The Viet Nam Provincial Governance and Public Administration Performance Index (PAPI) 2011 Measuring Citizens Experiences Jairo Acuña Alfaro, Policy Advisor, UNDP jairo.acuna@undp.org Presentation prepared for workshop Experience in Investment Attraction and Infrastructure Development for Industrial Zones in the Central Coastal Region August 2nd, 2012, at SaiGon-QuyNhon Hotel
Contents What is PAPI? What does PAPI measure? Why PAPI matters for investment attraction? What does PAPI tell investors (actual and potential) about Central Coastal region provinces? An overview of performance in six dimensions Relationship between governance, growth, development and business environment
What is PAPI? PAPI = A Provincial Governance and Public Administration Performance Assessment A policy diagnostics tool that collects evidence and data at provincial level but can aggregate at national level PAPI is about the experiences of users of governance and public administration. Largest ever governance and public administration survey in Viet Nam Covers six dimensions: * Participation * Transparency * Vertical Accountability * Anti-Corruption * Admin. Procedures * Public Services It matters for businesses and economic growth, because it provides information from citizens experiences and expectations of governance and public administration 3
What is PAPI?
Why PAPI matters for investment attraction? International experience shows that good governance and public administration attracts and secures investment. PAPI increases understanding of what citizens experiences are when interacting with government agencies With PAPI, businesses can learn from what citizens expectations are in the places where they do invest and where they do hire labor/employees from Provincial authorities can learn from each other about strengths and increase cooperation to provide a level playing field for citizens and investors
Central Coastal Region: a diversity of development indicators Bình Định Đà Nẵng Quảng Nam Thừa Thiên-Huế Khánh Hòa Ninh Thuận Quảng Ngãi Bình Thuận Phú Yên Total Population (2009 Census): 1,486,465 887,435 1,422,319 1,087,420 1,157,604 564,993 1,216,773 1,167,023 862,231 GDP at current prices 2010**: 35,821,654 38,654,158 32,054,465 26,498,376 40,464,467 9,348,853 36,547,652 27,991,109 16,561,726 GDP per capita 2010 (VND): 24,098,551.93 43,557,170.95 22,536,762.15 24,368,115.36 34,955,362.11 16,546,847.48 30,036,540.92 23,985,053.42 19,207,991.83 Human Development Index (HDI, 2008): 0.72 0.76 0.71 0.69 0.74 0.66 0.69 0.71 0.69 Life Expectancy at Birth (years): 71.7 74.7 70.9 70.2 72.5 70.4 71.2 73.1 70.9 Adult Literacy Rate (% age 15 +) 95.4 97 95.6 91.1 95.5 85.7 89.5 92.9 94.1 Combined Gross Enrollment Rate (%) 73.6 62.1 66.2 68.8 64.3 66.3 69.1 65.2 62.3 Competitiveness Index (PCI, 2011): 58.14 66.98 63.4 60.95 59.11 57 62.24 57.62 55.15
Aggregate PAPI 2011 Dashboard The Central Coastal region provinces with a great diversity of performance Opportunity for provinces to learn from each other and support a level playing field for investment attraction
Control Panel of Provincial Performance by Dimensions - Central Coastal Provinces Province D1. Participation at local levels D2. Transparency D3. Vertical Accountability D4. Control of Corruption D5. Public Admin. Procedures D6. Public Service Delivery PAPI Unweighted Bình Định 5.884 5.682 6.005 6.975 6.902 7.013 38.461 Đà Nẵng 5.278 5.456 5.790 6.156 7.332 7.430 37.443 Quảng Nam 5.329 5.717 5.409 6.623 6.447 6.838 36.364 TT-Huế 5.277 5.354 5.331 5.821 6.644 6.971 35.398 Khánh Hòa 5.354 5.533 5.278 5.981 6.434 6.664 35.244 Ninh Thuận 5.062 4.641 5.522 5.783 7.063 6.923 34.995 Quảng Ngãi 5.049 5.306 5.578 6.014 6.409 6.306 34.662 Bình Thuận 4.321 4.882 5.437 6.356 6.658 6.483 34.136 Phú Yên 4.763 5.019 5.212 5.917 6.579 6.264 33.753 Color code: Best performer Above 75th percentile Note: High Average Between 50th and 75th percentile Dimensions 1 to 6 are scaled with scores from "1" as minimum and "10" as maximum. PAPI scores (weighted and unweigthed) are scaled from "6" as minimum to "60" Low Average Between 25th and 50th percentile maximum. Poor Performer Below 25th percentile Source: CECODES, VFF, CPP and UNDP (2012).The Viet Nam Provincial Governance and Public Administration Performance Index (PAPI) 2011: Measuring citizens experiences. Ha Noi. A Joint Policy Research Paper by Centre for Community Support and Development Studies (CECODES), The Front Review of the Central Committee for the Viet Nam Fatherland Front (FR), Commission on People s Petitions of the Standing Committee for the National Assembly of Viet Nam (CPP), and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Ha Noi, Viet Nam.
