Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific Aquaculture: With Special Reference to Developments in Asia.2 Aquaculture in Asia Sena S. De Silva Network of Aquaculture Centers in Asia Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Australia
The topics covered What is aquaculture Current production trends in Asian aquaculture Aquaculture practices Farming systems New practices Constraints to aquaculture development
Asian aquaculture: historical aspects Aquaculture: FAO definition A farming practice Increased production through intervention in the life cycle Ownership of the stock Asia:aquaculture, in one form or the other, practiced for >2 millennia First publication on Aquaculture >1500 years old:
Asian aquaculture: historical aspects Aquaculture was practiced by boat people; perhaps the origin of cage culture practices Was integrated with agriculture from time immemorial Still practiced widely Many modern challenges Rice cum fish-culture equally old
Asian aquaculture: production trends Globally, 350 species belonging to 245 are cultured Asia & the Pacific 204 species; 84 families Perhaps a disadvantage However, about 12 species produced in excess of 1 million tonnes China s dominance in production volume and value is most obvious Percent Contribution in Volume and Value to Global Production/ Value 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 China Leading Nations in Aquaculture Production Production (t) Value (x 1000 US$) India Philippines Indonesia Japan VietNam Thailand ROK Bangladesh Chile Percent 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 China Production (%) Value (%) India Philippines Indonesia Japan VietNam Thailand ROK Bangladesh Chile Drawn from FAO, 2007, based on 2004 statistics
Asian aquaculture: production trends Globally Aquaculture : production in 2005 > 50 million t Valued at over 70 billion US$ Asia accounts for > 85 Production (million t) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Asia total Global total 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Average rate of growth about 9% per year Fastest growing primary industry sector in the last 50 years Value (US$ x 1000) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Asia total Global total 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Asian aquaculture: environments Asian aquaculture: Freshwater Brackish water Marine Marine high due to seaweed If not still dominant in freshwater In volume In value Production (million t) Value (US$ x 1000) Asia total Asia brackish water Asia mariculture Asia freshwater 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1996 2000 2005 Asia total Asia brackish water Asia mariculture Asia freshwater 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1996 2000 2005
In Asia: the main commodities Commodity wise Finfish Crustaceans Molluscs Seaweeds Others Finfish most important Seaweeds Molluscs Almost the same production trends Production (t) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1996 2000 2005 Slight increase in crustacean Ot hers 0% 2005 Seaweeds 23% Seaweeds 25% Others 1% Finf ish 49% Finfish 47% Molluscs 25% Crustaceans 3% 1996 Molluscs 21% Crustaceans 6%
In Asia: the main commodities- Value Value; Minor changes The proportionate contributions have remain almost unchanged Others, 61,978, 0% Seaweeds, 7,079,597, 23% M olluscs, 7,545,152, 25% Crustaceans, 925,010, 3% 1996 Finf ish, 15,138,478, 49% 2005 Others, 453,987.90, 1% Seaw eeds, 14,760,825, 25% Finfish, 26,757,552, 47% Molluscs, 12,355,967, 21% Crustaceans, 3,644,151, 6%
Marine/ Brackish water farming systems: Production trends Relatively new development in Asia Still restricted to a few countries in the region a few high valued species Groupers (Epinephalus spp.) Seabass (Lates calcarifer) Cobia(Rachycentron canadum) Crab fattening Babylon culture Investment costs relatively high
Asia dominates marine & brackish water aquaculture World and Asia Brackishwater Aquaculture from 1980-2004 (5 year average) Asia World % of Asia World and Asia Mariculture from 1980-2004 (5 year average) Asia World % of Asia Production (104) 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 85% 83% 82% 76% 78% 86% 84% 82% 80% 78% 76% 74% 72% % Asia Production (104) 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 86% 87% 89% 90% 90% 90% 89% 88% 87% 86% 85% 84% % Asia 0 1980-1984 1985-1989 1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2004 70% 0 1980-1984 1985-1989 1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2004 83% Year Year
