SUB Hamburg WITNESS V A Hugkpapha Historian's Strong-Heart Song of the Lakotas * JOSEPHINE WAGGONER* Edited and with an introduction by EMILY LEVINE Foreword by LYNNE ALLEN University of Nebraska Press Lincoln & London
^ CONTENTS * List of Illustrations xi Foreword by Lynne Allen xvii Acknowledgments xix Editor's Introduction by Emily Levine Editorial Policy xliii Lakota Phonology and Pronunciation Josephine Waggoner's Family Tree xxv xlix li Ethnography, History, Her Story Introduction byjosephine Waggoner 3 Life Sketch 6 PART 1. Dakota/Lakot'a Ethnography, Culture, and Society 1. Creation as told by Makhula 15 2. The Origin of Fire by Makhula 19 3. Makhula's Dream 20 4. Sioux Legends and Traditions and Their Origins 22 5. Ancient Legends of the Sioux 32 6. The Arrow Makers 37 7. Dakota and Lakota Oyate Band Organization 40 8. Some Cultural Miscellany 53 9. Language 55 10. Meaning of Names 59 11. Some Dakota Geography 61 12. Buffalo Hunt 63 13. The White Buffalo 65 PART 2. Tribal History/Her Life 14. The Cramping Death 69 15. The Mackinaw (Mackinac) Attack Near Burnt Wood Creek (Charjguyapi) 71 16. The Grattan Massacre 73 17. Fort Laramie and Horse Creek, 1865 75 VLL
i8. The Wagon Box Fight 79 19. Early Life: Grand River Apple Creek Standing Rock, c. 1870-75 81 20. West to Powder River, 1875 102 21. Standing Rock, Winter 1875-76 113 22. Tliahaqska Thagka, John Bruguier 120 23. Standing Rock and Montana, 1876 78 127 24. The Surrender 144 25. Life on the Reservation 163 26. Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, 1881 88 177 27. Hampton and Back to Standing Rock: Working with Missionaries, 1888 89 194 28. After Sitting Bull's Death: Wounded Knee, 1890 91 218 29. Stock Rustling on the Reservation 227 30. Married Life 233 Lives of the Chiefs and Other Biographies Acknowledgments byjosephine Waggoner 240 PART 1. Isaqyathi, Santee Dakota 1. Tamahe, the One-Eyed Sioux 243 2. Istahba, Sleepy Eye 247 3. Irjkpaduta, Scarlet Point 250 4. Thaoyateduta, Little Crow 279 5. Thiwakftar), Holy House 287 PART 2. Ihaqktfiuqwaq/IhaqktHuqvvaqna, Yankton/Yanktonai 6. Pfialaniyaphapi, Struck by the Ree 291 7. Tliathaqkapha, Bull Head Sr. 299 8. Nasunatfiagka, Big Head 301 9. Matho Gnaskigyag, Mad Bear 304 10. Charjhpi'luta, Red Tomahawk 308 11. Tfiathagkapha, Lieutenant Henry Bull Head Jr. 310 PART 3. Thftfiuqwai], Teton Lakota SECTION 1. Sihasapa, Blackfeet 12. Wakutemani, Shoots Walking 317 13. Matlio Wathakpe, John Grass 320 14. Chaqtehi, Goose 324 15. Charjte Plieta, Fire Heart 328 SECTION 2. Oohenuqpa, Two Kettle 16. Matlio Thuchuhu, Bear Ribs 331 17. Miwatani Haqska, Tall Mandan 337 Vlll
I8. Zirjtkalakirjyar), Swift Bird 339 19. Matlio Topa, Four Bear 341 20. Suggleskasapa, Black Spotted Horse 343 SECTION 3. Itazipcho, Sans Arc 21. Waanataij, Charger 349 22. Kliaggf Wfyaka, Crow Feather 352 23. Hewagzica, One Horn 353 24. Warjbh'gleska, Spotted Eagle 354 SECTION 4. Mnikhowozu, Miniconjou 25. Magaska, White Swan II 359 26. Thalicahuste, Lame Deer 362 27. Uqphangleska, Spotted Elk (Big Foot) 365 28. Chaqhaliake, Hump 368 29. Magaska, White Swan IV 371 30. Matho Cfk'ala, Little Bear 373 31. Kirjyar) Hiyaya, Flying By 374 32. Thasuqkezi, Yellow Horse 376 33. Mastfrjcalagleska, Spotted Rabbit 379 SECTION 5. Hugkpaptia, Hunkpapa 34. Tliathoka Iqyaqke, Running Antelope 383 35. Wichalipi Maza, Iron Star 393 36. Matho Ite, Bear Face 394 37. Tfiatliai]ka Iyotake, Sitting Bull 396 38. Chetai] Wakigyag, Thunder Hawk 417 39. Phizf, Gall 422 40. Thathagka Hegleska, Spotted Horn Bull 427 41. Hohii Chaqfipf, Bone Club 429 42. Matfio Oci'ijsi'ca, Cross Bear 430 43. Ituqkasaq Matho, Weasel Bear 431 44. Iteomagazu, Rain in the Face 435 45. Wagbh'liota, Gray Eagle 439 46. Heyokliahmi, Real Buffalo 442 SECTION 6. Oglala, Oglala 47. Mahpfyaluta, Red Cloud 447 48. Thasugke Kfiokipfiapi, They Are Afraid of His Horses 453 49. Thaopicfk'ala, Little Wound 456 50. Wasfcu Thasugke, American Horse II 459 51. Thasiigke Witko, Crazy Horse 461 SECTION 7. Sichaqgu, Brule 52. Thukfmaza, Iron Shell 465 IX
53- Matfio Ofi'agkfio, Swift Bear 468 54. Nugpa Kapha, Two Strike 471 55. Sigte Gleska, Spotted Tail 473 56. Surjka Bloka, He Dog 481 57. Matho Kawfrjge, Turning Bear 483 58. Wagleksuij Tfiarjka, Big Turkey 486 59. Matfiohefilogeca, Hollow Horn Bear 488 60. Tnasurjke Wagkatuya, High Horse 491 Afterword: History of the Manuscripts 493 Appendix 1: The Chiefs Who Fought and Surrendered 517 Appendix 2: The Keepers of the Peace Pipe Since Brought by the Buffalo Maiden 523 Appendix 3: Police at Sitting Bull Fight 525 Appendix 4: Josephine Waggoner's Bibliography 527 Appendix 5: Winter Counts 529 Appendix 6: Poems 577 Appendix 7: Lakota Land Dispossession 581 Notes 587 Bibliography 703 Index 727 x