(Received, July 1, 2008; Accepted, September 15, 2008) ABSTRACT

J. Fish. Soc. Six Taiwan, Species 35(3): of Lernanthropid 251-280 Copepods (Siphonostomatoida) Parasitic on Marine Fishes of Taiwan 251 Six Species of Lernanthropid Copepods (Siphonostomatoida) Parasitic on Marine Fishes of Taiwan Ju-shey Ho 1, Wei-Cheng Liu 2 and Ching-Long Lin 2 * (Received, July 1, 2008; Accepted, September 15, 2008) ABSTRACT Six species of lernanthropid copepods (Siphonostomatoida: Lernanthropidae) parasitic on marine fishes of Taiwan are reported in this paper. They are: Lernanthropinus sphyraenae (Yamaguti & Yamasu, 1959) from the moonfish Mene maculata (Bloch & Schneider, 1801); Lernanthropsis mugilii (Shishido, 1898) from the flathead mullet Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 1758; Lernanthropus otolithi Pillai, 1963 from the pawak croaker Pennahia pawak (Lin, 1940); Lernanthropus pomadasysis Rangnekar & Murti, 1961 from the javelin grunter Pomadasys kaakan (Cuvier, 1830); Norion priacanthi (Kirtisinghe, 1956) from the red bigeye Priacanthus macracanthus Cuvier, 1829; and Sagum vespertilio Kabata, 1979 from the spangled emperor Lethrinus nebulosus (Forsskål, 1775). All six species are new to the waters of Taiwan and three of them, L. otolithi, L. pomadasysis and N. priacanthi are also new to the Pacific Ocean. In this paper Sagum tuberculatum Pillai, 1985 is relegated to the junior synonym of Sagum vespertilio Kabata, 1979 and Lernanthropus pomadasysis Rangnekar & Murti, 1961 is resurrected from the synonymy with Lernanthropus abitocephalus Tripathi, 1962. Key words: parasitic copepod, Lernanthropidae, marine fish, Taiwan. INTRODUCTION Copepods of the family Lernanthropidae Kabata, 1979 are highly modified parasites found exclusively on the gill filaments of marine bony fish. They are mostly found on the fish living in warm waters. Thus, in Asia, while only nine species of lernanthropids are known from Japan (Ho & Do, 1985), 44 species have been reported from India (Pillai, 1985). In the past 12 years of survey on the parasitic copepods of marine fishes of Taiwan, we have found lernanthropids from 37 species of fish belonging to 27 genera of marine teleosts. Since lernanthropids are rather host specific, we consider, there must be over 30 species of them represented in our collection. In this paper we shall report six species from five genera. Although none of them are new to the science, they are all new to Taiwan, with three of them also to be reported for the first time from the Pacific Ocean. MATERIALS AND METHODS All fishes were collected at the fishing ports in the southern part of Taiwan. They were transferred in an icebox to the laboratory of Fish Pathology located on the campus of National Chiayi University for examination. The copepod parasites removed from the fish gill filaments were preserved in 70% alcohol. Later, the preserved parasites were cleared in 85% lactic acid for overnight before making dissection in a drop of lactic acid. The 1 Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, 1250 Bellflower Boulevard, Long Beach, California 90840-3702, USA 2 Department of Aquatic Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600, Taiwan * Corresponding author.

252 Ju-shey Ho, Wei-Cheng Liu and Ching-Long Lin hanging-drop method devised by Humes and Gooding (1964) was employed to examine the dissected parts and appendages under the compound microscope. All drawings were made with the aid of a camera lucida. Measurements given are the mean followed by the range (based on 10 randomly selected specimens) in parentheses. RESULTS Order Siphonostomatoida Thorell, 1859 Family Lernanthropidae Kabata, 1979 Genus Lernanthropinus Do in Ho & Do, 1985 Lernanthropinus sphyraenae (Yamaguti & Yamasu, 1959) (Figs. 1-4) Material examined: Forty-four and 1 on gill filaments of 19 moonfishes Mene maculata (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) landed at Dong-shi Fishing Port in Chiayi County on 20 March 1999. Female: Body (Fig. 1A, B, C) broad in posterior region, 4.05 (3.50-4.44) mm long (from tip of head to end of caudal ramus). Head (cephalosome plus first pediger) slightly wider than long, 1.06 (0.92-1.22) 1.10 (0.98-1.22) mm, connected to trunk by short but distinct neck (Fig. 1B); with prominent forward-protruding protuberance at anterolateral corner and another laterally protruded conical protuberance on posterolateral margin. Trunk trapezoidal, with laterally expanded posterior half; width at region of second pediger 1.19 (0.92-1.44) mm; third and fourth pedigers completely fused; fourth pediger bearing a pair of widely separated dorsal plates, with each forming dorsal part of a large, posterolaterally expanded lateral plate (Fig. 1A). Urosome fully exposed in dorsal view of body (Fig. 1A). Genital complex (Fig. 1D) and abdomen occurring in one unit (genito-abdomen), 0.83 (0.76-0.88) mm long and 0.54 (0.46-0.60) mm wide, with prominent constriction between two parts where spermatophore is attached. Caudal ramus (Fig. 2A) short and blunt, 119 (97-138) 101 (81-113) μm, bearing 2 basal setae on ventral surface, 1 short seta on lateral margin and 2 similar setae at tip. Egg sac long (see Fig. 1A). Antennule (Fig. 1E, F) filiform, indistinctly 6-segmented and armed on these segments with 1, 2, 2, 0, 1 and 9 setae + 2 aesthetascs. Antenna (Fig. 2B) robust, 2-segmented; corpus bearing a basal lobe on anterior surface; subchela with two small processes on medial surface. Mandible (Fig. 2C) carrying 8 teeth on terminal blade. Maxillule (Fig. 2D) bilobate, smaller outer lobe tipped with 1 spiniform element and larger inner lobe, 3 unequal elements. Maxilla (Fig. 1G) 2-segmented, with unarmed lacertus larger and longer than brachium; later bearing subterminally a spiniform process on medial surface; and terminal claw armed with rows of denticles on medial surface in addition to a basal spiniform seta. Maxilliped (Fig. 2E) 2-segmented; corpus robust, with a small papilla on myxal surface; subchela with a seta-bearing papilla on medial surface of shaft and terminally striated claw. Leg 1 (Fig. 2F) with inconspicuous protopod carrying a slender outer seta and a spiniform inner element; exopod 1-segmented and tipped with 5 robust spines; endopod reduced to a small process tipped with a large seta. Leg 2 (Fig. 2G) more reduced than in leg 1, armed more or less as in leg 1 except lacking inner seta on protopod. Leg 3 (Fig. 1C) greatly modified, comprising a large fleshy lamella (exopod?) partially fused to dorsal plate and another lamella (endopod?) largely fused with same part of other leg of same pair (see Fig. 1B). Leg 4 (Fig. 1D) a pair of bilobate process with round, blunt tip on outer lobe (exopod) and slightly dented tip on inner lobe (endopod). Leg 5 not seen. Male: Body (Fig. 3A, B) smaller than female and without dorsal plate on trunk, measuring 2.12 mm in length (from tip of head to end of caudal ramus). Head (cephalothorax plus first pediger) longer than wide, 0.92 0.76 mm, with antennal region set apart from rest of head. Trunk also longer than wide, 1.20 0.56 mm, incorporating genital complex (see Fig. 3B). Abdomen small, nearly as long as wide, 0.16 0.18 mm, with anal somite occurring as a

