Interviewers: Gary London; Affa Sigurdardottir; Saundra Magnusson Martin

Nordic American Voices Nordic Heritage Museum Interview of Ivar Reiten February 28, 2015 Seattle, Washington Interviewers: Gary London; Affa Sigurdardottir; Saundra Magnusson Martin Gary London: [0:09] This is an interview for the Nordic American Voices oral history project. Today is February 28, 2015, and we ll be interviewing [Ivar] Reiten. We are at the Nordic Heritage Museum in Seattle, Washington. There are three of us doing this interview. My name is Gary London. We also have Saundra Magnusson Martin: [0:33] Saundra Magnusson Martin. Affa Sigurdardottir: [0:35] And Arnfridur Sigurdardottir. I think the name was Ivar, not Ivan. Gary: [0:42] Is it Ivar? Ivar: [0:43] Yeah. Gary: [0:44] Okay. Ivar: [0:45] Yeah. Gary: [0:46] Sorry. Yes. Let us begin, Mr. Reiten, with your memories of your grandparents. Can you tell us where they re from; who they were? Ivar: [1:02] Yeah. I grew up on an island a little west of Molde, called Otrøya. It s called [inaudible 1:17] kommune in Norwegian. My grandparents all grew up on the island there. My grandpa on my mom s side, he had been over in Minnesota for about four years. So I heard a lot of American history from him. [1:42] Then my grandpa on my father s side, he had a brother who had immigrated to Minnesota in the Minneapolis area. He had been back home as well, and went back over to the States. The last we heard from him was after World War Two. I recall there came a letter, and he was asking if anybody was still alive after the Germans had been there, and all that. I hope you got them out of the country. [Laughter] [2:28] My parents as well, I heard a lot, because my mom also had a sister who had immigrated to the States and landed in Poulsbo, Washington. In 1950 they came home and visited. That kind of got me started. My aunt said, You should take a trip over and see how you like it. And I came over. Nordic American Voices Page 1 of 13

[3:12] I started immigration work back in Norway. There was a certain quota, so it took a couple of years. I went to Oslo and got all the papers in order and came back, and then I came across on the old Stavangerfjord. I crossed the Atlantic three times on that ship. [3:39] I came here in 1952. Because I figured, I m fishing in Norway; I might as well be fishing on the west coast. My aunt was married to a fisherman in Poulsbo and fished for halibut and salmon. And I fished with him for about four or five years. But anyway, in 1954, I went back home for Christmas to Norway. I came back in the spring of 1955. Then it was another ten years before I went back and visited Norway. [4:27] I started working with an uncle I had up in Petersburg, another brother on my mom s side. He had a cannery up there, and we built a freight boat together and hauled fish- canned salmon, and everything, out of Petersburg to Seattle- frozen fish. When king crab got into the industry, we converted it to king crab processing. I got heavy into the fishery and king crab processing and salmon. From there, whatever comes along. Anyway, I have had a lot of good years in the States here, and also in Norway. I m planning a trip this summer. Gary: [5:32] Good. Can you tell us a little bit about your memories of your grandparents? Ivar: [5:42] The families? Gary: [5:43] Yeah. Your grandparents on your mother s and father s side. Ivar: [5:48] Yeah. My grandparents on my father s side, like I said to start with, he had a brother who wound up in the States. My grandma on my father s side, she had two brothers in her family that wound up in North Dakota. So my dad had a lot of relatives over here. My mom and dad came over to the States back in 1960 and he finally [inaudible 6:33] so he could visit. There was old schoolteacher that used to come by, my dad s [inaudible 6:45] make his trip ever summer to the coast. He carried his golf clubs along when he was up in his eighties. [Laughter] [6:53] My grandparents on my mom s side, they had two children over here, like I said, a son and a daughter. My grandpa had been over here in the Red River Valley area, I think he called it. Like I said, I have a lot of farmer stories from them. [Laughter] Gary: [7:30] Yeah. So were your grandparents farm people? Ivar: [7:36] Farm people? Gary: [7:38] Yeah. Ivar: [7:39] No. Well, in Norway along the west coast, they had a little farm. But most of the money they made from fishing. Gary: [7:48] Fishing. Ivar: [7:48] Yeah. My dad had a fishing boat, a family fishing boat, so when I started fishing with him it was in a family fishing boat. My dad, he was running the boat when I first started fishing. Nordic American Voices Page 2 of 13