Aggregate PAPI 2011 Dashboard Central Coastal Provinces Zero Phu Yen Binh Thuan Quang Ngai Ninh Thuan Khanh Hoa TT-Hue Quang Nam Participation/Elections Transparency Accountability Control of Corruption Administrative Procedures Public Service Delivery Da Nang Binh Dinh Perfect Participation at Local Levels: Bình Định in the best performing group; Ninh Thuận, Quảng Ngãi, Phú Yên và Bình Thuận in the poorest performing group Transparency : None in the best performing group; Phú Yên, Bình Thuận và Ninh Thuận in the poorest performing group Vertical Accountability: Bình Định in the best performing group; Phú Yên in the poorest performing group Control of Corruption: Bình Định và Quảng Nam in the best performing group; Thừa Thiên-Huế và Ninh Thuận in the poorest performing group Public Administrative Procedures: Đà Nẵng in the best performing group; 6 tỉnh trong số 9 tỉnh/thành phố in the poorest performing group Public Service Delivery: Đà Nẵng, Bình Định và Thừa Thiên- Huế in the best performing group; Quảng Ngãi và Phú Yên in the poorest performing group
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 0 2 4 6 8 Aggregate Un-weighted PAPI 2011 Central Coastal Provinces Participation/Elections Transparency Accountability Control of Corruption Administrative Procedures Public Service Delivery Binh Dinh Da Nang Quang Nam TT-Hue Khanh Hoa Ninh Thuan Quang Ngai Binh Thuan Phu Yen
Mapping of Provincial Performance by PAPI 2011 - Central Coastal Provinces Best performers: Quảng Bình, Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu, Long An, Quảng Trị, Hà Tĩnh, Sơn La, Nam Định, Lạng Sơn, Bình Định, Hòa Bình, Tiền Giang, Thanh Hóa, Hải Dương, Đà Nẵng, Hà Nội and Đồng Tháp Poor Performer: Ninh Thuận, Điện Biên, Quảng Ngãi, Hậu Giang, Hưng Yên, Lai Châu, Bạc Liêu, Ninh Bình, Bình Thuận, An Giang, Phú Yên, Cao Bằng, Tây Ninh, Hà Giang and Trà Vinh.
Provincial Performance by Dimensions Central Coastal Provinces
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Participation at the Local Level (Dimension 1) - Central Coastal Provinces Civic Knowledge Quality of Elections Opportunities for Participation Contributions Binh Dinh Khanh Hoa Quang Nam Da Nang Thua Thien Hue Ninh Thuan Quang Ngai Phu Yen Binh Thuan
Provincial Performance in Participation at Local Levels by Quartiles - Central Coastal Provinces Best Performers: Sơn La, Quảng Bình, Hòa Bình, Lạng Sơn, Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu, Bắc Ninh, Bình Định, Quảng Trị, Bến Tre, Long An, Hà Nội, Tiền Giang, Đắk Nông, Cần Thơ, Hải Dương and Phú Thọ Poor Performers: Bình Dương, Ninh Thuận, Quảng Ngãi, Hậu Giang, Sóc Trăng, Ninh Bình, Hà Giang, An Giang, Điện Biên, Cà Mau, Phú Yên, Trà Vinh, Bạc Liêu, Tây Ninh and Bình Thuận
Transparency (Dimension 2) Central Coastal Provinces 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Poverty Lists Communal Budgets Land-Use Plan/Pricing Quang Nam Binh Dinh Khanh Hoa Da Nang Thua Thien Hue Quang Ngai Phu Yen Binh Thuan Ninh Thuan