Six Species of Lernanthropid Copepods (Siphonostomatoida) Parasitic on Marine Fishes of Taiwan 253 Fig. 1. Lernanthropinus sphyraenae (Yamaguti & Yamasu), female. A: habitus, dorsal; B: habitus, ventral; C: habitus, lateral; D: leg 4 and urosome, ventral; E: antennule, ventral; F: tip of antennule, ventral; G: maxilla, dorsal. Scale bar: 1 mm in A-C; 0.5 mm in D; 0.1 mm in E; 20 μm in F; 50 μm in G.

254 Ju-shey Ho, Wei-Cheng Liu and Ching-Long Lin Fig. 2. Lernanthropinus sphyraenae (Yamaguti & Yamasu), female. A: caudal ramus, dorsal; B: antenna, medial; C: mandible; D: maxillule, lateral; E: maxilliped, medial; F: leg 1, ventral; G: leg 2, ventral. Scale bar: 40 μm in A, F; 0.15 mm in B; 20 μm in C; 50 μm in D; 0.1 mm in E; 30 μm in G.

Six Species of Lernanthropid Copepods (Siphonostomatoida) Parasitic on Marine Fishes of Taiwan 255 Fig. 3. Lernanthropinus sphyraenae (Yamaguti & Yamasu), male. A: habitus, dorsal; B: habitus, ventral; C: leg 1, ventral; D: leg 2, ventral. Scale bar: 1mm in A, B; 40 μm in C, D. pair of lobules between bases of caudal rami (Fig. 4B). Caudal ramus (Fig. 4A, B) fused to abdomen, longer than wide, 113 65 μm, and armed with 3 long setae in basal half and 3 short setae in distal half. Antennule (Fig. 4C, D) filiform and indistinctly 6-segmented as in female, but armed differently on these segments, with 1, 3, 1, 2, 1, and 9 setae + 2 aesthetascs. A parabasal process with blunt tip arising near base of antennule (Fig. 4C). Antenna (Fig. 4E) robust and 2-segmented as in female but no lobe on anterior surface of corpus and bearing a small papilla in myxal area; subchela with two small processes on medial surface of shaft and terminal claw slender

256 Ju-shey Ho, Wei-Cheng Liu and Ching-Long Lin Fig. 4. Lernanthropinus sphyraenae (Yamaguti & Yamasu), male. A: caudal ramus, ventral; B: tip of caudal ramus, ventral; C: antennule, ventral; D: tip of antennule, ventral; E: antenna, medial. Scale bar: 50 μm in A; 20 μm in B, D; 0.1 mm in C; 0.15 mm in E. than in female. Leg 1 (Fig. 3C) essentially constructed as in female, except for bearing stouter spines on exopod, longer and heavier terminal spine on endopod, and spinules on rami. Leg 2 (Fig. 3D) also constructed as in female, but armed with spinules on various parts of leg, heavier spine on endopod, and without discrete spines at tip of exopod. Both leg 3 and leg 4 represented by a long, cylindrical process coming off side of trunk (see Fig. 3A, B). Remarks: Eight species of lernanthropids are currently known in the genus Lernanthropinus, not counting the unidentified species, Lernanthropinus sp. reported by Ho & Sey (1996) from Kuwait. These eight species can be divided into two groups by the feature of having or not having the medial lamellae (endopod) of leg 3 fused along their medial margin into a false ventral plate (Ho & Do, 1985). The present species L. sphyraenae is one of the three species possessing this false ventral plate. The other two species are: L. decapteri (Pillai, 1964) and L. trachuri (Brian, 1903). However, these two species differ from the present species in carrying a pair of slender and pointed lamellae on

Six Species of Lernanthropid Copepods (Siphonostomatoida) Parasitic on Marine Fishes of Taiwan 257 their leg 4 and tipped with 4 (instead of 5) robust spines on the exopod of leg 1. It should be pointed out here that due to their unawareness of Ho & Do s (1985) transfer of Lernanthropus trachuri Brian, 1903 to a new genus Lernanthropinus Do in Ho & Do (1985), Diebakate & Raibaut (1996), Timi & Etchegoin (1996), Benmansour & Ben Hassine (1997), and Oktener & Trilles (2004) continued to use Lernanthropus trachuri Brian, 1903 in their reports of the lernanthropid parasite. The specimens of L. sphyraenae from Taiwan show a slight difference from those reported by Yamaguti & Yamasu (1959) from Sagami Bay, Japan. Their specimens are ornamented with denticles on both rami of leg 1 but not on ours. It is very likely that the unidentified species of Lernanthropinus (due to its incompleteness) reported by Ho & Sey (1996) is identical with the present species. Because it was found, like ours from Taiwan, attached to the gill filament of the moonfish Mene maculata. Genus Lernanthropsis Do in Ho and Do, 1985 Lernanthropsis mugilii (Shishido, 1898) (Figs. 5-7) Material examined: Eighty-six and 5 on gill filaments of 9 flathead mullets Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 1758 caught and landed at Dong-shi Fishing Port in Chiayi County on 4 January 2002. Female: Body (Fig. 5A, B, C) lacking dorsal or ventral plate, 4.92 (4.54-5.30) mm long (from tip of head to end of caudal ramus). Head (cephalosome plus first pediger) slightly longer than wide, 1.51 (1.36-1.64) 1.43 (1.32-1.52) mm, connected to trunk by short but distinct neck (Fig. 5A); with lateral region protruded into a lamella and folded ventrally (Fig. 5A, C). Trunk subrectangular, divisible into anterior and posterior halves by a shallow furrow between third and fourth pedigers; width of anterior half (region of third pediger) 1.77 (1.52-2.26) mm; posterior half bearing a pair of dorsal protuberances above bases of modified 4th legs (Fig. 5A, B). Urosome (Fig. 5D) attached to trunk between and below these two trunk processes (Fig. 5B), 0.76 (0.66-0.88) mm long and 0.65 (0.58-0.72) mm wide; fully exposed in dorsal view of body (Fig. 5A). A pair of spermatophores attached to junction between genital complex and abdomen (Fig. 5D). Caudal ramus (Fig. 5D, E) short and blunt, 194 (178-219) 94 (81-105) μm, bearing 1 basal seta on outer margin, 1 dorsal seta close to medial margin and 2 short setae at tip. Egg sac long (see Fig. 5A). Antennule (Fig. 5F, G) indistinctly 6-segmented and armed on these segments with 0, 1, 2, 1, 1 and 10 setae + 2 aesthetascs; a fleshy process with blunt tip near base of antennule. Antenna (Fig. 6A) robust, 2-segmented; corpus bearing a conical, basal process on anterior surface and a small papilla tipped with seta close to medial margin; subchela with a basal seta on medial surface. Mandible (Fig. 5H) carrying 7 teeth on terminal blade. Maxillule (Fig. 5I) bilobate, smaller outer lobe tipped with 1 spiniform element and larger inner lobe, 3 unequal elements. Maxilla (Fig. 6B) 2-segmented, with unarmed lacertus larger and longer than brachium; later bearing subterminally patches of denticles and terminal claw armed with rows of denticles on medial surface. Maxilliped (Fig. 6C) 2-segmented; corpus robust, with myxal region slightly protruded and covered with denticles; shaft of subchela bearing subterminally a medial seta and terminal claw striated in distal region. Protopod of leg 1 (Fig. 6D) carrying a slender outer seta (broken and not shown in figure) and patches of denticles together with a spiniform, short spine on medial surface; exopod 1-segmented and tipped with 5 robust spines in addition to a seta-bearing papilla; endopod reduced to a blunt process with spinules on distal margin. Leg 2 (Fig. 6E) smaller than leg 1 and armed more or less as in leg 1, except lacking inner seta on protopod and 4 (instead of 5) spines on exopod. Leg 3 greatly modified, comprising a small, fleshy, curled lamella in middle, ventral surface of trunk (see Fig. 5B, C). Leg

