Research Journal of Fisheries and Hydrobiology, 6(2): 49-53, 2011 ISSN 1816-9112 49 ORIGINAL ARTICLES Length-Weight Relationship and Condition Factor of Pontic Shad, Alosa immaculata (Pisces: Clupeidae) From the Southern Black Sea Savaş Yılmaz, Nazmi Polat Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55139, Kurupelit, Samsun, Turkey ABSTRACT Seasonal variations in the length-weight relationship and condition factor of pontic shad, Alosa immaculata Bennett, 1835 collected from the Turkish Black Sea coast were investigated. A total of 730 individuals, 438 female and 292 male, were caught between December 2004 and October 2005. The length-weight relationships of females and males did not differ statistically in the same season. However, the length-weight relationships of sexes were seen to vary depending on the seasons. The parameter b of length-weight relationship was determined as 3.303 in females and 3.249 in males. The condition factor ranged from 0.550 to 1.064 for females, with a mean value of 0.794 and from 0.557 to 1.047 for males, with a mean value of 0.761. The highest condition factor in both sexes was obtained in spring. The average condition factor of female and male individuals >21 cm total length displayed an upward trend. Key words: Length-weight relationship, condition factor, pontic shad, Alosa immaculata, Black Sea Introductıon The length-weight relationship (LWR) in fish is significantly important in terms of fishery ecology and stock management. The LWRs allow determining the average weight of the fish in a certain class of length (Beyer, J.E., 1987), estimating the productivity and biomass of a fish population (Hossain, M.Y, 2006) determining the condition factor of fish (Bolger, T 1989) making a morphological comparison between species and populations (King, R.P., 1996; Goncalves, J.M.S, 1997). Also, we can get information about the type of fish growth (whether isometric or allometric) by means of LWR (Ricker, W.E., 1975). Condition factor (K) is a parameter that indicates to what extent the fish are healthy or their relative well-being. The variations in the condition factor reflect firstly their sexual developmental stage and feeding level (Wootton, R.J., 1990; Williams, J.E., 2000 ). The pontic shad, Alosa immaculata Bennett, 1835 from Clupeidae family, is an anadromous fish of economic value. The main habitats of this species are the Black Sea, the Azov and Caspian Seas (Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985; Coad, B., 1997). It has a pelagic life and prefers to feed the southern part of the Black Sea (Ciolac, A., 2004). Small fishes and crustaceans constitute its main food (Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985). The pontic shad enters the Danube, Dniester, Dnieper, Don, Bug and Volga rivers for spawning (Coad, B, W., Navodaru, I). Their spawning occurs between May and August (Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985, Kottelat M. 2007). The pontic shad is found off the coasts of the Black Sea and the Marmara Sea in Turkey(Eryılmaz, L.S., 2001; Turan, C., 2007) The stocks of pontic shad in the Black Sea have decreased mainly due to excessive fishing and pollution Navodaru, I 2003. Studies on determining their supplies and biological features must be promoted and their fishing must be regulated in the light of findings of these studies in order to take the most advantage of the supplies of pontic shad in future and to sustain the supplies Zengin, M, 1998. Some studies on the methods of determining the age of pontic shad, their length-weight relationship, population structure, reproduction features and reproduction migrations have been carried out before in the Black Sea (Samsun, O., 1995; Özdamar, E., 1995; Yılmaz, S, Kalaycı, F), the Marmara Sea (Ergüden, D., 2007) and the Danube River (Navodaru, I., 1996; Ciolac, A. Ciolac, A., 2004; Visnjic-Jeftic, Ž., 