1 2005 9 Taiwan: A Radical Quarterly in Social Studies No. 59, September 2005. NGO From Anti-Trafficking to Social Discipline: The Pastoral Project of Taiwan s Child-Protection NGOs by Josephine HO Keywords: human trafficking, child prostitutes, social discipline, global governance, child-protection, NGO, prostitution, sex work, enjo-kosai, pastoral power NGO 2003 2 2003 5 27 Ochanomizn 2003 10 4-5 2003 11 21-22 Form Anti-Trafficking to Social Discipline: Or, The Changing Role of Women s NGOs in Taiwan Trafficking and Prostitution Reconsidered: New Perspectives on Migration, Sex Work, and Human Rights, edited by Kamala Kempadoo, Jyoti Sanghera, and Bandana Pattanaik (Boulder, CO: Paradigm, 2005), 83-105 2005 1 26 2005 5 11. Received: January 26, 2005; in revised form: May 11, 2005. 320 300 email: sexenter@cc.ncu.edu.tw
2 NGO 1980 Abstract In the present paper, I trace the historical process of transformation through which the anti-trafficking discourse, understood in the Taiwanese context as the eradication of a specific form of underage aboriginal prostitution in the 1980s, came to articulate different sets of anxieties and interests in Taiwan in its postmartial-law era. I also trace the process of how, as the anti-trafficking cause quickly lost its relevance in the fast changing social reality of Taiwan, the pastoral project of the child-protection NGOs has now reconstituted itself into an intricate web of social discipline that embodies a vision of global governance.
3 Hershatter, 1997, 1998: 4 1980 1 2 I 1980 3 1. anti-sex sex negative abstinence 2.Tani Barlow 3. 1994: 38-50 Barlow Bland, 1995: 95-123; Hershatter, 1997, 1998: 3-12; Rosen, 1982, 1983,
4 NGO 4 5 6 4. 1970 1980 5. pastoral global governance 1980 1980 6. 1970 http://life.fhl.net/desert/97/s002.htm 1986 10 28 5 1986 11 5
5 7 1980 1985 11 1986 6 8 1980 7. 1979 1980 Defense for Children International 1983 1987 1989 http://www. child-abuse.com/childhouse/childrens_rights/dci_crc1.html 8. 1986 11 17 5
6 NGO 9 10 11 1987 1 10 31 9. 10. 1987 1 10 1 11. 1973 1982 1987
7 12 13 14 12. 13. civil society 14. 1997 1980
8 NGO 15 1948 16 17 18 19 1988 9 15. 16. 1987 17. 1987 3 8 1987 4 15 2 18. 1987 3 4 7 19. 1987 3 16 5
9 20 20. http://www.taiwanngo. org.tw/ngowbs/organization/showorg_axtpg.jsp?lang=cht&showorg=71 1988 1988 8 20 6
10 NGO 21 22 23 II 1987 24 21. 1988 1 10 10 22. 23. 5 24. 1988 3 5 10 1999 2003
11 1987 1990 1987 1990 1994 1988 1988 1990 ECPAT 1994 1992 7 6 NGO
12 NGO 25 26 25. 1993 1991 26. 1993 10 31 3
13 1990 27 1990 28 age politics 29 27. 1993 1997 28. 1993 10 17 1 29. 26 2000
14 NGO 30 31 30. 26 31. 2001 11 29 http://intermargins.net/repression/sexwork/types/ enjo/enjowebinncu/enjowebinncu_index.htm 2003 http://sex.ncu.edu.tw/animal-love/animal-love_index.htm
15 32 33 pedagogization surveillance 32. 1988 7 3 33. 23 1988 11 9 11
16 NGO 34 35 34. 32-62 35. 2000 12
17 36 7-11 37 38 39 http://npo.nccu.edu.tw/content/section03/item05_doc/1/s003.pdf 36. 43-50 37. 1993 1995 38. 1997 6 1992 39. No. 17 comunication/soc/17.htm http://new.ccea.org.tw/excel/
18 NGO 1993 11 14 40 1993 1995 40. 1993 1993
19 41 parental/pastoral power 42 NGO 41. 1993 12 25 41 29 42.Michel Foucault pastoral power The Subject and Power, 212-216 parental pastoral
20 NGO 43 1995 16 1997 power of the civil society NGO 44 43. 2004 1987 2002 http://www.ecpat.org.tw/ html/view02_04.htm 2004 44. http://www.goodshepherd.org.tw/ch/help/donate_money.htm 1990 1994
21 NGO III Michel Foucault pastoral power 1982 1983 215 1995 2002 1997 2003
22 NGO 1999 45 22 34 1999 46 9 29 29 OK 45. 1999 1999 3 31 3 46. 1999 4 1 2 1996 11 17
23 1999 47 80 47. 9 7 2004
24 NGO 1999 2500 29 48 29 49 48. 2002 115-116 1997 2001 10 tw/newsc/newsc/901214/90121401.html http://publish.gio.gov. Josephine Ho, From Spice Girls to Enjo Kosai: Formations of Teenage Girls Sexualities in Taiwan, InterAsia Journal of Cultural Studies 4.2 (Aug. 2003): 325-336. 49. 2001 http://intermargins.net/ repression/sexwork/types/enjo/enjowebinncu/enjowebinncu_index.htm 2004 29
25 web547 50 2002 5 web547 12 50. 1999 web547 http://www.web547.org.tw/index1.htm
26 NGO 2001 11 A 100 report1.htm http://www.web547.org.tw/ 547 PCHome 2002 12 51 web547 e 51. Yahoo! 2005 5 12 9:00 1 2 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 2005 6 23 A6
27 10 2003 web547 web547 MMS 2004 1 2004 4 Walkowitz Judith 1980: 37 web547 1995
28 NGO 52 53 54 52. NGO 2003 NGO pdf 53.2004 http://npo.nccu.edu.tw/content/section03/item05_doc/1/s003. 2003 22 16 2003 1 54. 2004 8 18 empower 303 empower 301-
29 55 56 IV 1980 sexual politics of age 55. 1997 56. NGO 1998 10
UNICEF ILO-IPEC 58 59 30 NGO 57 INTERPOL NGO 57. NGO 2005 NGO 58. http://www.ecpat.net/eng/ecpat_network/index.asp 59.2001 NGO tw/html/view01_05.htm http://www.ecpat.org.