258 Ju-shey Ho, Wei-Cheng Liu and Ching-Long Lin Fig. 5. Lernanthropsis mugilii (Shishido), female. A: habitus, dorsal; B: habitus, ventral; C: habitus, lateral; D: genito-abdomen, ventral; E: caudal ramus, ventral; F: antennule, dorsal; G: tip of antennule, dorsal; H: mandible; I: maxillule, lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm in A-C; 0.2 mm in D; 0.1 mm in E, F; 20 μm in G, H; 50 μm in I.

Six Species of Lernanthropid Copepods (Siphonostomatoida) Parasitic on Marine Fishes of Taiwan 259 Fig. 6. Lernanthropsis mugilii (Shishido), female. A: antenna, medial; B: maxilla, medial; C: maxilliped, dorsal; D: leg 1, ventral; E: leg 2, ventral. Scale bar: 0.1 mm in A, C; 50 μm in B, D, E. 4 (Fig. 5B) a pair of long, bilobate processes attached to postero-lateral corner of trunk. Leg 5 not seen. Male: Body (Fig. 7A, B) 3.41 (3.30-3.46) mm long (from tip of head to end of caudal ramus). Head (cephalosome) longer than wide, 1.45 (1.42-1.48) 1.37 (1.32-1.40) mm, with first pediger forming as a short neck connecting head to trunk. Pedigers 2, 3 and 4 fused into a trunk and bearing no plate. Genital complex wider than long, 0.36 (0.32-0.42) mm 0.59 (0.55-0.64) and abdomen longer than wide, 251 (235-275) 189 (178-194) μm. Caudal ramus (Fig. 7C) slender, 177 (170-186) 73 (65-81) μm, bearing 2 medial setae with one on each side

260 Ju-shey Ho, Wei-Cheng Liu and Ching-Long Lin Fig. 7. Lernanthropsis mugilii (Shishido), male. A: habitus, dorsal; B: habitus, ventral; C: caudal ramus, dorsal; D: antennule, ventral; E: tip of antennule, ventral; F: antenna, dorsal; G: leg 2, ventral. Scale bar: 1 mm in A, B; 0.1 mm in C, D; 20 μm in E; 0.2 mm in F; 75 μm in G.

Six Species of Lernanthropid Copepods (Siphonostomatoida) Parasitic on Marine Fishes of Taiwan 261 and another 2 short setae at tip. Antennule (Fig. 7D, E) indistinctly 7-segmented and armed on these segments with 0, 1, 2, 2, 0, 1 and 10 setae + 2 aesthetascs; a fleshy process with blunt tip near base of antennule. Antenna (Fig. 7F) generally as in female, except lacking a basal lobe on corpus and bearing a basal protrusion on medial surface of shaft. Endopod of leg 2 (Fig. 7G) differing from that of female in having exopod with bilobate distal area and carrying 4 spines between these two lobes. Leg 3 represented by a long, cylindrical process sparsely sprinkled with spinules (see Fig. 7A, B). Leg 4 bilobate, with outer margin of outer lobe only sparsely sprinkled with spinules (see Fig. 7A). Remarks: When Do proposed a new genus, Lernanthropsis, in Ho and Do (1985) to accommodate Lernanthropus mugilii Shishido, 1898, it was not stated that Lernanthropus mugilis Brian, 1898 is also a member of the proposed new genus. Thus, on this occasion of redescribing Lernanthropsis mugilii, we shall formally propose to transfer Lernanthropus mugilis Brian, 1898 to the genus Lernanthropsis. Thus, two species are recognized in the genus Lernanthropsis. The two species can be easily separated by the lack in the female of L. mugilii a conspicuous conical process on each side of the head and in the male possession of a bilobate (instead of an unilobate) leg 4. Besides, they also have different pattern of distribution, while L. mugilis is confined to the Mediterranean Sea, L. mugilii is found in the Indo-West Pacific including Australia. Shiino (1955) was correct in pointing out Yamaguti s (1936) mistake in using Lernanthropus mugilis Shishido, 1898 for the present species. However, according to Kabata (1979b), Shiino (1955) was in error to suggest the use of the following name instead, Lernanthropus shishido (Shishido, 1898). Thus, both of these names become the synonym of Lernanthropus mugilii Shishido, 1898. Taking into account the suggestion made by Pillai (1985), Lernanthropus nudus Bassett-Smith, 1898 is another synonym of L. mugilii. Genus Lernanthropus de Blainville, 1822 Lernanthropus otolithi Pillai, 1963 (Figs. 8-11) Material examined: Fifty-one and 1 on gill filaments of 10 Pawak croakers Pennahia pawak (Lin, 1940) landed at Dongshi Fishing Port in Chiayi County on 30 October 1998. Female: Body (Fig. 8A, B, C) 3.48 (2.92-3.86) mm long (from anterior rim of head to end of caudal ramus), divisible into head and trunk, with posterior part of trunk (4th pediger) carrying a large, subcircular dorsal plate. Head slightly wider than long, 0.80 (0.66-0.96) 0.83 (0.72-0.96) mm, with both sides produced into anteroventral flange (see Fig. 8B, C). Trunk subrectangular, narrower than dorsal plate. Genital complex and abdomen indistinguishably fused (see Fig. 8D), 0.85 (0.72-0.96) mm long and 0.37 (0.32-0.46) mm wide. Caudal ramus long and slender, 417 (275-494) 92 (73-105) μm, bearing 2 basal setae, 1 seta close to medial margin and 2 short setae at tip. Egg sac long and straight. Antennule (Fig. 8E, F) filiform, indistinctly 7-segmented and profusely armed with setules on basal segment; armature formula: 1, 3, 1, 2, 1, 2 and 7 setae + 2 aesthetascs. Parabasal process (Fig. 8E) with inflated base. Antenna (Fig. 9A) robust, 2-segmented; corpus bearing a papilla with tiny seta on medial surface; subchela unarmed and claw stout. Mandible (Fig. 9B) carrying 8 teeth on terminal blade. Maxillule (Fig. 8G) bilobate, smaller outer lobe tipped with 1 spiniform element and larger inner lobe, 3 unequal elements; denticles on distal half of inner lobe. Maxilla (Fig. 9C) 2-segmented, with unarmed lacertus larger and longer than brachium; later bearing subterminally a spiniform process on medial surface; and terminal claw armed with rows of denticles on medial surface in addition to a basal spiniform seta. Maxilliped (Fig. 9D) 2-segmented; corpus robust, with a small papilla on myxal surface tipped with small seta; subchela comprising a small-setabearing shaft and striated claw. Leg 1 (Fig. 9E) with setules on outer