That was back after the war. There wasn t much going on during World War Two. I was about twelve when the war broke out. There wasn t much you could do. After the war was a pretty slow time in Norway, so it was easy for a young fellow to get a chance to go someplace else. When I got a good chance to come over, I went for it. [Laughter] Gary: [8:45] Yeah. Ivar: [8:46] Yeah. Gary: [8:46] Can you tell us a little about what it was like growing up in Norway in those early years of your life? Ivar: [8:54] In World War Two? Gary: [8:56] Even before World War Two. Ivar: [8:59] Yeah. In fact, I could see the town of Molde from the island, and it all went up in flames. The whole city was burned down, because it was nothing but wooden buildings in those days, most of it. So Molde was completely burned down. Mainly because the Germans were chasing the king and the parliament, because they left Oslo and came over. [9:37] There is a picture of King Haakon standing by a birch tree up in Molde, seeing the city burning. Then all the gold was put on trucks and was taken with him. They loaded it onto some boats and took it over to England. And the king and the family wound up in northern Norway. Then the British warship brought them over to England. [10:20] Even on the island, we had Germans stationed, because they built a fort on the island. There were several forts around the fjord, just in case, with a torpedo station and everything. But it was pretty much difficult at the time, because you couldn t do anything. The [inaudible] had taken even the radio receivers and everything. They were afraid you shouldn t be hearing what goes on on the other side. [Laughter] Affa: [11:05] So did Germans live with your family? Ivar: [11:09] No. They didn t do anything to our property. But they took our fishing boat to use for watch boats and stuff. Saundra: [11:23] How did you hear about news of the king? Ivar: [11:27] What? Saundra: [11:27] How did you hear news of the king? Ivar: [11:30] The king? Saundra: [11:31] Yeah. When he left Norway during the war, how did the people hear about where the king was going and what was going on? Nordic American Voices Page 3 of 13

Ivar: [11:42] During the beginning of the war, you knew pretty much everything that was going on. Saundra: [11:48] You still were able to have newspapers? Ivar: [11:50] Yeah. And then there were a few people I knew that got killed during the beginning of the war. When the Germans went into Denmark, they didn t have a chance. Because I mean, they rolled right into Denmark. Quisling had figured out that everything should be on kind of a [inaudible 12:20] basis so they could get into Norway. [12:23] There was one fort out in Oslofjord. There was a fort out there, and someone who was on watch, and said, Something is going on here, because I haven t got any order about any ships that are supposed to come in. So he fired and sunk one. And [inaudible 12:49] quite a bit. But just the same, they came into Oslo and offloaded tanks and everything else. [12:58] Norway wasn t prepared for that. So they came, and they had I can t recall how many troops, but a lot of troops in Norway. They had a lot of the Navy for a while in Norway, because they could hide them away there in the fjords. When they built the big ships, the Bismarck and the [inaudible 13:34] and the Tirpitz, they were similar to the Missouri, the Mighty Mo, as we call it here. [13:44] They got all sunk, of course. They had figured they were all invincible, that nobody was going to take those ships. But the Tirpitz used to hide up in the fjords in northern Norway and [inaudible 14:02] convoy come up to the States to Russia with supplies. But they finally got her, too. I saw her laying. She had turned practically over. There were about three thousand soldiers lost on that one. There were ships sunk along the whole coast from the beginning of the war. [14:30] The harbor in Narvik was [inaudible 14:35] before they got it cleaned up, because so many ships sunk there, between the Allied and the Norwegians and the Germans. Mainly I think why the Germans wanted to get Norway was their favorite island supply [inaudible 15:00] came from Narvik out of Sweden on the railroad down there. And then they used to take the ships to Germany. So I think it was for supply, for keeping the Navy. They figured Norway would be quite important for them. Sweden was so far away, they didn t bother the Swedes. [Laughter] Gary: [15:29] So, do you have any personal recollections of Germans being in your area? Any interaction with them at all? Ivar: [15:41] Yeah. I know one evening, me and a friend of mine went to a movie in Molde. Everything was dark, no streetlights. Even the windows had blinds on them. So I walked right on into a German soldier. I think he got more scared than I did. [Laughter] But he grabbed at me and said, Don t you know you re supposed to go in the road for the soldiers? It turned out okay, anyway, but you could never tell where they were coming from. Anyway Gary: [16:33] Were you aware of the resistance during that time? Ivar: [16:39] I was in it for a little bit. Nordic American Voices Page 4 of 13