Provincial Performance in Transparency by Quartiles - Central Coastal Provinces Best Performers: Bà Rịa- Vũng Tàu, Hà Tĩnh, Nam Định, Sơn La, Lạng Sơn, Quảng Bình, Long An, Quảng Trị, Yên Bái, Bình Phước, TP. Hồ Chí Minh, Gia Lai, Hà Nội, Hòa Bình, Thanh Hóa and Thái Nguyên Poor Performers: Trà Vinh, Lâm Đồng, Tây Ninh, Ninh Thuận, Bạc Liêu, Kiên Giang, Hậu Giang, Hà Giang, Bình Thuận, Sóc Trăng, An Giang, Phú Yên, Phú Thọ, Hưng Yên and Vĩnh Long
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Vertical Accountability (Dimension 3) Central Coastal Provinces Interactions With Local Authorities Community Investment Boards People's Inspection Boards Binh Dinh Da Nang Quang Ngai Ninh Thuan Binh Thuan Quang Nam Thua Thien Hue Khanh Hoa Phu Yen
Provincial Performance in Vertical Accountability by Quartiles Central Coastal Provinces Best Performers: Quảng Trị, Quảng Bình, Hà Tĩnh, Thái Bình, Nghệ An, Nam Định, Hải Dương, Long An, Hà Nam, Hòa Bình, Bình Định, Quảng Ninh, Thanh Hóa, Đồng Tháp, Phú Thọ and Lạng Sơn Poor Performers: Cao Bằng, Hải Phòng, An Giang, Phú Yên, Lai Châu, Tây Ninh, Cà Mau, Sóc Trăng, Hưng Yên, Đồng Nai, Bến Tre, Trà Vinh, Ninh Bình, Bạc Liêu and Hà Giang
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Control of Corruption in the Public Sector (Dimension 4) Central Coastal Provinces Limits on Public Sector Corruption Limits on Corruption in Service Delivery Equity in Employment Willingness to Fight Corruption Binh Dinh Quang Nam Binh Thuan Da Nang Quang Ngai Khanh Hoa Phu Yen Thua Thien Hue Ninh Thuan
Provincial Performance in Control of Corruption by Quartiles Central Coastal Provinces Best Performers: Long An, Bình Dương, Cà Mau, Bình Định, Đồng Tháp, Sóc Trăng, Tiền Giang, Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu, Quảng Nam, Bến Tre, Lạng Sơn, TP. Hồ Chí Minh, Sơn La, Bạc Liêu, Tuyên Quang and Đồng Nai Poor Performers: Điện Biên, Đắk Lắk, Bắc Giang, Lai Châu, Thừa Thiên-Huế, Lâm Đồng, Ninh Thuận, Ninh Bình, Tây Ninh, Bắc Ninh, Hà Giang, Hải Phòng, Trà Vinh, Quảng Ninh and Cao Bằng
Types of Corruption Central Coastal Provinces Zero Phu Yen Ninh Thuan Quang Ngai Khanh Hoa TT-Hue Binh Thuan Da Nang No Diverting of Public Funds No Bribes for Land Title No Bribes at Hospital No Bribes for Teachers' Favourit No Kickbacks on Construction No Bribes for State Employment Quang Nam Binh Dinh Perfect A large variation in citizens perception of corruption across 9 provinces in the region in 6 measured indicators. Citizens in Phu Yen tend to see more corruption all 6 indicators, despite lesser incidences in birbes for teachers favoritism. (Branch Size= % of respondents agreeing to the statements; Perfect =100% agreement) Citizens in Binh Dinh tend to see less corruption in terms of bribes for teachers favoritism at public primary schools, but more in other five indicators, especially bribes for state employment.