262 Ju-shey Ho, Wei-Cheng Liu and Ching-Long Lin Fig. 8. Lernanthropus otolithi Pillai, female. A: habitus, dorsal; B: habitus, ventral; C: habitus, lateral; D: genitoabdomen showing leg 5 and caudal ramus (upper inserted drawing showing basal half and lower, distal half), ventral; E: antennule, dorsal; F: tip of antennule, dorsal; G: maxillule, lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm in A-C; 0.2 mm in D; 50 μm in E; 20 μm in F; 40 μm in G.

Six Species of Lernanthropid Copepods (Siphonostomatoida) Parasitic on Marine Fishes of Taiwan 263 Fig. 9. Lernanthropus otolithi Pillai, female. A: antenna, medial; B: mandible; C: maxilla, medial; D: maxilliped, medial; E: leg 1, ventral; F: leg 2, ventral. Scale bar: 0.15 mm in A, D; 20 μm in B; 0.1 mm in C; 40 μm in E; 60 μm in F. surface of protopod; outer seta naked and slender and inner seta a setose, spiniform element; exopod 1-segmented and tipped with 5 robust spines; endopod an inflated lobe bearing denticles and tipped with a sharp spine with spinules on medial margin. Leg 2 (Fig. 9F) more reduced than leg 1, armed more or less as in leg 1 except lacking inner seta on protopod; endopod with denticles along the margin. Leg 3 (Fig. 8A, B, C) greatly modified, comprising a large fleshy, folded lamella splayed outward at posterolateral corners of trunk. Leg 4 (Fig. 8B) a pair of long, bilobate processes with round, blunt tip. Leg 5 (Fig. 8D) unilobate, long, and slender with obtuse tip. Male: Body (Fig. 10A, B) smaller than female and without dorsal plate on trunk, measuring 1.60 mm in length (from tip of head to end of caudal ramus). Head

264 Ju-shey Ho, Wei-Cheng Liu and Ching-Long Lin Fig. 10. Lernanthropus otolithi Pillai, male. A: habitus, dorsal; B: habitus, ventral; C: antennule, dorsal; D: tip of antennule, dorsal; E: maxilliped, medial. Scale bar: 0.5 mm in A, B; 0.1 mm in C, E; 40 μm in D. (cephalothorax) longer than wide, 0.58 0.48 mm, with antennal region set apart from rest of head. First pediger forming a short neck located between head and trunk. Second pediger fused to trunk but identifiable from main part of trunk by lateral indentation. Genital complex and abdomen indistinguishably fused. Caudal ramus (Fig. 11A) long and slender, 170 49 μm, and armed as in female. Antennule (Fig. 10C, D) filiform and indistinctly 6-segmented, armature on these segments: 3, 0, 3, 1, 0, and 9 setae + 2 aesthetascs. A parabasal process with inflated base arising near base of antennule (Fig. 10C). Antenna (Fig. 11B) slender and 2-segmented; corpus armed with a small seta in myxal area and a papilla tipped with

Six Species of Lernanthropid Copepods (Siphonostomatoida) Parasitic on Marine Fishes of Taiwan 265 Fig. 11. Lernanthropus otolithi Pillai, male. A: caudal ramus, dorsal; B: antenna, medial; C: leg 1, ventral; D: leg 2, ventral. Scale bar: 0.1 mm in A; 0.2 mm in B; 50 μm in C, D. seta on medio-distal corner; subchela with 2 small spiniform processes on medial surface. Maxilliped (Fig. 10E) different from female in having myxal region armed with denticles. Leg 1 (Fig. 11C) essentially constructed as in female, except for bearing more denticles on both rami and lack of spinules on outer surface of protopod. Leg 2 (Fig. 11D) also constructed as in female, but armed with weaker and more (6 instead of