Gary: [16:42] Oh, you were? Ivar: [16:43] Yeah. Gary: [16:43] Tell us about that. Ivar: [16:45] Mainly in the later part of the war, after the Allies went into southern France, there were quite a few people from France working in Norway that the Germans had brought up. They became prisoners of war when France came back to the Allies. There were two French prisoners who had skipped out of the prison camp. [17:31] We had a mountain cabin on the island. There was a fellow who was working for the newspaper in Molde, and I had run into him. And he spoke French, so he was the one who wound up bringing them out to the island. So we kept them there all winter. We were afraid when the summer came along, there would be people wandering around up in the mountains. [18:00] So a friend of mine and I, we had a little motorboat. So one early morning before daylight, they got on the motorboat and we went like we were fishing in the fjord and whatnot. We took them into the bottom of the fjord, and this fellow back in Molde who had the newspaper, he had arranged for when the bus came from Molde and offloaded, he picked them up and took them way out in the valley. They hiked up to a cabin up in the mountains where people hardly ever came, and they stayed there until the war was over. [18:49] The risk there was, you could get caught with them. [Laughter] But we stayed overnight in the bottom of the fjord and came back the next day. We stopped at one spot, and people asked what we were doing. Out shopping for potatoes, or whatever. [Laughter] You had to have a story. Gary: [19:18] Yes. And how old were you at that time? Ivar: [19:21] Huh? Gary: [19:21] How old would you have been at that time? Ivar: [19:24] Fifteen. Gary: [19:25] Fifteen. Ivar: [19:26] Yeah. And a lot of times I thought about it later- my dad had no qualms about me going. Gary: [19:36] How about your mother? Ivar: [19:38] Yeah. Well, she was a little more anxious. Gary: [19:43] Did you have brothers, sisters? Ivar: [19:46] Yeah. Growing up, we were six in my family- four boys and two girls. I ve still got two Nordic American Voices Page 5 of 13

brothers and two sisters back in Norway. Gary: [19:58] For the record, could you just give us the names of your parents and your brothers and sisters? Ivar: [20:05] Yeah. My parents were Christopher Reiten, and my mother Anna Matea Reiten, but she went by the name of Matea Reiten. My oldest brother was Christopher Reiten. Then there was Trygve Reiten, Bjorne Reiten, Ivar Reiten, [inaudible 20:35] Reiten, and Torvig Reiten. [Inaudible 20:40] and Torvig got married and got different names, but they were all born Reiten. Gary: [20:49] Were any of your brothers in the resistance that you were aware of? Ivar: [20:55] Any of my brothers? Gary: [20:57] In the resistance? Ivar: [20:59] Yeah. My oldest brother was involved some, there. They had a fishery school on the island. It used to be on the other island, but the Germans took that building, so they moved to the island where I came from. The fellow who was in charge of that school was quite heavy in the resistance. He got caught taking pictures of the fort and he managed to escape. [21:41] He wrote a book about himself and his journey. He wound up in Sweden and somehow got over to England. But they took him, and they were going to take him to Oslo. But anyway, he got caught, because they found his camera. Because he had realized that he had gotten [inaudible 22:12] so he stuck it underneath some rocks. Well, I guess they found it. Then they took him into custody, and there was a German traveling with him, and he was in handcuffs. He talked a soldier into loosening his handcuffs so he could sleep. [22:35] When the boat landed in a place called Åndalsnes, where the railroad goes from there to Oslo, he noticed that the German was sound asleep. So he got off the ship and yelled to the captain, See you later, or whatever. And he just traveled into the mountains. He knew friends here and there. I read the book, and it s kind of interesting. It was kind of a tough travel. [23:12] But anyway, my brother worked with him quite a bit. It was like that during World War Two. When you were involved in any of that, you had to learn everything you could. You couldn t write anything down, because if you got caught with a piece of paper, well, it was the next guy, too. So you had to memorize everything. That way, it was hard to kind of see your notes in your own brain. [Laughter] But there were several on some of the islands who were prisoners of war. Hidden away on the neighbor island there was one, too. There was a cave, and they lived in that cave for about a year or two. Affa: [24:14] Were they Frenchmen also, that were in the cave? Were they French? Ivar: [24:19] Yeah. Most of them were French. Saundra: [24:23] Did people bring them food? How did they survive? Nordic American Voices Page 6 of 13