Marine/ Brackish water farming systems: Production trends Production and value of brackish & marine increased steadily Brackish water more value compared to production proportion Production (x10 6 t) 30 25 20 15 10 5 Production Brackish Value Brackish Production Marine Value Marine 25 20 15 10 5 Value (x10 9 US$) 0 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Year 0
Marine/ Brackish water farming systems: Production trends Marine fin fish 1.021x106 t; 0.33x106 t in 1992 Accounts for 38% of global Brackish water: 0.713x106 t; 0.393 x106 in 1992 Accounts for 62% of global Assumptions Marine finfish- cage 50% of brackish w. cages; Total cage Asian production 1.378x106 t 4.052 x109us$ Production (x10 3 t) Production (x10 3 t) 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 Marine Finfish Crustaceans Molluscs % Finfish % Crustaceans % Molluscs 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Year Finfish Crustaceans Brackish water Molluscs %Crustaceans %Finfish %Molluscs 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Year 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Percentage Percentage
Commodity groups in Asian marine & brackish water aquaculture Asian Brackishwater and Mariculture Production by Species Group based on FAO Classification from 1980-2004 (5 year average) Misc Aquatic Animal Freshw ater & 1% Diadromous Fish 17% Demersal Marine Fish 1% Crustaceans 4% Pelagic Fish 8% Molluscs 68% Marine Fish Nei 1%
Aquaculture at a glance: the farming systems C o n t i n u u m Extensive Natural food Semi-intensive Intensive Basic distinction : SD Susceptibility /Disease External feed Management inputs Capital lay out In intensive culture all nutrition for the stock has to be provided for externally:
Features of Asian aquaculture The great bulk of Asian aquaculture production Is through small scale, individual holdings Holdings clustered together generate synergies Shrimp farm size distribution in India. Total acreage 0.152 x10 6 ha (Jyaraman, 2007) <2ha 91% 2-5 ha 6% >5 ha 3% Easier for dissemination of Technologies best management practices Cirata Reservoir, Indonesia XinCun Bay, PR China Shrimp farms in Thailand
Features of Asian aquaculture 2. What is small scale? Difficult to define!! Limited land or water area Family sized operations/businesses Often using family labor Often based on family land Maybe diffused through a local area Or highly concentrated around specific resource (e.g. water supply) Often with limited access to technical financial and market services
The importance of small-scale farming in Asia: Largest group of aquaculture farmers in Asia Major contributor to production in many countries over 80% in some countries (eg Vietnam) Therefore major contributor to global fish supplies! Highly innovative sector Critical for rural development, employment and poverty reduction Large numbers of farmers, but difficult to regulate Individual farms not particularly impacting, when aggregated their impact may be significant
Asian aquaculture: its future Can Asian aquaculture grow unabated? Or can it be sustained at the current levels? What are the constraints? Can these be overcome? 80 70 Percent chang e 60 50 40 30 20 10 y = -0.3719x 2 + 6.1379x + 44.466 R 2 = 0.8681 0 5 10 15 20 Five year blocks
Freshwaters limited: What is the way foreword? Intensification Improved management Genetic improvement of suitable species Increased efficacy of farm made feeds More integration with animal production Improved marketing; better profits Still be low cost
Asian aquaculture: how has it reached this level? Increase in culture area Freshwater Marine (relatively new) Brackish water Improved technologies Hatchery technologies Reduced dependence on wild caught fry Better quality and availability of seed stocks Better health/ feed management Intensification Diversification Culture systems: Cage Pond Pens Integrated farming Rice-fish culture
Constraints to aquaculture developments: Freshwater aquaculture Freshwater resources limiting; Increases in production through intensification Improved Husbandry Feeds Genetically, etc.
Constraints to aquaculture developments: freshwaters: useable fw on the planet very limited Water resources; freshwater is very limiting on earth (from Shiklomanov, 1990; Smith, 1998) World s total water (1,385,984,000 km 3) saline ocean & seas 97.5% Worlds freshwater (35,029,000 km 3 ) Freshwater 2.5% Ice caps & glaciers 76.0% Groundwater 23.5% Surface, soil, atmosp. Soil & surface fw lakes-54% 0.5% (94578 km 3) soil moist. 38%
Constraints to aquaculture developments: freshwaters: Asia has the lowest per caput availability Asia is blessed with the largest extent of inland water resources, but caput availability is lowest in the world 16000 14000 Total availability Per capita availability 13510 82.20 90 80 Total availability (km 3 /yr) 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2900 7890 17.40 4050 12030 38.20 2360 70 60 50 40 30 20 Per capita availability (m 3 /yr) 2000 4.23 5.72 3.92 10 0 Europe N&C America Africa Asia S America Australia & Oceania Continent 0 From Nguyen & De Silva, 2006; based on data from Shiklomanov, 1998