266 Ju-shey Ho, Wei-Cheng Liu and Ching-Long Lin 5) spines at distal edge of exopod. Both leg 3 and leg 4 represented by a pair of bilobate processes coming off lateral side of trunk (see Fig. 10A, B); two lobes in leg 3 much unequal than in leg 4. Remarks: Lernanthropus otolithi seems to be a rare species. It has not been reported ever since its original description published by Pillai in 1963. In India, the parasite was found on a different species of sciaenid, Otolithus argenteus Cuvier [= Otolithes ruber (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)]. Comparison with Pillai s (1963) original work revealed that the specimens from Taiwan are slightly different in not having spinules on the rami of legs 1 and 2. However, this minor difference is considered as the result of geographical and/or variation due to different host species. Lernanthropus is the largest genus of Lernanthropidae comprising over 100 species. Among them the present species shows the closest resemblance to L. gisleri Van Beneden, 1852, which is also a parasite of the croaker (Sciaenidae) with fairly wide distribution ranging from many parts of the Atlantic (Kabata, 1979a) to Australia (Kabata, 1979b) and Japan (Yamaguti, 1936). Based on Kabata s (1979a) redescription of L. gisleri, the present species differs from it in having a shorter trunk with subcircular (instead of long) dorsal plate not covering entirely the posterior extremity of the body leg 5 and caudal rami. However, it should be pointed out that the L. gisleri reported by Yamaguti (1936) from an unidentified Japanese Sciaena is different from the European form in having the posterior extremity of the body protruding out of the dorsal plate in dorsal view. Nevertheless, the dorsal plate is elongated, not subcircular like the one seen in L. otolithi. Lernanthropus pomadasysis Rangnekar & Murti, 1961 (Figs. 12-14) Material examined: Ninety-four and 23 on gill filaments of 32 Javelin grunters Pomadasys kaakan (Cuvier, 1830) caught and landed at Dong-shi Fishing Port in Chiayi County on 30 October 1998. Female: Body (Fig. 12A, B, C) small, 2.04 (1.78-2.26) mm long (from anterior rim of head to posterior margin of dorsal plate), divisible into head and trunk, with trunk extending posteriorly into a short and wide dorsal plate. Head distinctly wider than long, 0.62 (0.54-0.72) 0.70 (0.58-0.90) mm. Trunk subrectancular, much narrower than dorsal plate. Genital complex and abdomen indistinguishably fused into one unit, 333 (284-408) μm long and 246 (178-292) μm wide; abdomen with a seta-bearing papilla on either side of dorsal surface (see Fig. 12D). Caudal ramus (Fig. 12D, E) long and slender, 152 (97-178) 59 (41-73) μm, armed with 2 basal setae, 1 subterminal, outer seta, and 2 short, terminal setae. Egg sac long and straight. Antennule (Fig. 12F, G) filiform, indistinctly 6-segmented; armature formula: 1, 3, 2, 1, 1, and 6 setae + 2 aesthetascs. Parabasal process (Fig. 12F) present. Antenna (Fig. 12H) 2-segmented; corpus bearing 2 small, conical, basal processes; subchela with a small papilla on inflated, medial margin, claw stout. Mandible (Fig. 12I) carrying 8 teeth on terminal blade. Maxillule (Fig. 12J) bilobate, smaller outer lobe tipped with 1 spiniform element and larger inner lobe, 3 unequal elements. Maxilla (Fig. 13A) 2-segmented, with unarmed lacertus larger and longer than brachium; latter armed with a subterminal papilla; and terminal claw fringed with denticles around medial margin. Maxilliped (Fig. 13B) 2-segmented; corpus robust, with a small papilla on myxal surface; subchela comprising a long shaft bearing a subterminal and terminal seta and unarmed, blunt claw. Leg 1 (Fig. 13C) with outer seta and blunt inner process on protopod; exopod 1-segmented and tipped with 5 robust spines; endopod an inflated lobe tipped with a slender seta. Leg 2 bearing outer seta (broken in Fig. 13D) on protopod; both rami essentially constructed as in leg 1 except with slender 5 spines on exopod. Leg 3 (Fig. 12B, C) greatly modified, comprising a large lateral, fleshy lamella (exopod?) splayed outward and a small, blunt process

Six Species of Lernanthropid Copepods (Siphonostomatoida) Parasitic on Marine Fishes of Taiwan 267 Fig. 12. Lernanthropus pomadasysis Rangnekar & Murti. A: habitus, dorsal; B: habitus, ventral; C: habitus, lateral; D: genito-abdomen, dorsal; E: caudal ramus, dorsal; F: antennule, dorsal; G: tip of antennule, dorsal; H: antenna, ventral; I: mandible; J: maxillule, lateral. Scale bar: A: 0.5 mm in A-C; 0.2 mm in D, H; 50 μm in E; 0.1 mm in F; 20 μm in G; 40 μm in J; 10 μm in I.

268 Ju-shey Ho, Wei-Cheng Liu and Ching-Long Lin Fig. 13. Lernanthropus pomadasysis Rangnekar & Murti, female. A: maxilla, medial; B: maxilliped, ventral; C: leg 1, ventral; D: leg 2, dorsal. Scale bar: 80 μm in A; 0.1 mm in B; 40 μm in C, D. (endopod?) fused partially along medial margin with other member of same pair. Leg 4 (Fig. 12B) a pair of long, bilobate processes with round, blunt tip. Leg 5 not seen. Male: Body (Fig. 14A, B) smaller than female and without dorsal plate on trunk, measuring 1.04 (0.93-1.18) mm in length (from tip of head to end of caudal ramus). Head (cephalothorax) longer than wide, 446 (340-502) 391 (340-454) μm, with antennal region set apart from rest of head. First pediger forming a short neck located between head and trunk. Second pediger fused to trunk. Genital complex and abdomen indistinguishably fused. Caudal ramus (Fig. 14C) relatively shorter than in female, 54 (44-60) 35 (32-40) μm, but armed as in female. Antennule (Fig. 14D, E) filiform, bearing setules on anterior surface of basal segment and indistinctly 6-segmented; armature on these segments: 1, 3, 0, 2, 1, and 9 setae + 2 aesthetascs. A parabasal process with inflated base arising near base of antennule (Fig. 14D). Leg 1 (Fig. 14F) essentially constructed

Six Species of Lernanthropid Copepods (Siphonostomatoida) Parasitic on Marine Fishes of Taiwan 269 Fig. 14. Lernanthropus pomadasysis Rangnekar & Murti, male. A: habitus, dorsal; B: habitus, ventral; C: caudal ramus, dorsal; D: antennule, dorsal; E: tip of antennule, dorsal; F: leg 1, ventral; G: leg 2, dorsal; H: distal of leg 3, dorsal. Scale bar: 0.4 mm in A, B; 30 μm in C; 50 μm in D; 20 μm in E; 40 μm in F-H.