Ivar: [24:28] People brought them food. Yeah. Oh, yeah. Gary: [24:31] And you were aware of all of this. Ivar: [24:33] Oh, yeah. Yeah. Affa: [24:36] How was it with food? Did you have to supply the Germans with food? Ivar: [24:42] No. But the Germans did confiscate or demanded some from some of the farmers, but they usually took their own supply. But there were pretty heavy rations. There was no [inaudible 25:08] or sugar, or anything like that. It was kind of You had food stamps, and you were allowed so much for each person per month. Gary: [25:21] Were you able to raise quite a bit of your own food? Ivar: [25:25] Oh, yeah. We had no problem. All the fish and everything else we needed. Plus we also raised wheat, and barley, and oat. From olden days, there were a couple of flour mills along the river, with the big stone. I can remember going there with my dad, and we d grind barley and oat and make our own meal. That was kind of interesting. They re all gone now. But I mean, that was pretty nice to have that as a backup. [Laughter] Gary: [26:17] So, how about collaborators? Were you aware of any collaborators during the war? Norwegians who were collaborating with the Germans? Ivar: [26:30] Yeah. You had to really be careful, because you could never tell who was who. Gary: [26:36] Yeah. So were you aware yourself of any who were working with the Germans? Ivar: [26:43] Oh, yeah. Yeah. You could kind of You know, like when the war was over, and there were those that had been on the Germans side or with Quisling, they were picked up and brought to the jail and dealt with in a proper way. There was a surprising [inaudible 27:14] who showed up. But they had them spotted, because I guess a lot of them were planning on who was going to wind up winning. [Laughter] Gary: [27:26] Yeah. But even in your area, there were some? Ivar: [27:29] In my area, there weren t very many. No. No. On the island, I don t think you d hardly find any. But in town there were a few, in Molde. You had quite a few Even the newspaper finally got taken over by the Quisling side. They were more or less told what to print. [28:05] But during the beginning of the war, I think we had about two months were we didn t have school. I think there were about five hundred teachers they gathered up and put in prison. They were told what to do. There was supposed to be a picture of both Hitler and Quisling up in the schoolhouse. And they protested and said, No. This is the Norwegian country. We aren t going to. [28:36] They gathered up quite a few and took them to a prison camp up in northern Norway in Kirkenes. A few died from various hardship, but most of them came back. But they kept them there Nordic American Voices Page 7 of 13

for several months, up to years, some of them. I think there were two or three months we didn t have school until things got straightened out. Quisling or Hitler never came to the schoolhouse. I mean, their pictures never showed up. Gary: [29:28] Yeah. In some cases, there were Norwegian women who took up with German soldiers. Ivar: [29:35] Yeah. Gary: [29:35] Did that happen in your area? Ivar: [29:38] Not on the island. Gary: [29:40] Not on the island. Ivar: [29:41] No. But a little bit probably in the city, but not very much. But yes, there were a few. In fact, there were some of them that got their heads shaved because they got caught going with soldiers, and they shaved their head. Gary: [30:12] Did you witness any of that? Ivar: [30:14] Not directly, no. Because I was pretty young at the time. But anyway, I was up in Trondheim one time with a friend of mine on another boat, and we were up there. His sister had come to town, and she had been walking uptown with a friend of hers who was going with a soldier. I remember how mad her brother got for doing that, just to walk with them. So, anyway Gary: [31:04] How was your life affected by the war? You said school was closed down for a period of time. Ivar: [31:11] Not that much, really, because it was more in the bigger cities that had problems. Being out on the islands there, and out in the country, you were pretty self-supported. The war could have lasted forever, and we wouldn t have suffered anything. Because it s like here, people in Alaska that live in the villages, they can survive if everything else goes bad. Gary: [31:59] Yeah. So tell us about the experience of growing up as a boy Ivar: [32:05] Growing up where? Gary: [32:07] As a boy in Norway. Ivar: [32:08] Oh. Gary: [32:09] What your activities were, your friends, your school? Ivar: [32:14] Well, as young boys, sometimes we would go fishing in the river for little trout about that long. We brought it home and Dad [inaudible 32:31] or Mom fixed it for us. Because I can remember when he went fishing and came home, Mom didn t fix it for him sometimes. [Laughter] Nordic American Voices Page 8 of 13

