.4.5 000 Propeller-sail 9..5 0 0 Sail ABLE 4. he Result of Case study able 4 shows Result of Case study and How the Hybrid System (SSV) work i.e.: the propeller and sail can work individually/separately or together as a hybrid system when the ship moves. Service speed (Vs) on fishing boats is a major requirement because fishing vessels must arrive at the fishing ground as quickly as possible so as not to lose the right time to catch fish. his fishing vessel sailed with operational speed of around 9. knots. At this speed the ship will experience a drag force (R) of ISSN: 34 30 www.internationaljournalssrg.org Page 5

Vs (knots),43 kn with the need for thrust () of.5 kn. o meet the needs of the thrust force is supplied from propeller propulsion (p) with a x30 kw electric motor and sail (s) with an area (As) 5 m. he optional of service speed is adjusted to the voyage profile of the fishing vessel itself. When the ship operates in the port area (departure from port) in an empty load state, the ship will use a speed of about to three knots only. At this time, the use of engines and sail is highly recommended. When the ship goes to the location of the fishing ground (outward bound) without cargo load state and after the ship is on the high seas, it will use full service speed of 9.3 knots, because the fishing vessel must arrive at fishing ground according to the planned time (on time) by using the engine and sail simultaneously. When the ship arrives at the location of the fishing ground in an empty load state and then doing the fishing operation on the fishing ground will tend to use a speed of about 4 to seven knots because the fishing equipment set up requires a rather fast time, and if it is not quickly worried the fish will run all. At this time, the use of propeller and sail simultaneously/alternately is highly recommended depending on the situation. When the ship leaves the fishing ground location (homeward bound) to the port in full load condition with the catch, fulfilment of thrust force is generated from the use of the propeller and sail simultaneously to reach speed service 9.3 knots. And when the ship arrives at the port (arrival at Port), the ship only uses its speed of about to 3 knots by using the propeller and sail alternately. he use of wind energy to drive SSV with service speed of Vs 9.3 knots requires a Vw wind speed of 9. knots to produce a thrust force of of.5 kn. 4 0 0 4 0 4 30 Rpm x 00 FIGURE. Rpm-Vs Chart. FIG.. Shows relationship between Rpm-Vs Chart. ACKNOWLEDGMEN he author wished to thank the Ministry of Research, echnology and Higher Education (Kemenristekdikti) under BBPS Research Scheme to fund the current research. Furthermore, the first author, in particular, expressed his gratitude to YPS- IAS for the continuous support of the development of marine renewable energy on ship. REFERENCES [] Pramudya IS, IKAP Utama, Wasis DA, 07, Catamaran Fishing Vessels: Overview of Energy Needs, Environmentally Friendly Ship Functions and Performance, Dissertation M093350 [] PI Santosa et. al., 04, Investigation into Hybrid Catamaran Fishing Vessel: Combination of Diesel Engine, Sails and Solar Panels, IPEK, Journal of Proceeding Series, Vol., 04 (eissn: 354-0). [3] C. J. Satchwell, 99, Windship echnology and Its Application to Motor Ships, ransactions RINA, vol. 3. [4] I. K. A. P. Utama and A. F. Molland, 0, he Powering of Future Ships aking Into Consideration Economic Viability and Environmental Issues, ICSO, Ambon, Indonesia. [5] http://www.foscat3.com [] Korol I. and Latorre, R., 00, Development of Eco- Friendly Fishing Vessel An ecological vehicle powered by renewable energy, EVER Monaco. [7] Pinkster J., Lamb., 004, Ch. 4 Fishing Vessel - Ship Design and Construction Vol. II, he Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers. ISBN 0-939773-4-4, 0 Pavonia Avenue Jersey City, NJ 0730 [] Molland AF., urnock SR., Hudson DA., 0, Ship Resistance and Propulsion Practical Estimation of Ship Propulsive Power, ISBN:97-0-5-705- Hardback, CUP, USA. [9] Pagliaro, M., Palmisano, G., and Ciriminna, R., 00, Flexible Solar Cells, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA,Weinheim. [0] Herbeck, L., Sickinger, C., Eiden, M., Leipold, M., DLR., 00, Solar sail hardware developments, German Aerospace Center. [] Larson L., 007, Principles of Yacht design, 3 rd ed.,isbn-3: 97007479, Mc Graw Hill [] Kinney, F.S., 977, Skene s Element of Yacth Design, ISBN: 0733x, ACB Ltd, London. [3] Hind, JA., 9, Stability and rim of Fishing Vessels - second edition, Fishing News Book Ltd, Farnham, Surrey, England. [4] Utama, I K A P, Murdijanto, Sugiarso, A and Jamaluddin, A. 00, Development of catamaran fishing vessel. IPEK the journal for technology and science, Vol., No. 4. V. CONCLUSION Application of hybrid technology use a combination Solar-Sail has potency to save fuel usage until 00%. It s very useful when applied to catamaran fishing vessels and hence reduce an emission of greenhouse gases. he present work apparently portraits of study into the development of a more energy efficient and fewer polluted fishing vessel. ISSN: 34 30 www.internationaljournalssrg.org Page