270 Ju-shey Ho, Wei-Cheng Liu and Ching-Long Lin as in female, except for having a pinnate outer and inner seta on protopod and bearing denticles on both rami. Leg 2 (Fig. 14G) also constructed as in female, but armed differently from female in tipping with 4 (instead of 5) spines on exopod and bearing a row of spinules on medial margin of endopod, which is tipped with a pinnate seta. Leg 3 represented by a long, cylindrical process coming off side of trunk and sparsely sprinkled with bifurcate spinules (see Fig. 14A, H). Leg 4 bilobate, with outer lobe longer than inner lobe (see Fig. 14A, B). Remarks: In the early 1960 s, two species of Lernanthropus were reported as new species from the saddle grunt Pomadasys maculates (Bloch, 1793) occurring in India; namely L. pomadasysis n. sp. by Rangnekar & Murti (1961) from Bombay and L. abitocephalus n. sp. by Tripathi (1962) from Puri (Bay of Bengal). The parasite was collected again from the same host occurred off Kerala by N. K. Pillai (1985). In his book on the parasitic copepods of marine fishes of India, Pillai (1985) relegated L. pomadasysis Rangnekar & Murti to a junior synonym of L. abitocephalus Tripathi by pointing out several mistakes in the original description of the species given by Rangnekar & Murti (1961). However, after a close comparison of our specimens with the redescription of L. abitocephalus given by Pillai (1985), it became clear that Rangnekar & Murti (1961) were indeed dealing with a valid species. The lernanthropids that we obtained from the Javelin grunter (Pomadasys kaakan) off Taiwan are definitely identifiable with Rangnekar & Murti s L. pomadasysis. Although some fine structures were not mentioned or improperly described in Rangnekar & Murti s (1961) original work, we noticed that the general body form and the structure of leg 3 are undoubtedly identical between the specimens from Indian and Taiwan. These two features also serve to distinguish between L. pomadasysis from L. abitocephalus. Another major difference between the two species is found in the structure of leg 4. According to Pillai s (1985) redescription of L. abitocephalus, the endopod of leg 4 in the latter is shorter than its exopod. But in our specimens of L. pomadasysis the two rami (processes) are about equal in length. Thus, we propose to resurrect Lernanthropus pomadasysis Rangnekar & Murti, 1961 from the synonymy with L. abitocephalus proposed by Pillai (1965). Genus Norion von Nordmann, 1864 Norion priacanthi (Kirtisinghe, 1956) (Figs. 15-17) Material examined: Twelve and 1 on gill filaments of 9 red bigeye Priacanthus macracanthus Cuvier, 1829 landed at Sheng-dah Fishing Port in Kaoshung County on 23 October 1997. Female: Body (Fig. 15A, B, C) globular, 3.97 (3.50-4.58) mm long (from tip of head to posterior margin of dorsal plate). Head (cephalosome plus first pediger) wider than long, 1.00 (0.88-1.10) 1.18 (1.04-1.36) mm, with both sides produced into anteroventral flange and protruded slightly forward. Trunk carrying posteriorly single large, subcircular dorsal plate (Fig. 15A). Components of urosome fused into one unit (Fig. 16A), 652 (460-900) µm long and 498 (440-560) µm wide, and entirely concealed under dorsal plate in dorsal view. Caudal ramus (Fig. 16A) short, 211 (170-243) 122 (105-138) μm, covered with denticles in distal region and carrying 2 subterminal and 1 terminal short setae. Egg sac long and coiled underneath dorsal plate (see Fig. 15A, B, C). Antennule (Fig. 15D, E) elongate, indistinctly 6-segmented and armed on these segments with 2, 0, 1, 1, 0 and 7 setae + 2 aesthetascs. Antenna (Fig. 16B) 2-segmented; corpus unarmed; terminal claw carrying 1 short, papilliform elements on medial surface. Mandible (Fig. 15F) carrying 8 teeth on terminal blade. Maxillule (Fig. 15G) bilobate, smaller outer lobe tipped with 1 spiniform element and larger inner lobe, 3 unequal elements. Maxilla (Fig. 16C) 2-segmented, with unarmed lacertus larger and longer than brachium; later bearing subterminally a patch of denticles and a spiniform process on medial surface; terminal

Six Species of Lernanthropid Copepods (Siphonostomatoida) Parasitic on Marine Fishes of Taiwan 271 Fig. 15. Norion priacanthi (Kirtisinghe), female. A: habitus, dorsal; B: habitus; ventral; C: habitus, lateral; D: antennule, ventral; E: tip of antennule, ventral; F: mandible; G: maxillule, lateral; H: leg 3, outer; I: leg 3, inner. Scale bar: 1.5 mm in A-C; 0.1 mm in D; 20 μm in E; 40 μm in F, G; 0.5 mm in H, I.

272 Ju-shey Ho, Wei-Cheng Liu and Ching-Long Lin Fig. 16. Norion priacanthi (Kirtisinghe), female. A: genito-abdomen and leg 5, dorsal; B: antenna, ventral; C: maxilla, medial; D: maxilliped, medial; E: leg 1, dorsal; F: leg 4, ventral. Scale bar: 0.2 mm in A, B; 0.1 mm in C, D; 60 μm in E; 1 mm in F.

Six Species of Lernanthropid Copepods (Siphonostomatoida) Parasitic on Marine Fishes of Taiwan 273 Fig. 17. Norion priacanthi (Kirtisinghe), male. A: habitus, dorsal; B: habitus, ventral; C: tip of abdomen and caudal ramus, ventral; D: antennule, ventral; E: tip of antennule, ventral; F: antenna, dorsal; G: leg 2, ventral. Scale bar: 0.5 mm in A, B; 0.15 mm in C; 0.2 mm in D, F; 40 μm in E; 80 μm in G.

274 Ju-shey Ho, Wei-Cheng Liu and Ching-Long Lin claw armed with rows of denticles around margin. Maxilliped (Fig. 16D) 2-segmented; corpus robust but unarmed; subchela with a medial seta on shaft and striation on claw. Leg 1 (Fig. 16E) with inconspicuous protopod carrying a slender outer seta and a spiniform inner element; exopod 1-segmented and tipped with 4 stocky spines; endopod reduced to a lobe without armature. Leg 2 absent. Leg 3 (Fig. 15H, I) greatly modified, comprising fleshy, bilobate lamella protruded ventrally from trunk; protopod projecting upward and forward on either side of trunk; outer lamella (exopod) larger than inner lamella (endopod) and occupying major portion of lateral part of trunk (see Fig. 15B). Leg 4 (Fig. 16F) also bilobate but foliaceous; protopod short and narrow, bearing outer seta on a papilla; both rami highly flattened, each folia comprising broad basal part and filiform, narrow distal part. Leg 5 (Fig. 16A) a spatula-like lamella bearing 1 outer seta in proximal region. Male: Body (Fig. 17A, B) smaller than female and without dorsal plate on trunk, measuring 1.64 mm in length (from tip of head to end of caudal ramus). Head (cephalothorax) longer than wide, 0.84 0.72 mm, with antennal region set apart from rest of head. First pediger forming a short neck located between head and trunk. Remaining pedigers fused to form a squarish trunk measuring 0.68 0.68 mm. Genital complex and abdomen indistinguishably fused. Caudal ramus (Fig. 17C) long and attenuated, 168 61 μm, and armed with a basal seta, a medio-marginal seta, and a terminal seta in addition to 6 denticles on outer surface of distal margin. Antennule (Fig. 17D, E) filiform and indistinctly 6-segmented, armature on these segments: 0, 3, 1, 1, 1, and 11 setae + 1 aesthetasc. Parabasal process (Fig. 17D) present. Antenna (Fig. 17F) robust and 2-segmented; corpus armed with a small papilla in myxal area; subchela longer than that in female and armed with 2 small spiniform processes on medial surface. Leg 1 as in female. Leg 2 (Fig. 17G) biramous and lacking inner seta on protopod; exopod different from that of female in bearing many denticles in distal part of this ramus and armed with only one distal spine here. Both leg 3 and leg 4 represented by a cylindrical process coming off both sides of trunk (see Fig. 17A, B) Remarks: Four species of lernanthropids are classified in the genus Norion von Nordmann. They are: N. expansus von Nordmann, 1864; N. globosus Pillai, 1968; N. priacanthi (Kirtisinghe, 1956), and N. tayenus Ho & Kim, 2004. Among them, N. priacanthi bears the closest resemblance to N. tayenus in the general appearance. However, these two species are distinguishable by the structure of leg 1. This pair of legs is much reduced in N. tayenus, comprising only an inflated protopod carrying a large, unarmed lobe (instead of biramous). The closeness between these two species is understandable because both of them are parasite of bigeye (Priacanthus) while the other two congeners are not. The type-species, N. expansus, differs from N. priacanthi in bearing a forward protruding lobe on the shoulder of the trunk and the other congener, N. globosus, can be distinguished from N. priacanthi by the shape of the dorsal plate, which is longer than wide (instead of subcircular and about as long as wide). Genus Sagum Wilson, 1913 Sagum vespertilio Kabata, 1979 (Figs. 18-20) Material examined: Seventeen on gill filaments of 6 spengled emperor Lethrinus nebulosus (Forsskål, 1775) landed at Ma-gong Fishing Port in Penghu County on 19 March 1998. Female: Body (Fig. 18A, B, C) short and broad, 5.41 (3.90-6.72) mm long (from tip of head to posterior margin of dorsal plate) and 3.56 (2.94-3.98) mm wide; densely covered on dorsal surface with denticles, except central region of head. Head (cephalosome plus first pediger) wider than long, 1.50 (1.30-1.94) 3.45 (2.86-3.82) mm, with both sides protruded laterally into large process; smaller, fleshy lobe seen at anteroventral and posteroventral corners (see Fig. 18C).

