Better Training for Safer Food PPRV infection and disease in wildlife Initiative Bryony Jones, Royal Veterinary College, University of London SHEEP AND GOAT PLAGUE (PPR) This presentation is delivered under contract with the Consumers, Health, Agriculture and Food Executive Agency (http://ec.europa.eu/chafea). The content of this presentation is the sole responsibility of Opera S.u.r.l., the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lombardia e Emilia Romagna and the State Food and Veterinary Service of Latvia and it can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the Consumers, Health, Agriculture and Food Executive Agency or any other body of the European Union. The Consumers, Health, Agriculture and Food Executive Agency or any other body of the European Union will not be responsible under any circumstances for the contents of communication items prepared by the contractors. BTSF Sofia, Bulgaria 6 th -8 th June 2018
Outline Role of wild animals in PPR epidemiology Evidence of infection and disease in wild animals Disease outbreaks Bharals (Pseudois nayaur) Serological evidence Experimental infections Implications for PPR surveillance and control 1 African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) photo: B Jones
Wild goat (Capra aegagrus) PPRV hosts Domestic species Sheep and goat Cattle, buffalo, yak, camel, pig Wild animals Order Artiodactyla Ruminants Deer Impala Wildebeest, hartebeest, topi Antelopes gazelle, saiga African buffalo, eland Caprines; ibex, wild sheep & goats Duiker Oryx Waterbuck, Kob Suids pigs 2 Wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) photo: R Kock
Which species of wild animals are present in Bulgaria and Greece? Ruminants? Suids? 3
Why is wild animal PPRV infection important? Risk to endangered species Possible role in spread of PPRV Possible role in maintenance of PPRV Wild species as sentinels Saiga antelope (Saiga tatarica) 4
What is the role of wild animals in PPR epidemiology? Dead end hosts: virus spill-over from small ruminants to wild species followed by burn-out Bridge hosts: virus spill-over from small ruminants to wild species, with subsequent spill-back into domestic animals, connecting otherwise unconnected domestic populations Maintenance hosts: PPR virus transmission is maintained by one or more species, or a community of species, in the absence of domestic animal infection 5
Sheep and goats PPR infection Virus transmission Wildlife Dead-end host? - virus spill-over from small ruminants to wild species, followed by burn-out. - If we eliminate PPRV from sheep and goats there will be no source of infection for wildlife. 6
Sheep and goats Wildlife Sheep and goats PPR infection Virus transmission Bridge host? virus spill-over from small ruminants to wild species, spill-back into domestic animals. Infection burns out in wildlife without repeated spill-over. Elimination of PPRV from sheep and goats removes source of infection for wildlife. 7
Sheep and goats Wildlife Sheep and goats PPR infection Virus transmission Maintenance host? PPRV transmission is maintained by one or more wildlife species, or community of species, in the absence of domestic animal infection. If PPRV is eliminated from small ruminants, there is risk of re-infection from wildlife. 8
What evidence is there of infection and disease in wild animals? Clinical outbreaks in wild populations Clinical outbreaks in captive/managed animals Natural infection sero-positive animals Experimental infection 9
PPR outbreaks in wild animal populations Outbreak in wild population 10
Bharals (Himalayan blue sheep) in Tibet, China (Bao et al, 2011) 2007-08 clinical disease - bharals (Pseudois nayaur), Mongolian gazelle (Procarpa gutturosa), Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsoni) Confirmed PPR antigen in bharals sequenced virus closely related to PPRV in sheep and goats in Tibet PPR outbreaks confirmed in sheep and goats in 2007 in same area Bharals (Himalayan blue sheep) 1.2 million bharals in Tibet, also in Himalayas of Nepal, India, Pakistan, Bhutan 11
Sindh ibex in Pakistan (Abubakar et al, 2011) 2009 high mortality outbreak in ibex (Capra aegagrus blythi) in a national park, Pakistan history of PPR in sheep and goats in the area - contact with sheep and goats through grazing and watering Fig. 1 Female ibex showing clinical signs: oculonasal discharges and emaciation Approx. 15,000 ibex in the park, also deer and markhor goats 12 Fig. 2 Caseous material on gums and mouth lesions
Wild goat (bezoar ibex) in Kurdistan, Iraq (Hoffman et al., 2012) 2010-2011 high mortality in wild goats (Capra aegagrus), >2,700 deaths Confirmed PPR antigen, sequencing showed similar to a Turkish strain (a) Mucopurulent nasal discharge Sheep and goats PCR positive in the area, routine vaccination of small ruminants in region Wild goat rare, ancestor of domestic goats, related to Sindh ibex (b) Ulcerative keratitis and conjunctivitis 13
Siberian ibex in Xinjiang, China (Zhu et al., 2016, Xia et al., 2016, Li et al, 2017) Deaths of ibex (Capra ibex sibirica); PPRlike signs (fever, ocular & nasal discharge, mouth lesions, pneumonia, diarrhoea), 2014-2015 PCR positives; ibex, argali (Ovis ammon), goitered gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa) PPRV isolated, sequence closely related to 2013 virus from sheep & goats South Xinjiang - large grassland with ibex, argali, wild yak and deer, sharing pasture and water with livestock Siberian ibex Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:siberian_ibex_ (Capra_sibirica)_04.jpg 14
