What is an animal? Introduction to Animals 2 Multicellular chemoorganoheterotrophs Eukaryotes that lack cell walls and chloroplasts Have mitochondria Are motile at some point in their lives Snails, Octopus, Clams, Mussels, Chitons, etc. Mantle ** - secretes shell in shelled organisms Muscular Foot ** - used for locomotion Visceral Mass ** - where body organs are found Snails, Octopus, Clams, Mussels, Chitons, etc. Mantle ** - secretes shell in shelled organisms Muscular Foot ** - used for locomotion Visceral Mass ** - where body organs are found Radula may or may not be a synapomorphy, but all Molluscs groups have it except for Bivalves http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/molluskevol.gif 1
Snails, Octopus, Clams, Mussels, Chitons, etc. Trochophore larvae No lophophore Some have Veliger larvae (after trochophore stage) Class Bivalvia (Clams, mussels, scallops) No radula 2 shells connected by a hinge http://www.mun.ca/biology/dinnes/mussels/mussel.jpg Class Polyplacophora (Chitons) 7-8 shell plates Class Gastropoda (snails, limpets, slugs, abalone) http://today.duke.edu/sites/default/files/stories/chiton%20image%20420.jpg?1302797367 http://www.marietta.edu/~biol/biomes/images/shores/shield_lim pet_6150.jpg Class Cephalopoda (octopus, nautilus, cuttlefish, squid) Group Ecdysozoa All Protostomes Molt to grow https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4qigw639o og Bilaterally symmetric Cephalization http://www.3dvalley.com/gallery/var/albums/raymond-salter/cuttle.jpg?m=1324185009 2
Phylum Nematoda Phylum Tardigrada Roundworms Whip-like body motion Molt cuticle to grow (not an exoskeleton) Not segmented Water bears Cuticle, not an exoskeleton https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6h0e77t dyny https://dco.gl.ciw.edu/sites/dco.gl.ciw.edu/files/images/11414 _nematoda.jpg http://www.thrivenotes.com/wpcontent/uploads/2012/08/tardigrade1.jpg Jointed appendages Jointed appendages Segmented Fused segments called Tagma Head Thorax Abdomen http://museumvictoria.com.au/spidersparlour/images/legs2.gif http://www.amentsoc.org/images/insect-body-structure.jpg Subphylum Trilobita All extinct 3 tagma Biramous appendages 1 pair of antennae Unclear about type of mouth parts Subphylum Chelicerata Chelicerae (pincher or fang-like) 2 tagma (Cephalothorax and Abdomen) No antennae Uniramous apendages 4 pairs of walking legs http://www.daviddarling.info/images/c helicerae.gif http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/trilobite_se tions-en.svg/220px-trilobite_sections-en.svg.png 3
Subphylum Chelicerata Class Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, mites and ticks) Class Merostomata (horseshoe crabs) Class Pycnogonida (sea spiders) Subphylum Crustacea 2 pairs of antennae Biramous appendages Mandibles (no chelicerae) More than 4 pairs of walking legs http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_acadf0kit5i/s9oujgbchei/aaaaaaaaaua org/polar/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/sea_spider-16.jpg /ukqm0gstjz8/s1600/horseshoecrab.jpg Subphylum Crustacea Class Malacostraca (isopods, amphipods, crabs, lobsters, barnacles) Subphylum Myriapoda 2 tagma (head and trunk) Uniramous appendages Mandibles http://www.toptenz.net/top-10-facts-about-millipedes.php/centipede-vs-millipede 3 tagma Uniramous appendages 1 pair of antennae Mandibles modified into different types for different types of feeding Different types of development Mouth parts differ http://www.robinsonlibrary.com/science/zoology/invertebrates/arthropoda/insecta/general/graphics/mouth.gif 4
Ametabolous direct development Hemimetabolous incomplete development Holometabolous complete deveolpment Order Orthoptera (crickets, grasshoppers) Large femurs on last pair Four wings Chewing mouth parts Hemimetabolous http://www.infovisual.info/02/img_en/044%20morphology%20of%20an %20anthopteran.jpg http://www.zo.utexas.edu/faculty/sjasper/images/udl9_26_37.jpg Order Hemiptera (true bugs, water bugs) Half wings (diamond shape on back) Half shield wing Four wings Piercing/sucking mouth parts Hemimetabolous http://www.idratherbewriting.com/wpcontent/uploads/2007/07/grasshopper.jpg http://tolweb.org/tree/tolimag es/lygaeidaemelanocoryphus-a2.250a.jpg Order Hymenoptera (bees, ants, wasps) Membrane bound wings 4 wings (2 pairs) Abdomen bigger than thorax Chewing mouth parts http://sp2.fotolog.com/photo/34/26/39/treebeard/ 1252978935775_f.jpg http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/imag es/compendium/hymenoptera/hymen1b.gif Order Diptera (flies and mosquitoes) One pair of flying wings Other modified into halters (used for balancing) Lapping/sucking mouth parts Order Coleoptera (beetles) 2 pairs of wings (4 wings total) 1 pair of wings are shield wings 1 pair of wings are used for flying (under shield) Chewing mouth parts http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/i MG_0487_Coleoptera.JPG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/crane_fly_hal teres.jpg/320px-crane_fly_halteres.jpg http://www.inra.fr/hyppz/dessins/8032009.gif 5
Order Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths) 2 pairs of wings (4 wings total) Scales on wings Siphon like mouth parts (sucking) Includes sea stars, sea urchin, sea cucumber, sand dollars, brittle stars http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d3w4ocn HyCs Adults are radially symmetric, larvae are bilaterally symmetric Regeneration of body parts http://www.kidzone.ws/animals/monarch2.jpg http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/190/cache/censusmarine-life-tiny-star-fish-larva_19056_600x450.jpg Catch Connective tissue can maintain muscular contraction without expending energy lock muscles Neural net Have a Water Vascular System type of hydrostatic skeleton Class Asteroidea sea stars Arms Ossicles form endoskeleton Class Ophiuroidea brittle stars Flexible and fragile arms No anus http://www.duiops.net/seresvivos/galeria/estrellas/spiny%20brittle%20star.jpg 6
Class Echinoidea sea urchins and sand dollars Spines on sea urchins Test (shell) forms internal skeletal material Class Holothuroidea sea cucumbers Look spiny, but soft Expel guts when threatened http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lkwslg5pdiu 7