2009). In this study, the temporal variations in the length-weight relationship and condition factor of the pontic shad caught off the Black Sea coast of Turkey were examined depending on the sexes, the seasons and length classes. Materıals and Methods The study was carried out between December 2004 and October 2005. The sampling was conducted monthly off Samsun coast of the Black Sea by means of gill nets of various sizes and bottom trawl. No samples were captured between May and August due to legal fishing ban. For this reason, it was not possible to obtain Corresponding Author: Savaş Yılmaz, Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55139, Kurupelit, Samsun, Turkey E-mail: savasyilmaz033@yahoo.com
50 data regarding this period of time, summer. All fish were measured to the nearest 0.1 cm for total length (TL) and weighted to the nearest 1 g total weight (W). Sex was macroscopically determined from gonad examination. Whether there was a deviation from the expected value of 1:1 in sex ratio was checked by means of the chisquared test (Zar, J.H., 1999). Length-weight relationship were calculated via the formula W = al b (Bagenal, T.B, 1978). In the formula, W is the weight of the fish (g), L is the total length (cm), a is the constant and b is the slope. The parameters a and b of the LWR were determined through the linear regression analysis based on logarithms, log W = log a + b log L. The strength of the LWR was evaluated by means of regression coefficient (r 2 ). The fish obtained in December-February, March-May, September-November were pooled into winter, spring and autumn, respectively. The slopes of LWRs of females and males were compared for significant difference in same season and among seasons by analyses of covariance (ANCOVA). Whether the growth of the fish was isometric (b=3) or allometric (b<3, b>3) was determined by the student s t-test (. Zar, J.H., 1999). Fulton s condition factor (K) was calculated using the equation K = W / L 3 x 100 (Ricker, W.E., 1975), where W is the weight of the fish (g) and L is the total length (cm). K values of the sexes were separately determined according to the seasons and their total length classes. Difference between K values of females and males in same season was tested by the student s t-test. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare K values of sexes among the seasons (Zar, J.H., 1999). Results and Dıscussıon From the total of 730 specimens of pontic shad captured during the study period, 438 (60%) were females and 292 (40%) were males. The ratio of female:male proved to be 1:0.67. It was found that this ratio reflected a significant deviation from the 1:1 (x 2 = 14.747, P<0.001). The sex ratios of the species were reported as 1:0.82 by Samsun (Samsun, O., 1995), 1:0.68 by Özdamar ( Özdamar, E., 1995) and 1:0.86 by Kalaycı et al. (Kalaycı, F) in the Black Sea; 1:1.03 by Ergüden et al. (Ergüden, D) in the Marmara Sea. Our findings are in line with the previous studies carried out in the Black Sea in terms of the sex ratio. The total lengths of the fish studied are between 10.2 cm and 38.8 cm in both sexes, with a mean value of 23.l cm. The length-frequency analyses showed that most specimens belong to the 31 cm length group in females and 17 cm length group in males (Figure 1). It was seen that there were 8 individuals (7 females and 1 male) the total lengths of which were over 35 cm long. The total length distributions of pontic shad in the previous studies carried out in the Black Sea were reported before to be 11.6-34.0 cm (Samsun, O., 1995), 8.5-39.9 cm (Özdamar, E., 1995), 11.9-27.7 cm (Kalaycı et al. 2007) Ergüden et al. (1838) determined that the fork length distribution in the Marmara Sea was 12.0-33.0 cm. Our findings are consistent with the results of previous studies. Fig. 1: Distribution of the total lengths of Alosa immaculata captured from the