Wild goats and wild sheep, Iran (Marashi et al 2017) PPRV confirmed in wild goats (Capra aegagrus) and wild sheep (Ovis orientalis) PPR-like signs, high mortality six national parks affected, 2014-2015 PPR disease confirmed in sheep and goats around one of the parks prior to wild animal deaths. Wild goats (Capra aegagrus) Source: http://awwp.alwabra.com/?page_id=1362 15
Saiga antelope, Mongolia (Kock and Bolortuya, 2017) Outbreak in sheep and goats in confirmed Sept 2016 Dec 2016 Feb 2017 PPR-like signs, 5-6,000 deaths of saiga (Saiga tartaric mongolica), 50-60% mortality Confirmed by PCR, sequencing showed closely related to sheep and goat virus Sibirian ibex, goitered gazelle also infected Sick and dead saiga, Mongolia Source: Richard Kock 16
PPR outbreaks in wild animal populations Outbreak in wild population Outbreak in captive/managed animals 17
Clinical PPR outbreaks in captive/managed animals Dorcas gazelle, Laristan sheep, Nubian ibex, gemsbok United Arab Emirates (Furley 1987) Likely source was nearby flock of goats with recent high mortality Unaffected Arabian oryx, scimitar-horned oryx, red deer, defassa waterbuck, nilgai, dama gazelle, bontebok, blackbuck. Dorcas gazelle, Thomson s gazelle - Saudi Arabia (Abu Elzein et al 2004) PPR in Saudi Arabia since 1990, PPR-like disease seen in sheep and goats in the area Unaffected blesbok, gemsbok, fallow deer, zebra Impala, springbok, Arabian mountain gazelle, Rheem gazelle, bushbuck, Nubian ibex, Markhor goat, Barbary sheep 2 outbreaks in UAE (Kinne 2010) Source unknown Arabian mountain gazelle Saudi Arabia (Sharawi 2010) One flock affected, neighbouring sheep and goats flocks with PPR-like disease Chowsingha India (Jaisree et al., 2017) Chowsingha antelope (Tetracerus quadricornis) in a zoological park, 20/25 animals died with acute respiratory signs no direct contact with domestic animals Chinese water deer China (Zhou et al., 2017) Chinese water deer (Hydropotes inermis) on farm in Anhui Province, east China Sequence showed close relationship to sheep and goat virus 18
PPR outbreaks, antigen detection, serology in wild animal populations Outbreak in wild population Outbreak in captive/managed animals Antigen in healthy animals 19 Positive serology
PPR serology in Turkey 10/82 sera (12%) sero-positive from goitered gazelle (Gur and Albayrak, 2010) No clinical disease Endangered native species, approx. 850 animals kept on a state farm, south-east Anatolia PPR previously confirmed in sheep and goats in this region 20
PPR serology in West and Central Africa 2/247 (0.8%) seropositive from parks in Cote d Ivoire (Couacy-Hymann et al., 2005) Positives - buffalo, waterbuck Negatives - kob, hartebeest, roan antelope, bushbuck, red-flanked duikers, blue duikers, warthogs Sero-positives in Burkina Faso, Chad and CAR - hartebeest, kob and buffalo (PACE Veterinary Wildlife Project, Chardonnet and Kock 2001) Benin 3/16 (19%) buffaloes seropositive (PACE project, 2003) African grey duiker 4/38 (10.5%) sero-positive, Nigeria (Ogunsanmi et al 2003) 21
PPR serology in East and Central Africa 1990-early 2000s 1994-2003 rinderpest (RP) surveillance in East Africa (Kock et al 2006) 10/675 seropositive (1.5%) buffalo, eland, topi and warthog from southwest Ethiopia 1996-2004 RP surveillance, East and Central Africa (Kock 2008) - 998 sera collected 30/576 (5%) buffalo and 1/33 eland (3%) seropositive in Kenya, Ethiopia-Sudan, DRC-Chad-CAR All other species sampled were negative: Grant s gazelle, giraffe, hartebeest, impala, kob, kudu, nyala, oryx, roan antelope, topi, warthog, waterbuck, wildebeest, bushbuck, gerenuk, sable antelope Uganda and Tanzania all negative 22
PPR serology in East and Central Africa - recent Uganda - PPR reported in sheep and goats 2003, official report to OIE 2007 15/51 buffalo (29%) sero-positive - 2005 (Kock 2008) 12/67 buffalo (17.9%), 5/39 kob (12.8%) sero-positive 2015* 5/30 buffalo (16.7%) sero-positive 2017* Kenya - Major outbreak in sheep and goats 2006-2008 15/115 (13.0%) sero-positive; buffalo, impala, Thomson s gazelle, Grant s gazelle, wildebeest, gerenuk, warthog, 2016* Tanzania 2008 outbreak in sheep and goats in north, spread to south by 2010 Buffalo, Thomson s gazelle, Grant s gazelle samples collected 2010-2012 in northern protected areas, all negative (Lembo et al. 2013) 29/46 (63%) sero-positive 2014; buffalo, Grant s gazelle, wildebeest, impala* 11/18 (61%) sero-positive 2015; buffalo, Grant s gazelle, topi, hartebeest* *unpublished data from EU ANIHWA ERANET Improved Understanding of PPR (IUEPPR) Project 23
Experimental infection American white-tailed deer; developed clinical disease, transmitted to other deer (Hamdy and Dardiri, 1976) Wild boar; developed mild-moderate clinical signs (fever, diarrhoea, nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, leucopenia) and infected in-contact goats* *unpublished data from EU ANIHWA ERANET Improved Understanding of PPR (IUEPPR) Project 24
In summary wild outbreaks only in Asia (so far), mainly in wild caprines no clinical PPR disease seen in Africa (so far) African species are susceptible to disease in captivity or managed conditions in Middle East All outbreaks were per-acute or acute, typical PPR clinical signs, high mortality but has milder disease gone unnoticed? All outbreaks were associated with confirmed or suspected disease in domestic sheep and goats 25
Discussion What are the implications of these findings for PPR surveillance and control in Europe? Possible susceptible wild species? Role of wild animals: sentinel of domestic animal infection bridge host? maintenance host? Beisa oryx in Ethiopia photo: B Jones 26
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