Nepotism at the Provincial Level Central Coastal Provinces Zero Khanh Hoa Phu Yen Ninh Thuan TT-Hue Quang Ngai Da Nang Binh Thuan Land Registry Commune Justice Officer Policeman Teacher People's Committee Quang Nam Binh Dinh Perfect (Branch Size= % of respondents agreeing to the statement that nepotism is NOT important; Perfect =100% agreement) Nepotism is prevalent across 9 provinces in the Central Coastal Region and the country as a whole in citizens views of state employment in all five sectors measured. Of the 9 provinces in the region, Binh Dinh sees less of nepotism as compared to other 8 provinces; but, needs a lot of efforts still to curb nepotism in state employement.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Public Administrative Procedures (Dimension 5) Central Coastal Provinces Certification Procedures Land Procedures Construction Permit Personal Procedures Da Nang Ninh Thuan Binh Dinh Binh Thuan Thua Thien Hue Phu Yen Quang Nam Khanh Hoa Quang Ngai
Provincial Performance in Public Administrative Procedures by Quartiles Central Coastal Provinces Best Performers: Quảng Bình, Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu, Nam Định, Đà Nẵng, Quảng Trị, Thanh Hóa, Đắk Nông, Bắc Kạn, Đồng Tháp, Long An, Lâm Đồng, Hà Tĩnh, Kon Tum, Bình Dương, Đồng Nai and Bình Phước Poor Performers: Bình Thuận, Thừa Thiên-Huế, Quảng Ninh, Cao Bằng, Phú Yên, Sóc Trăng, Hải Dương, An Giang, Lào Cai, Hà Giang, Quảng Nam, Khánh Hòa, Quảng Ngãi, Trà Vinh and Cần Thơ
Assessment of Quality of Certification Services Central Coastal Provinces Zero Khanh Hoa Ninh Thuan Binh Thuan Phu Yen Da Nang Binh Dinh Quang Nam Clear Information Fees Displayed Officials Competent Treated w/respect Paperwork Reasonable Clear Deadline Deadline Met Satisfied w/service TT-Hue Quang Ngai Perfect (Branch Size= % of respondents agreeing to the statements; Perfect =100% agreement) Except for Khanh Hoa, other 8 provinces in the region tend to perform well in certification services. In particular, citizens in Quang Ngai are satisfied with certification services in the province. Nonetheless, there are still areas where provinces could improve, including transparency of fees, competence and attitude of civil servants. Khanh Hoa needs to improve performance in all 8 indicators. Ninh Thuan needs to improve three indicators including publicity of fees, competence of civil servants, and deadline met.
Assessment of LURCs Application Procedures Khu vực duyên hải miền Trung Zero Quang Ngai Khanh Hoa Phu Yen Quang Nam Ninh Thuan Binh Thuan Binh Dinh Clear Information Fees Displayed Officials Competent Treated w/respect Paperwork Reasonable Clear Deadline Deadline Met Satisfied w/service Da Nang Perfect Among 8 provinces that have more than 7.5% of citizens having applied for land use rights certificates, citizens in Da Nang seems to be more satisfied. Still, citizens in Da Nang are not yet happy with the lack of clarity in information about required procedures, the red tape and unmet deadlines. Note: Provinces listed herein are those with more than 15 respondents in the total sample having applied for land use rights certificates. Binh Dinh seems to perform well in clear information about required procedures and reasonable paperwork, but needs to improve in the rest 6 indicators. Khanh Hoa needs to improve performance in all 8 indicators.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Public Services Delivery (Dimension 6) - Central Coastal Provinces Health Infrastructure Education Law and Order Da Nang Binh Dinh Thua Thien HueNinh Thuan Quang Nam Khanh Hoa Binh Thuan Quang Ngai Phu Yen