southern Black Sea coast. The seasonal descriptive statistics, parameters of the length-weight relationship, and condition factor values of pontic shad are given in Table 1. It was seen that there are strong relationships between the lengths and weights of the fish (r 2 >0.973, P<0.001). The values of parameter b in this study were within the expected range of 2.5-3.5 (Ricker, W.E., 1975), but they can vary between 2 and 4 (Bagenal, T.B. and F.W. Tesch, 1978). The b values of seasonal LWRs ranged from 3.142 (autumn) to 3.297 (winter) for females and from 3.137 (autumn) to 3.243 (winter) for males. Totally, the b coefficient of the LWRs for females, males and combined sexes were computed as 3.303, 3.249 and 3.285, respectively. No significant difference was observed in slopes of females and males within season (ANCOVA, P>0.05). This means that the female and male individuals are the same body shapes in the same seasons. However, the b values of females and males varied in statistical terms among the seasons (ANCOVA, P<0.05). In this case the body shapes of the sexes varied seasonally. It is thought that the seasonal fluctuations in the b values of the sexes of pontic shad resulted from their feeding ratios and gonad
51 developments. On the other hand, the fact that all the b values calculated according to the sex and the season were over 3 (t-test, P<0.05) indicates that pontic shad has a positive allometric growth (Table 1). The parameter b of the LWR for the females, the males and all samples of pontic shad off the coast of the Black Sea in Turkey was reported to be 3.393, 3.339 and 3.389 by Samsun ( Samsun, O., 1995); 3.477, 3.392 and 3.338 by Özdamar [18] ; 3.067, 3.216 and 3.124 by Kalaycı et al. ( Kalaycı, F, 2007). These parameters were determined as 2.814, 2.866 and 2.851 in the Marmara Sea ( Ergüden, D). Our results are consistent with those of the previous studies carried out in the Black Sea, while they are higher than those of the study in the Marmara Sea. The differences can be attributed to the ecological features of the studied areas. Besides, LWR in fish is influenced by many factors such as presence of food, feeding ratio, gonad development, spawning period, season, sex and habitat (Bagenal, T.B. and F.W. Tesch, 1978). The condition factor (K) varied between 0.550-1.064 in females (n=438) and between 0.557-1.047 in males (n=292). A statistical difference (P<0.05) was detected between the average K value of females (K= 0.794) and males (K=0.761). The K values of females and males did not reflect statistical difference in the same season except in winter (t-test, P>0.05), while statistical differences were observed among the seasons (ANOVA, P<0.001). The highest K value in both sexes was obtained in spring (Table 1). This case is thought to have resulted from sufficient nutrition and especially from gonad development. This is because it is known that gonadal development in pontic shad starts in spring and ends in summer (Kottelat M. and J. Freyhof, 2007; Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985). Table 1: Seasonal descriptive statistics, estimated parameters of length-weight relationship, and condition factor values of Alosa immaculata in the southern Black Sea coast. Length (cm) Weight (g) Parameters of LWR Condition Factor Season Sex n Min Max Min Max a b 95% CI of b r 2 K SE Range F 89 10.2 37.2 7 528 0.0030 3.297 3.266-3.328 0.994 0.766 0.006 0.550-1.026 Winter M 25 11.4 35.5 10 425 0.0036 3.243 3.202-3.285 0.991 0.745 0.005 0.557-0.955 B 14 10.2 37.2 7 528 0.0032 3.278 3.255-3.303 0.993 0.757 0.004 0.550-1.026 F 79 14.7 38.8 22 535 0.0037 3.259 3.139-3.379 0.974 0.906 0.009 0.693-1.064 Spring M 24 15.1 33.2 25 330 0.0041 3.225 3.003-3.447 0.975 0.883 0.016 0.715-1.047 B 03 14.7 38.8 22 535 0.0038 3.249 3.145-3.354 0.974 0.901 0.008 0.693-1.064 F 70 14.0 36.2 19 390 0.0049 3.142 3.067-3.216 0.991 0.786 0.010 