Freshwaters limited: What is the way foreword? Genetic improvement (not specific to fw) 300 1945 1985 Egg production 120 egg/year 320 egg/year Milk production 2000 l/year 5000 l/year poultry Increase in productivity (%) 200 100 milk pork salmon 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Adaptet from Aquagen / Eknath et al., 1999
Intensification Has limits Needs to be based on the carrying capacity of the water body Often exceeded Proneness to diseases increased Fish kills Conflicts with other users Economically disastrous Abandoned cages
Constraints to aquaculture developments: feeds and feed management Feeds used in aquaculture Three basic types Usage related to intensity of practice (from De Silva, 2007)
Feeds and feed management: some generalizations Great bulk of carp culture e.g. India Mix of ingredients farm-made feeds Freshwater carnivores Farm-made feeds; use trash/ low value fish Commercial feeds Carps, tilapias, shrimp, brackish water fin fish Bulk of marine fin fish culture trash/ low value fish
Feeds Commercial feeds One main ingredient Fish meal/ fish oil: finite biological resources (5 kg raw fish1 kg fish meal) Almost a peak in traditional production Amounts used varies from feed to feed» Tilapia feeds on average 15-20%» Marine fish feeds on average 40-50%» Eel feeds on average 40-45% Global, controversial issue» Environmental» Resource limitations» Moral & ethical; Improper resource usage Needs to look for new alternatives
Commercial, pelleted feeds Marine and diadromous species Sea bass, grouper, milk fish Crustaceans shrimp Freshwater species e.g. eels, tilapias Farm- made feeds Marine and brackish water species Extensive crustacean culture Carp culture Trash fish Marine fish grouper Crustaceans mud crabs Molluscs Babylon Types of feeds used
Constraints to aquaculture developments: feeds and feed management The main bone of contention is: Fish meal / fish oil availability/ price Limited resource Ethical issues on use of a biological resource Animal feeds Potential direct human consumption Extensive use by the aquaculture sector Trash fish/ low value fish direct usage in aquaculture (from De Silva, 2007)
Fish meal production: Global perspective Global production trends (from IFFM web site) Fish meal - China (x 1000 t) 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Production Consumption 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Production and consumption in China (from GAIN report, 2005) China currently uses 18% of fish global fish meal production
Feeds: Global perspective 52,6% (2003) 86,8% (2003) Aquafeeds 1994 : 963.000 tonn 2003 : 2.936.000 tonn 1994 : 234.000 tonn 2003 : 802.000 tonn
Fish meal usage - global (based on data from Pike & Barlow, 2003) Use of fish meal in poultry and pig industries is destined to decline Not because of a reduction in production volume But because 9of improved feeds - less fishmeal but equally effective Can the aquaculture industry achieve likewise? Ruminants 1% Pigs 29% Others 9% 2002 Aquaculture 34% 2010 Poultry 27% 27 Ruminants 0% Others 15% 15 Pigs 22% Aquaculture 48% Poultry 15%
Fish meal usage in Asia Estimations based on production Based on production values for 1990, 2000, 2004 (FAO statistics) Species groups considered Crustaceans Marine diadromous finfish Milk fish Freshwater fish Catfish Cichlids Anguillids Different criteria % production based on fish feeds Amount of fish meal in feeds CE Fish meal usage in feeds in Asia (t) 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 500,000 0 1990 2000 2004 2010/a 2010/b 2010/c 2010/a - 10% increase in production from 2004 level 2010/b - 15% increase in production from 2004 level 2010/c - 20% increase in production from 2004 level
Fish oil usage - global (based on data from Pike & Barlow, 2003) Aquaculture Industrial Edible Pharmaceutical 2 14 2 30 56 5 79 12 2002 2010 2 1 2 2010 95
Fish meal usage in Asian aquaculture Fish meal (tonnes) Fish meal usage in feeds in Asia (t) World 7,000,000 6,000,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 0 Production Usage/Aquac. % Usage 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 500,000 0 1990 2000 2004 2010/a 2010/b 2010/c Asia Asia uses nearly 84% of fishmeal that is globally used in aquaculture But Asia produces only about 17% Silver lining FM usage is expected to decline in spite of production increases Is this decline sufficient to attain long term sustainability? What is needed to be done?