Six Species of Lernanthropid Copepods (Siphonostomatoida) Parasitic on Marine Fishes of Taiwan 275 Fig. 18. Sagum vespertilio Kabata, female. A: habitus, dorsal; B: habitus, ventral; C: habitus, lateral; D: maxillule, lateral; E: maxilliped, ventral. Scale bar: 2 mm in A-C; 0.1 mm in D; 0.3 mm in E.

276 Ju-shey Ho, Wei-Cheng Liu and Ching-Long Lin Fig. 19. Sagum vespertilio Kabata, female. A: urosome and leg 4, dorsal; B: urosome, ventral; C: caudal ramus, dorsal; D: mandible; E: maxilla, medial; F: leg 2, dorsal. Scale bar: 1.5 mm in A; 0.4 mm in B; 0.2 mm in C; 0.1 mm in D; 0.15 mm in E; 30 μm in F. Trunk with shoulder-like anterolateral corners (see Fig. 18B); divisible into two parts: anterior part (third pediger) carrying a large lateral plate extending backward along and exterior to dorsal plate and posterior part (fourth pediger) producing backward into a broad dorsal plate with a shallow medial invagination (see Fig. 18A, C). Components of urosome fused into one unit (Fig. 19A, B), 0.90 (0.74-1.02) mm long and 485 (360-720) µm wide, and entirely concealed under dorsal plate in dorsal view (see Fig. 18B). Caudal ramus (Fig. 19B, C) 430 (400-460) 170 (140-180) μm, a cylindrical process with swollen base; armed with 2 basal setae, 1 subterminal medial seta, and 2 terminal

Six Species of Lernanthropid Copepods (Siphonostomatoida) Parasitic on Marine Fishes of Taiwan 277 Fig. 20. Sagum vespertilio Kabata, female. A: antennule, ventral; B: tip of antennule, ventral; C: antenna, medial; D: leg 1, lateral. Scale bar: 0.1 mm in A; 30 μm in B; 0.3 mm in C; 40 μm in D. setae (one of them assuming extended tip). Egg sac long and coiled. Antennule (Fig. 20A, B) elongate, indistinctly 6-segmented and armed on these segments with 2, 0, 2, 1, 2 and 12 setae + 2 aesthetascs. Antenna (Fig. 20C) 2-segmented; corpus unarmed; claw-like subchela also unarmed. Mandible (Fig. 19D) carrying 8 teeth on terminal blade. Maxillule (Fig. 18D) bilobate, smaller outer lobe tipped with 1 spiniform element and larger inner lobe, 2 subterminal and 1 terminal elements. Maxilla (Fig. 19E) 2-segmented, with unarmed lacertus larger and longer than brachium; later bearing subterminally a patch of denticles and a spiniform process on medial surface and another one on outer distal corner; terminal claw armed with denticles on medial surface. Maxilliped (Fig. 18E) 2-segmented; corpus robust but unarmed; shaft part of subchela also unarmed; terminal claw with striation. Protopod of leg 1 (Fig. 20D) inconspicuous and lacking outer seta and inner element becoming spiniform; exopod 1-segmented and tipped with 5 stocky spines, in addition to a small spine on out margin; endopod reduced to a lobe tipped with 1 spiniform seta. Leg 2 (Fig. 19F) bearing on protopod a large, outer protuberance; exopod tipped with 4 stout spines and endopod a lobe tipped with long seta. Leg 3 (Fig. 18B, C) greatly modified, comprising fleshy lamellae; exopod foliaceous, with broadly rounded posterior margin and carrying at its base an outer papilla tipped with a seta (see inserted drawing in Fig. 18B); endopod with outer lobe folded and protruded downward (ventral), inner lobe flat, and protruded backward to about same level of exopod (see Fig. 18B). Leg 4 (Fig. 19A) bilobate and foliaceous; protopod short