0.600-0.996 Autum M 43 14.0 33.5 20 368 0.0050 3.137 3.040-3.234 0.990 0.781 0.012 0.657-1.006 n B 13 14.0 36.2 19 390 0.0050 3.139 3.082-3.197 0.991 0.784 0.007 0.600-1.006 F 38 10.2 38.8 7 535 0.0030 3.303 3.276-3.329 0.993 0.794 0.005 0.550-1.064 Total M 92 11.4 35.5 10 425 0.0035 3.249 3.212-3.286 0.990 0.761 0.005 0.557-1.047 B 30 10.2 38.8 7 535 0.0032 3.285 3.264-3.307 0.992 0.781 0.004 0.550-1.064 F, female; M, male; B, both sexes; n is sample size; Min, minimum; Max, maximum; a and b, parameters of LWR; CI, confidence interval; r 2, coefficient of determination; K, Fulton s condition factor; SE, standard error of mean. The average K values for both sexes according to total length classes are indicated in Figure 2. The K value varied between 0.646 (11 cm length class) - 0.915 (39 cm length class) in females and between 0.668 (13 cm length class) - 0.933 (35 cm length class) in males. While the K values in females and males fluctuated in < 21 cm length classes, it tends to increase more and more in > 21 cm length classes. The mean K values for females, males and entire population of pontic shad from the Turkish coast of the Black Sea were reported as 1.21, 1.02 Fig. 2: Mean condition factor value (solid square) per total length class and range (vertical bars) for both sexes of Alosa immaculata in the Turkish coast of Black Sea. and 1.12 (Samsun, O., 1995) and 0.68, 0.71 and 0.78 (Özdamar, E., 1995), respectively. These values were estimated as 1.10 for females, 1.05 for males and 1.08 for overall specimens in the Marmara Sea (Ergüden, D,
52 2007) The findings of ours in K value seem to be more consistent with those of Özdamar s. (Özdamar, E., 1995) The differences in K values are thought to have resulted from the effects of such factors as ecological features of the studied areas, the period of sampling, and the length and weight distribution of the samples. Also, the K value can vary depending on such factors as state of sexual maturity, feeding level, fullness rate of the stomach, age of the fish, season and sex (Williams, J.E., 2000; Olurin, K.B. and O.A. Aderibigbe, 2006). Acknowledgments The authors thank the fishermen for their help during sampling. References Bagenal, T.B and F.W. Tesch, 1978. Age and growth. In: Methods for Assessment of Fish Production in freshwaters (ed. Bagenal, T.B.), Blackwell Science Publication, Oxford, pp: 101-136. Beyer, J.E., 1987. On length-weight relationship. Fishbyte, 5(1): 11-13. Bolger, T and P.L. Connolly, 1989. The selection of suitable indices for the measurement and analysis fish condition. Journal of Fish Biology, 34: 171-182. Ciolac, A and N. Patriche, 2004. Structure of danube shad (Alosa pontica Eichwald, 1838) spawner flocks migrating for reproduction in Danube River. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 2(2): 53-58. Ciolac, A., 2004. Migration of fishes in Romanian Danube River. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 2(1): 143-163. Coad, B.W., N.A. Hussain, T.S. Ali and K.E. Limburg, 2003. Middle Eastern shads. In: Biodiversity, status and conservation of the world s shads (Eds., Limburg, K.E. and Waldman, J.R.), American Fisheries Society Symposium 35, Maryland, pp: 59-67 Coad, B., 1997. Shad in Iranian waters. Shad Journal, 2(4): 4-8. Ergüden, D., C. Turan and C. Çevik, 2007. The growth features of pontic shad Alosa pontica (Eichwald, 1838) in the Sea of Marmara, Turkey. Journal of Biological Sciences, 7(4): 685-688. Eryılmaz, L.S., 2001. A study on the bony fishes caught in the south of the Sea of Marmara by bottom trawling and their morphologies. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 25: 323-342. Goncalves, J.M.S., L. Bentes, P.G. Lino, J. Ribeiro, A.V.M. Canario and K. Erzini, 1997. Weight-length relationships for selected fish species of the small-scale demersal fisheries of the south and south-west coast of Portugal. Fisheries Research, 30: 253-256. Hossain, M.Y., Z.F. Ahmed, P.M. Leunda, S. Jasmine, J. Oscoz, R. Miranda and J. Ohtomi, 2006. Condition, length-weight and length-length relationships of the Asian striped catfish Mystus vittatus (Bloch, 1794) (Siluriformes: Bagridae) in the Mathabhanga River, southwestern Bangladesh. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 22: 304-307. Kalaycı, F., N. Samsun, S. Bilgin and O. Samsun, 2007. Length-weight relationship of 10 fish species caught by bottom trawl and midwater trawl from the Middle Black Sea, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 7: 33-36. King, R.P., 1996. Length-weight relationships of Nigerian freshwater fishes. Fishbyte, 19(4): 53-58. Kottelat M and J. Freyhof, 2007. Handbook of European Freshwater Fishes. Kottelat, Cornol, Switzerland and Freyhof, Berlin, Germany. Navodaru, I and J.R. Waldman, 2003. Shads of Eastern Europe from the Black Sea: review of species and fisheries. In: Biodiversity, status and conservation of the world s shads (Eds., Limburg, K.E. and Waldman, J.R.), American Fisheries Society Symposium 35, Maryland, pp: 69-76. Navodaru, I., 1996. Exploitation of Alosa pontica in the Danube Delta, Romania. In: Stock Assessment in Inland Fisheries (ed. Cowx, I.G.), Fishing New Books, Oxford, pp: 448-453 Olurin, K.B and O.A. Aderibigbe, 2006. Length-weight relationship and condition factor of pond reared juvenile Oreochromis niloticus. World Journal of Zoology, 1(2): 82-85. Özdamar, E., 1995. Examination of pontic shad (Alosa pontica Eichwald, 1838) caught by the bottom trawl in the Samsun Bay from the point of view of fisheries biology. In: Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi II. Su Ürünleri Sempozyumu, Erzurum, pp: 570-583 (in Turkish). Ricker, W.E., 1975. Computation and interpretation of biological statistics of fish populations. Bulletin of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 191: 1-382. Samsun, O., 1995. The length-weight relationships of the shads (Alosa pontica Eichw., 1838) in the mid of the Turkish Black Sea. Ege Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 12: 15-20 (in Turkish). Turan, C., B. Öztürk, D. Ergüden, M. Gürlek, D. Yağlıoğlu and N. Uygur, 2007. Atlas of bony fishes of Turkey. In: Atlas and Systematics of Marine Bony Fishes of Turkey (Ed. Turan, C.), Nobel Kitabevi, Adana, pp: 83-485 (in Turkish).
53 Visnjic-Jeftic, Ž., M. Lenhardt, I. Navodaru, A. Hegediš, Z. Gačić and M. Nikčević, 2009. Reproducibility of age determination by scale and vertebra in pontic shad (Alosa pontica Eichwald, 1838), from the Danube. Archives Biological Sciences, 61(2): 337-342. Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985. FAO Species Catalogue. Clupeoid Fishes of the World. An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of the Herring, Sardines, Pilchards, Sprats, Anchovies and Wolf-herrings. Part 1. Chirocentridae, Clupeidae and Pristigasteridae. FAO Fisheries Synopsis., 7(125, Pt. 1): 303. Williams, J.E., 2000. The coefficient of condition of fish. In: Manual of Fisheries Survey Methods II: With Periodic Updates (Ed. Schneider, J.C.), Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Fisheries Special Report 25, Ann Arbor, pp: 1-2. Wootton, R.J., 1990. Ecology of Teleost Fishes. Chapman and Hall, London. Yılmaz, S and N. Polat, 2002. Age determination of shad (Alosa pontica Eichwald, 1838) inhabiting the Black Sea. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 26: 393-398. Zar, J.H., 1999. Biostatistical Analysis. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey. Zengin, M., Y. Genç and Ü. Tabak, 1998. A research on catch data of important commercial fish species caught from 1990 to 1995 in the Black Sea. Final Report, Tarım ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı, Tarımsal Araştırmalar Genel Müdürlüğü, Trabzon Su Ürünleri Araştırma Müdürlüğü, Trabzon, Turkey (in Turkish).