Trash fish/ low valued species used in Asian aquaculture: single species/ mixed specious lots Atule spp. Mixed spp Selar spp Rasterlliger spp. Sardinella spp Nemipterus spp
Trash fish usage in Asian aquaculture The term trash fish/ low value used rather loosely Often fish destined for human consumption is used as trash fish; even bought from the normal market in some small scale mariculture practices Trash fish usage increased with increased mariculture activities Primarily used for species such as grouper, seabass (also for catfish culture - Vietnam) Estimated use of trash fish in Asian aquaculture about 2 to 3x106 t year -1
Trash fish usage in Asian aquaculture: the need for level playing fieldglobally Schematic diagram indicating the different channels of usage of fish as feed in the Asia- Pacific region Fish as Feed Used for Human Food Production Pet Food Industry Direct Indirect (Trash fish fishery) Fish meal? Raw Forms Processed Forms Cat feed (2.319 m.t.) Live e.g. Chinese Mandarin fish (676,000 t) By-catches Trash fish / low valued fish (2.167-3.862 m.t.) Fish meal (2.4 m.t.) Raw materials (10.3 m.t.) Fish oil (tonnage usage?) Gourmet feeds? Unsuitable for human consumption May be suitable for human consumption Farm made feeds Commercial feeds
Trash fish usage- also need fro a global level playing field The proportion of global trash fish/ low valued fish by different sectors (from De Silva et al., 2007b) 5.2 million t of wild catch fish exploited for hedonist needs satisfaction Domestic cats 6.0% (2.3 million t as raw fish ) Others (fur animal and pet) 7.5% (2.9 million t reduced into fish meal) Pigs 18.4% (7.1 million t reduced into fish meal) 38.9 million t of wild catch fish globally not directly exploited as human food Aquaculture 44.8% (4 million t as raw fish and 13.4 million tonne reduced into fish meal) 260.1 million t of meat, 626.4 million t of milk and 63.3 million t of eggs, produced globally Ruminants 0.8% (0.3 million t reduced into fish meal) Poultry 22.5% (8.8 million t reduced into fish meal) 32.2 million t of finfish and crustaceans produced by aquaculture globally 13.2 million t of molluscs produced by aquaculture globally Animal protein as human food 56.1 million t of wild finfish, crustaceans and molluscs caught globally used for human consumption
Trash fish usage in Asian aquaculture Trash fish used mostly due to: Farmer perception that it is more effective Pellet feeds more costlier Ignores the fact that CE 8-16:1 with trash fish 1.5 to 1.7 with pellet feeds Needs farmer education A step wise transformation to pellet feeds Trash fish + ingredients; farm made feed Wean gradually to pellet feed Demonstration units Often farmers collect their own trash fish
Trash fish usage in Asian aquaculture Trash fish many disadvantages Availability highly seasonal Quality variable Very low conversion efficiency Nutrient discharge to the environment greater High wastage
How do we reduce the dependence on fishmeal? Improved feed formulation Expected reduction in fish meal inclusion in feeds E.g. shrimp 25 to 20% Marine fish 45 to 40% Tilapia 7 to 5% More effective utilization by products in feeds in the region animal industry Aquatic food industry waste (tuna canning) Increase feed utilization efficiency; better feed management practices We overfeeding our fish Feed storage Feed bags exposed to the elements: quality deteriorates: feed utilization efficiency decreases Aren t we overfeeding our fish?
Feed utilization The key nutrients utilized for growth is rather small Needs to increase the utilization of nitrogen, provided in the form of protein, in particular Also increase the utilization of phosphorous Increased utilization results in Better growth and higher profits Decrease discharge of these elements Reduces negative impacts on water quality We do not wish to see fish kills and / or red tides
Feeds Environment Source and fate of nutrients in aquaculture - feed utilization Nutrients in feed (N and P) Consumed Assimilated Body tissues Correct size Fines/dust Uneaten food Faeces Gill excretion (N) Particulate matter (N and P) Dissolved Nutrients (N and P) The Environment
Feeds-Environment: Food utilization in cage culture Food Production (25%) Dissolved fraction (62%) Particulate fraction (13%)
Feeds - Environment Nutrient Mass Balance model for silver perch NUTRIENT INPUT 162 kg N/tonne fish 34 kg P/tonne fish 82.5% consumed 133 kg N & 28 kg P per tonne fish FCR = 2.45 P in feed = 1.4% N in feed = 6.6% NUTRIENTS IN EFFLUENT 17.5% Not consumed 29 kg N & 6 kg P per tonne fish Faecal & excreted wastes 101 kg N & 18 kg P per tonne fish NUTRIENT REMOVED PER TONNE OF FISH HARVESTED 32 kg N & 10 kg P per tonne fish The Environment 130 kg N & 24 kg P per tonne fish
General considerations Feeds and feed management Key issues Use of low value/ trash fish, Use of sustainable sources Need to reduce dependence on fishmeal & fish oil Efficient use of feeds Management options Feed is major cost providing incentive for better management Alternatives to fish as fish food will be essential (plant-based for many freshwater fish) Increase the efficacy of farmmade feeds
Major issues Apart from feeds others go hand in hand in order to be sustainable Environmental Technical Social Economic Markets Government policy, institutions and skills levels are generally supportive
General considerations: Species selection, movements Key issues species selection/suitability to local environment, exotics, trans-boundary movements, use of wild fry, ecological impacts of introductions/escapes Management options Gov t control on introductions/movements (partial success) Responsible and awareness of business sector
Key issues Impacts on habitats, other aquaculture farms Resource users Suitable sites Management options Site selection, licensing Zoning of suitable areas Common practice, sometimes difficult (skills/management required) Many on-farm management options Vast potential for improvement General considerations Habitats, sitting, location
General considerations Main Lessons Coastal aquaculture contributes to fish production and continues to grow General reasons: Market demand (and driven) Government policy support Input resources (feed, seed, water areas, finance available etc) Economics and profit Skills/Technical support Lessons: Coastal aquaculture is vulnerable Successes and failures Management actions by Govt and private sector can reduce risk Balanced approach essential considering all fish production systems and users
When we have such good fish why go for alien species?
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