But anyway, we did a lot of mountain hiking. There was no outboard in those days, so we had rowboats that we d sail on. We played a lot of that in the summertime and went fishing. [33:02] We set out at night, in the evening and we d pull them in the morning. I remember if you set it out at night, could catch more like steelhead or small salmon. We call them [inaudible 33:25]. My two other brothers came home with two of them, and they were very nice-looking fish. I was the youngest boy. And I heard if you can catch the heart of the fish and swallow it, you will get luck. I did manage it. It was tough to get down. I snuck one of those fish hearts, and I can remember swallowing it. [Laughter] Gary: [34:05] [Laughter] Did it work? Ivar: [34:05] Oh, yeah. Gary: [34:06] You had good luck. Ivar: [34:07] Yeah. But anyway, that was a good way of growing up. Then when my dad went sometimes on the boat, my brother and I used to hide someplace on the boat [inaudible 32:28]. The first time I got to maneuver the boat, I wasn t high enough to look out the window to [inaudible 34:37]. So I was standing on a wooden box, and I thought I was quite a guy when I could maneuver the boat. [34:45] Then we had another smaller boat, so we used to run into town, in Molde. Usually three times a week we had regular passenger boats that would come and stop on the island in a couple of spots and cross the fjord on the other side and then go to the city of Molde and spend the day, and then make the same route back in the evening. But it was handy for us, because we could take that little motorboat and run into town, and it would take us less than an hour. Gary: [35:36] How about winter sports? Ivar: [35:39] Skiing. Yeah. We skied quite a bit on the island. Now I get a newspaper from the island, and it s a little bit larger than the American-Norwegian Weekly you get there. There s a lot of news from the island. They have restored a lot of the old stuff, plus they have made a road up to a lot of the lakes, and whatnot, so it has a lot of [inaudible 36:19]. They really have promoted a place on the island. It s about 2500 people, maybe three thousand people. Gary: [36:37] How large is the island, would you say? Ivar: [36:42] If you drove around the island, about ten miles around, I would say. Gary: [36:52] Ten miles around? Ivar: [36:53] Yeah. The island is quite mountainous, so you ve got the little farms along the road by the water. What they have done in recent years has been combining some of the [inaudible 37:13]. They combined some islands, so they built a bridge to the other island. It used to be [inaudible 37:26] when I left Norway. Now it s [inaudible 37:29] and the other [inaudible 37:32]. Nordic American Voices Page 9 of 13

[37:36] The whole island group that was there, probably almost every third or fourth family had a fishing boat. A lot of fishing activity. The island still has a lot of fishing. But it changed, because you got some small boats, or the big ones that carry about a thousand tons. A lot of those big fishing boats. Gary: [38:09] So you started fishing very young. Ivar: [38:12] Yeah. Gary: [38:13] Yeah. Going out with your father? Ivar: [38:15] Well, yeah. I started fishing when I got through school. Then the thing in those days, if you could get a chance to go to Antarctica, whaling. So I went down to southern Norway, to Sandefjord and [inaudible 38:40]. They are the main whaling towns. Somebody had to practically die off the job in order to get one. I spent a week down there and came back home and did fishing in the winter, the herring. But that was my dream for a while. But my coming to the States was probably the replacement of that one. [Laughter] Gary: [39:06] Yeah. Affa, did you have a Affa: [39:10] They went all the way down to Antarctica, you said? Ivar: [39:15] What? Affa: [39:16] When they went whaling, how far did they go? Ivar: [39:19] Well, if I had gone out whaling, it was south Antarctica. Affa: [39:24] Wow. That s far. Ivar: [39:25] You go for the winter. Affa: [39:28] Yeah. Ivar: [39:28] At that time, Norway had a big whaling fleet that left in Norway in the fall, and they d usually go by Cape Town, South Africa, and down into Antarctica. Affa: [39:46] Wow. Ivar: [39:47] They mainly produced oil and meal. I guess at one time one of the whaling ships, the mother ship, stopped in Copenhagen and pumped off enough oil to supply Denmark with margarine for a year. [Laughter] Most of the margarine in Norway and in Scandinavia was made from whale oil or herring oil before they started to make it from vegetables. Gary: [40:32] Tell us about your school days. What kind of school did you attend? Ivar: [40:36] I went through ninth grade in the regular school. And then I went through college. I Nordic American Voices Page 10 of 13