Provincial Performance in Public Service Delivery by Quartiles - Central Coastal Provinces Best Performers: Đà Nẵng, Hải Phòng, Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu, Quảng Bình, TP. Hồ Chí Minh, Long An, Hà Nội, Quảng Trị, Lạng Sơn, Hải Dương, Bình Định, Vĩnh Long, Kiên Giang, Thừa Thiên-Huế, Bến Tre and Vĩnh Phúc Poor Performers: Trà Vinh, Tây Ninh, Điện Biên, Cà Mau, Gia Lai, Quảng Ngãi, Thái Nguyên, Phú Yên, Cao Bằng, Lào Cai, Hà Nam, Yên Bái, Bình Phước, Hà Giang and Đắk Nông
Correlation between PAPI 2011 and Other Parameters
PAPI weighted, 2011 PAPI 2011 vs. PCI 2011 PAPI2011 is correlated with PCI2011 (r=0.2330*). There are clear differences between citizens and businesses assessments 34 36 38 40 42 Ha Nam Cao Bang Lam Dong Lang Son La Son Nam Dinh Thai Thai Nguyen Nghe An Vinh BinhLong Gia Lai Bac DakNong Kan Tuyen Quang DakLak Phu Yen Hoa Binh Quang Binh Binh Dinh Ha Noi Ben Tre Can Tho Quang Nam Binh Duong BR Vung Tau Da Nang Dong Thap Hai Phong Ca Mau Thua Thien-Hue Yen Bai Binh Phuoc Vinh Phuc Dong Nai Kon Tum Khanh Hoa Kien Giang Bac Giang Soc Trang Quang Ninh Phu Tho Ninh Thuan Bac Lieu An Giang Bac Ninh Hau Giang Quang Ngai Dien Bien Lai Chau Ninh Binh Hung Yen Binh Thuan Tra Vinh Ha Giang Hai Duong Tien Giang Thanh Hoa Tay Ninh TP.HCM Quang Tri 50 55 60 65 70 75 Provincial Competitiveness Index, PCI 2011 Ha Tinh Long An 95% CI Fitted values PAPI weighted, 2011 Lao Cai r=.23*
PAPI weighted, 2011 PAPI 2011 vs. GDP2010 The correlation between PAPI2011 and GDP2010 is strong and positive with statistic significance at 0.05% (r=0.3150**). Richer provinces do not necessarily do better than poorer ones. Being wealthy is not an advantage to higher levels of governance and public administration performance. 34 36 38 40 42 Bac Kan Lai Chau Dien Bien Cao Bang Kon Tum Ha Giang Quang BinhHa Tinh Lang Son Son La Quang Tri Hoa Binh Yen Bai Tuyen Lao Cai Quang DakNong Ninh Thuan Ha Nam Hau Giang Phu Yen Ben Tre Binh Dinh Nam Dinh Da Nang Quang Nam Binh Duong Dong Hai Thap Duong Tien Giang Thanh Hoa Can Tho Thai Nguyen Nghe An Vinh Gia Lai Long Thai Binh Hai Phong Thua Ca Thien-Hue Mau Binh Phuoc DakLak Vinh Phuc Khanh Hoa Dong Nai Bac Giang Soc Trang Kien Giang Quang Ninh Phu Tho Bac Ninh Bac Lieu An Giang Quang Ngai Ninh Binh Hung Yen Binh Lam Thuan Dong Tra Vinh Long An Tay Ninh BR Vung Tau 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 GDP 2010 at current prices (log10) 95% CI Fitted values PAPI weighted, 2011 Ha Noi r=.31** TP.HCM
PAPI weighted, 2011 PAPI 2011 vs. Human Development Index (HDI) 2008 Governance and Public Administration very strongly associated with overall Human Development Index (0.3723***). Provinces with higher levels of performance in PAPI also tend to have higher human development levels (or vice versa). 34 36 38 40 42 Lai Chau Ha Giang Dien Bien Son La Yen Bai Lao Cai Kon Tum Ninh Thuan Gia Lai Bac Kan Cao Bang Tra Vinh Quang BinhHa Tinh Lang Son Quang Tri Long An Binh Dinh Nam Dinh Ben Tre Quang Nam Hoa Binh Binh Duong Dong Thap Tien Hai Giang Duong Thanh Hoa Can Tho Nghe An Thai Nguyen Thai Binh Vinh LongHai Phong Thua Thien-Hue Ca Mau Tuyen Quang DakNong DakLak Binh Phuoc Vinh Phuc Khanh Dong Hoa Nai Soc Bac Trang Giang Kien Giang Quang Ninh Phu Tho An Giang Bac Ninh Ha Nam Bac Lieu Quang Ngai Hau Giang Phu Yen Ninh Binh Hung Yen Binh Thuan Lam Dong Tay Ninh TP.HCM Da Nang Ha Noi.55.6.65.7.75.8 Human Development Index, HDI 2008 95% CI Fitted values PAPI weighted, 2011 r=.37*** BR Vung Tau
Thank you for your attention! www.papi.vn Citation: CECODES, FR, CPP & UNDP (2012). The Viet Nam Governance and Public Administration Performance Index (PAPI): Measuring Citizens Experiences. A Joint Policy Research Paper by Centre for Community Support and Development Studies (CECODES), The Front Review of the Central Committee for the Viet Nam Fatherland Front (FR), Commission on People s Petitions of the Standing Committee for the National Assembly of Viet Nam (CPP), and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Ha Noi, Viet Nam.