278 Ju-shey Ho, Wei-Cheng Liu and Ching-Long Lin and narrow, bearing outer seta on a papilla (see inserted drawing in Fig. 19A); both rami highly flattened, each folia comprising broad basal part and short, filiform distal part. Leg 5 (Fig. 19B) a spatula-like lamella tipped with 1 seta. Male: Unknown. Remarks: When Pillai & Sebastian (1967) redescribed Sagum epinepheli (Yamaguti & Yamasu, 1960) and gave a preliminary review of the genus, six species of lernanthropids were admitted to genus Sagum Wilson, 1913. They are, in addition to S. epinepheli, S. angulatum (Krøyer, 1863); S. flagellatum Wilson, 1913; S. petersi (van Beneden, 1857); S. posteli Delamare- Deboutteville & Nunes-Ruiva, 1954; and S. texanus Pearse, 1952. Since then, the following four more species were added: S. vespertilio Kabata, 1979; S. enneacentri Pillai, 1985; S. poeyi Ortiz, Lalana & Suarez, 2003; and S. tuberculatum Pillai, 1985. Thus, ten nominal species are now known in the genus Sagum. A close study on the reports of these ten species revealed that Pillai s (1985) S. tuberculatum is conspecific with Kabata s (1979b) S. vespertilio. Although in Kabata s (1979b) original description of S. vesperitilio, no descriptions of any appendages were given, based on our specimens from Taiwan, we found no significant discrepancies between the two nominal species. Thus, Pillai s (1985) S. tuberculatum is proposed to be treated as a junior synonym of Kabata s (1979b) S. vesperitilio. As pointed out by Kabata (1979b), S. vesperitilio can be easily distinguished from all of its congeners by the possession of a pair of large, lateral, horn-like outgrowths in the head region. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank Ching-Kuo Chang of Dong-shi Fishing Port, Fuong-You Lee of Sheng-dah Fishing Port, and Shian- Tien Hwang of Ma-gong Fishing Port for their arrangements to make it possible for us to purchase the catch landed at their respective ports. Our appreciation is also due to Yu- Feng Pai, Jia-Leng Hwang, Ping-Ju Wu, Wei-Shen Tzeng, Yuh-Ying Chiang, Meng- Da Yu, I-Chia Ho, Su-Chen Hwang, Yu- Rong Cheng, Mei-Jiun Shih of the National Chiayi University for their assistance in transportation and examination of fishes for copepod parasites. The field and laboratory works of this project was made possible through the grants (NSC 87-2311-B-002-035, NSC 88-2313-B-021-018, and NSC 90-2313-B-415-014) from the National Science Council of Taiwan to Ching-Long Lin. Completion of this manuscript was aided by a grant from the Aparamitas Foundation to Ju-shey Ho. REFERENCES Benmansour, B, & K. Ben Hassine (1997). Preliminary analysis of parasitic copepod species richness among coastal fishes of Tunisia. Ital. J. Zool., suppl., 65: 341-344. Diebakate, C. & A. Raibaut (1996). Copepodes du genre Lernanthropus de Blainville, 1822 parasites de poisons marins du Senegal. Syst. Parasitol., 34: 89-107. Ho, J. S. & T. T. Do (1985). Copepods of the family Lernanthropidae parasitic on Japanese marine fishes, with a phylogenetic analysis of the lernanthropid genera. Rep. Sado Mar. Biol. Stat., Niigata Univ., 15: 31-76. Ho, J. S. & O. Sey (1996). Parasitic Copepoda of marine fishes from Kuwait: A preliminary report. Kuwait J. Sci. & Engin., 23: 61-69. Humes, A. G. & R. U. Gooding (1964). A method for studying the external anatomy of copepods. Crustaceana, 6: 238-240. Kabata, Z. (1979a). Parasitic copepods of British fishes. London: Ray Society, 468 pp. Kabata, Z. (1979b). Parasitic Copepoda of Australian fishes, XII. Family Lernanthropidae. Crustaceana, 37: 198-213. Oktener, A. & J.-P. Trilles (2004). Three new parasitic copepod species for the parasite fauna of marine fish of Turkey. J. Black Sea/ Med. Envir., 10: 71-80. Pillai, N. K. (1963). Copepods parasitic on south Indian fishes: Family Anthosomidae 1. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 60: 1-16. Pillai, N. K. (1985). The Fauna of India. Copepod parasites of marine fishes. Calcutta:

Six Species of Lernanthropid Copepods (Siphonostomatoida) Parasitic on Marine Fishes of Taiwan 279 Zoological Society of India, 900 pp. Pillai, N. K. & M. J. Sebastian (1967). Redescription of Sagum epinepheli (Yamaguti & Yamasu) with comments on the validity of Pseudolernanthropus (Copepoda, Anthosomatidae). Crustaceana, 13: 73-80. Rangnekar, P. G. & N. N. Murti (1961). Two new copepods from the fishes of Bombay. J. Univ. Bombay, 29: 206-210. Shiino, S. M. (1955). Copepods parasitic on Japanese fishes, 8. The Anthosomidae. Rep. Fac. Fish. Prefect. Univ., Mie, 3: 334-374. Timi, J. T. & A. Etchegoin (1996). A new species of Lernanthropus (Copepoda: Lernanthropidae) parasite of Cynoscion striatus (Pisces: Sciaenidae) from Argentinean waters, and new records of Lernanthropus trqachuri. Folia Parasitol., 43: 71-74. Tripathi, Y. R. (1962). Parasitic copepods from Indian fishes III. Family Anthosomatoidae and Dichelesthiidae. Proc. First All-India Cong. Zoology, 1959(1962): 191-217. Yamaguti, S. (1936). Parasitic copepods from fishes of Japan. Part 3, Caligoida, II: 1-121 (publ. By author, Kyoto). Yamaguti, S. & T. Yamasu (1959). Parasitic copepods from fishes of Japan with descriptions of 26 new species and remarks on two known species. Biol. J. Okayama Univ., 3-4: 89-165.

280 Ju-shey Ho, Wei-Cheng Liu and Ching-Long Lin 寄生在台灣海水魚上屬於吸管口目的六種人形 魚虱科橈足類 何汝諧 1. 劉維城 2. 林清龍 2 * (2008 年 7 月 1 日收件 ;2008 年 9 月 15 日接受 ) 此篇報告中記錄六種寄生在台灣海水魚鰓上, 屬於吸管口目 人形魚虱科的橈足類 他們分別為 : 寄生在眼眶魚 [Mene maculata (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)] 上的 Lernanthropinus sphyraenae (Yamaguti & Yamasu, 1959); 寄生在烏魚 (Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 1758) 上的 Lernanthropsis mugilii (Shishido, 1893); 寄生在斑鰭白姑魚 [Pennahia pawak (Lin, 1940)] 上的 Lernanthropus otolithi Pillai, 1963; 寄生在星雞魚 [Pomadasys kaakan (Cuvier, 1830)] 上的 Lernanthropus pomadasysis Rangnekar & Murti, 1961; 寄生在大眼鯛 (Priacanthus macracanthus Cuvier, 1829) 上的 Norion priacanthi (Kirtisinghe, 1956); 以及寄生在青嘴龍占 [Lethrinus nebulosus (Forsskål, 1775)] 上的 Sagum vespertilio Kabata, 1979 此六種皆為台灣水域的新記錄種, 其中三種 :L. otolithi, L. pomadasysis 及 N. priacanthi 為太平洋海域的首次發現 另外, 在本篇報告中將 Sagum tuberculatum Pillai, 1985 歸類是 Sagum vespertilio Kabata, 1979 的同種異名, 而 Lernanthropus pomadasysis Rangnekar & Murti, 1961 應為有效種, 而非 Lernanthropus abitocephalus Tripathi, 1962 的同種異名 關鍵詞 : 寄生橈足類, 人形魚虱科, 海水魚, 台灣 1 加州州立大學長灘分校生物科學系, 加州,90840-3702, 美國 2 國立嘉義大學生命科學院水生生物科學系, 嘉義,60083, 台灣 * 通訊作者,cllin@mail.ncyu.edu.tw