went a couple years there. That was kind of similar More like a high school type of thing. I also went through some engineering. After I came to this country, I studied and got my Master s license. I ve been running ships for a lot of years. Gary: [41:25] So how large was your school there on the island? How many students, do you think? Ivar: [41:36] There were a bunch of smaller schools all the way around the island, so probably about twenty- twenty, thirty in each school. Now they ve got buses, so it s one school for the whole island. Gary: [41:54] Your school, was it a one-room schoolhouse? Ivar: [41:56] Yeah. It was just local. Everybody walked to school. Gary: [42:07] How about your friends from that time? Have you maintained a relationship with any of those friends? Ivar: [42:13] With a few of them, yes. In fact, I think it was sixty years since I had seen one school friend. One year we were home, and I knew where he was at, and I looked him up. Sixty years since we had seen each other. Gary: [42:40] Are you still in contact with any of them? Ivar: [42:44] Just when I get home, I Gary: [42:48] Look them up. Ivar: [42:50] For a while, probably a Christmas card now and then. Gary: [42:57] Yeah. So you went from your elementary school to high school. Ivar: [43:06] No, I went to fishing, and then back later on to the school. Gary: [43:13] Yeah. Tell us now about your leaving Norway and coming to the United States. What prompted that decision? Ivar: [43:27] Well, like I say, it was mainly when my aunt and uncle came home in 1950. They said, You should take a trip over and see how you like it. I remember when I left Norway, I got aboard a ship in Bergen. I figured I was going to stay up until the ship left, but it went on and on. It went into midnight and beyond, so we all laid down for a while, because they were loading stuff. There was stuff shipping out of Norway. Stavangerfjord and Norwegian-American carried freight and passengers. [44:20] I fell asleep, but when I woke up, I could feel the ship had gotten on open sea. So I got up, and I went back on deck. You could see the mountains slowly go into the water, as they call it. There was a lighthouse as you go by when you leave Bergen. I could barely see the blink of [inaudible 44:52] they call it. Then I had Easter in the Atlantic. Easter Sunday they had service and whatnot. It was quite interesting. I kept a diary every day, even how far we traveled every day. Nordic American Voices Page 11 of 13

[45:20] We wound up in Halifax, Canada and down the coast to New York. I got on the train in New York to Chicago, and switched over there, and then onto Seattle. My uncle and aunt met me at the railroad station on King Street in Seattle, and onto Poulsbo. I stayed in Poulsbo for four or five years. Gary: [45:49] So how long did that trip take you all together? Ivar: [45:53] Almost a couple weeks. You have about seven days across It goes into the eighth day by the time you get down to New York. And it was between three and four days on the train across, almost four days. Gary: [46:15] How did you feel about leaving Norway? Ivar: [46:20] Kind of sad in a way, but I figured I had set in my mind that I was going to go. Gary: [46:28] But you thought you d be going back to Norway, or you knew you d be staying? Ivar: [46:33] No, I didn t. It was saddest for my mom. She had a brother who left at the age of sixteen, and she never saw him again. So she figured our family- you, too. But I haven t kept track of how many times I went back, because traveling is pretty easy today. Gary: [46:59] How about the language? Did you know any English? Ivar: [47:02] I had some from school, but not enough, I mean. You had it out of the book quite a bit. It came along pretty well. In fishing, most of the guys were Norwegian. [Laughter] And then I actually picked up more in the winter when we weren t fishing. I went to work in a sawmill in Port Campbell. A lot of fishermen go there to work. I got on with the guys who used to maintain the buildings around there. And that s when I started to really pick up more language. I had a couple years I used to go out there when I wasn t fishing. It was a pretty nice crowd out there. It was a pretty big sawmill at the time in Port Campbell. Now it s shut down. Saundra: [48:24] Did they provide housing for you when you went to work at the sawmill? Ivar: [48:29] What? Saundra: [48:30] Did they provide housing? Where did you live? Ivar: [48:33] I lived in Poulsbo. It was about a fifteen-minute drive. Saundra: [48:38] Oh, okay. Gary: [48:40] So your first years in the United States, you spent in Poulsbo. Ivar: [48:45] Yeah. Gary: [48:45] And you were fishing there? Nordic American Voices Page 12 of 13

Ivar: [48:47] I was fishing on the boat out of Poulsbo with Michael. And then [TAPE CUTS OUT] END OF RECORDING. Transcription by Alison DeRiemer. Nordic American Voices Page 13 of 13