31 60 NGO NGO NGO in sync Internet Hotline Providers web547 INHOPE The Association of web547 2005 INHOPE 61 60. 2004 NGO 2005 61. NGO
32 NGO 2001 2003 Sexual Violent Predator Act, SVPA Law Megan s 62 global governance UN World Bank WTO NGO MNC WHO 1995 62. 2003 7 8 A8
33 Commission on Global Governance global civic ethic 63 64 NGO 65 63. Our Global Neighborhood: The Report of the Commission on Global Governance, eco-logic, January/February, 1996. (http://www.sovereignty.net/p/gov/gganalysis. htm) 64. civic 65. 1. 2. 3. 4. http://www.goh.org.tw/chinese/about/aboutmiss1.asp
34 NGO power multi-centric world symbolic reputational institutions Vayrynen, 1999: 27 norms norms of respectability Iris Marion Young Young, 1990: 136-141 Vayrynen, 1999: 27 respectability materiality
35 2001 1993 66 2003 6 67 A 2004 12 66. http://publish.gio.gov.tw/newsc/newsc/901214/90121401.html 67. 2005 5 17 24 U24 Under 24 24
36 NGO 2005 7 1 2005 10 68 V sex industry anti-sex industry 1995 2003 Habermas juridification 68. 2003
37 1987: 357-373 governance NGO government gender mainsteaming age politics 29 2004 235 2003 69 2005 6 3 2005 69. 1997 29 235
38 NGO 70 15 Pamela Chen Break the Chain Campaign Joy Zarembk 71 70. 71.Break the Chain Campaign Institute for Policy Studies 1960 NGO
39 2002 1987-1996 2002 http://www.ncu.edu.tw/~eng/csa/year2002/papers/b2_2.doc 2003 092-046 2003 3 27 http://www.npf.org.tw/publication/ss/ 092/SS-C-092-046.htm 1980 48: 1-29 2002 NGO 16-31 2002 NGO 2002 NGO 32-55 http://taiwan.yam.org.tw/womenweb/papers/0004. htm 2003 2002 103-124
40 NGO 1996 159: 12-14 1997 3 : 85-120 2002 NGO 298-303 14 3 1993 11 1988 3 5 10 1987 1 11 5 2005 6 23 A6 1988 11 9 11 3 4 7 1988 8 20 6 1987 1987 3 16 5 10 31 3 1996 11 17 1993 2003 7 8 A8
41 3 31 3 1999 1986 11 17 5 1988 1 10 10 2004 8 18 Barlow, Tani. 2002. Asia, Gender and Scholarship Under Processes of Re-Regionalization. Journal of Gender Studies, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan, No. 5: 1-14. Bland, Lucy. 1995. Banishing the Beast: Sexuality and the Early Feminists. New York: The New Press. Foucault, Michel. 1982, 1983. The Subject and Power. Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics. Edited by Hubert L. Dreyfus and Paul Rabinow, 2nd edition. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 208-226. Habermas, Jurgen. 1987. The Theory of Communicative Action. Vol. Two. Life World and System: A Critique of Functionalist Reason. Boston: Beacon Press. Hershatter, Gail. 1997, 1998. Dangerous Pleasure: Prostitution and Modernity in 20th-Century Shanghai. Berkeley: U of California P. Ho, Josephine. 2003. From Spice Girls to Enjo Kosai: Formations of Teenage Girls Sexualities in Taiwan. InterAsia Journal of Cultural Studies 4.2: 325-336. Rosen, Ruth. 1982, 1983, 1994. The Lost Sisterhood: Prostitution in America, 1900-1918. Baltimore & London: Johns Hopkins.
42 NGO Vayrynen, Raimo. 1999. Norms, Compliance, and Enforcement in Global Governance. Globalization and Global Governance. Ed. by Raimo Vayrynen. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. 25-46. Walkowitz, Judith. 1980. Prostitution and Victorian Society: Women, Class and the State. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. Young, Iris Marion. 1990. Justice and the Politics of Difference. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.