Article ID: ISSN 2046-1690 How Running Barefoot (Xero Shoes) and Running Shod (Montrail Shoes) Effects Percent of Maximum Heart rate - A Case Report Corresponding Author: Dr. Bill Misner, Dr., PhD, American Holistic College of Nutrition PhD Emeritus/Retired, 1140 West Glass Avenue, Spokane, Wa. 99205 USA, 99205 - United States of America Submitting Author: Dr. Bill Misner, Dr., PhD, American Holistic College of Nutrition PhD Emeritus/Retired, 1140 West Glass Avenue, Spokane, Wa. 99205 USA, 99205 - United States of America Article ID: Article Type: Case Report Submitted on:10-mar-2013, 03:01:58 AM GMT Article URL: http://www.webmedcentral.com/article_view/4123 Subject Categories:SPORTS MEDICINE Published on: 11-Mar-2013, 01:10:57 PM GMT Keywords:Exercise, Performance Running, Maximum Heart Rate, Running Barefoot, Running Shod [shoes] How to cite the article:misner B. How Running Barefoot (Xero Shoes) and Running Shod (Montrail Shoes) Effects Percent of Maximum Heart rate - A Case Report. WebmedCentral SPORTS MEDICINE 2013;4(3): Copyright: This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License(CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Source(s) of Funding: The author bore all costs for collecting the data in this single subject case report. Furthermore the author declares appreciation to (1) Steve Sashen, CEO Xero Shoes, Feel The World, Inc., 5470 Conestoga Ct., Boulder, CO 80301, 1-800-499-8880, and, (2) Byron Pittam, Montrail Shoes/Mountain Hardwear Inc.1414 Harbour Way S #1005, Richmond, CA 94804, (510) 558-3000 for their generous contribution of Xero Shoes and Montrail Rogue Racer Shoes for this case study. Competing Interests: The author was also the subject in this case study and acknowledges all the data collected was associated with his heart rate value, and, may or may not, reflect consistent trends in whole runner populations. The author reports no competing interests and received no financial remuneration from either shoe company. Webmedcentral > Case Report Page 1 of 13
How Running Barefoot (Xero Shoes) and Running Shod (Montrail Shoes) Effects Percent of Maximum Heart rate - A Case Report Author(s): Misner B Abstract Heart Rate [HR] is a factor effecting running performance. The type of a running shoe may enhance or inhibit performance depending upon the type of contact surface, the weight of the shoe, or the form employed. There are arguments for and against running barefoot as compared to Shod Shoe in a lightweight running shoe. The trend observed in this case study raises a question as to whether application in greater populations has merit. This single subject case study shows a 4-8% advantage running at 70-89% maximum heart rate in lightweight running shoes. However, single subject case study is numerically limited requiring more research on subjects representing all genders, ages, and fitness levels to determine if there are any maximal heart rate differences between running barefoot in minimalist shoes and lightweight racing shoes. Methods Three shoes [pictures below] were selected: Two barefoot models[xero 4mm, Xero 6mm] and a non-barefoot, lightweight shoe {Montrail Rogue Racer]. A fit 73-year male subject ran at three different speeds [5.2-mph, 7.0-mph, and 9.0-mph] on a treadmill, alternating one of three shoes; two were barefoot models [Xero 4-mm, Xero 6-mm]; the other was a non-barefoot model, a Montrail Rogue Racer shoe. A protocol consisting of 9-separate tests was repeated every 48-hours for three test days. The subject was required to warm-up jogging for 10-minutes prior to the first of 3-tests for 5-minutes at 5.2-mph in each shoe. The subject took a 5-minute rest break in between each shoe test. This protocol was repeated again for 2-minutes at 7.0-mph, and for 1-minute at 9.0-mph to determine this subject s heart rate response to running each speed in each model. Heart rates were recorded using a wrist cuff blood-pressure monitor after each running test alternating each shoe model. The Percents of this subject s Maximum Heart Rate were calculated [1, 2] and recorded after each test [the order of each shoe was alternated and is listed in brackets] shown below in Table 1.Data and Figure 1.Shoe Effects Percents Maximum Heart Rate. Discussion Research states that running economy is higher barefoot than running in shoes. By example, Warne & Warrington (3) reported that running barefoot significantly improves running economy when compared with Shod Shoe running. Also, Hanson et al., (4) reported that at 70% of VO 2 max pace barefoot running is more economical, and that running requires a significantly higher heart rate and VO 2 value. However, this single subject case study, reports the opposite, that running economy based on percent of maximum heart rates significantly favored the Shod Shoe lightweight Montrail running shoe, not in either of the barefoot models (Xero 4mm and Xero 6mm). This contradicting case study simply raises a critical question: Is running economy in lightweight shoes superior to barefoot running in larger populations in male and female runners of all ages? Conclusion This subject ran -8% and -4% lower percent maximum heart rate average at 7.0-mph and 9.0-mph running consistently in lightweight Montrail shoes compared to both barefoot models [Xero 4mm, Xero 6mm]. This single subject s running at above 70% maximum heart rate appear to have benefited by running in lightweight Montrail shoes, not from either barefoot models [Xero 4mm, Xero 6mm]. References 1.The American College of Sports Medicine states the following formula for determining Maximum Heart Rate formula is: 220 Age = (MHR). The Heart Rate Debate Jan 13, 2012, Linda Melone, ACSM Certified Personal TrainerSM. http://www.acsm.org/access-public-information/articles /2012/01/13/the-heart 2.Fitness > Calculators > Target Heart Rate Calculator Webmedcentral > Case Report Page 2 of 13
was used to determine the percents of 100% maximum heart rate for a 73-year subject was 220-73 = 147-bpm. http://www.active.com/fitness/calculators/heartrate# 3. Warne JP, Warrington GD. Four-week habituation to simulated barefoot running improves running economy when compared with shod running. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2012 Dec 17. doi: 10.1111/sms.12032. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 23252417. 4. Hanson NJ, Berg K, Deka P, Meendering JR, Ryan C. Oxygen cost of running barefoot vs. running shod. Int J Sports Med. 2011 Jun;32(6):401-6. doi: 10.1055/s-0030-1265203. Epub 2011 Apr 6. PubMed PMID: 21472628. Webmedcentral > Case Report Page 3 of 13
Illustrations Illustration 1 Figure 1. Shoe Effects On Percents of Maximum Heart Rate Webmedcentral > Case Report Page 4 of 13
Illustration 2 Table 1: Heart rate response to each shoe AT THREE RUNNING SPEEDS 3-TESTS [73-YR MALE] Test #1, #2, #3 Xero 4mm Xero 6mm Montrail Rogue Racer 8.33 oz Bracket numbers [1-2-3] indicate order shoe was tested Shoe order was rotated in all 3-tests. 3.67 oz 5.97 oz Base Resting Heart Rate 56 Base Resting Heart Rate 56 Base Resting Heart Rate 56 Day # Treadmill Speed-mph-time Heart Rate Heart Rate Heart Rate [Shoe order] [Shoe order] [Shoe order] #1-Speed 5.2-mph 80 81 88 5-minutes #2-Speed 5.2-mph 88 87 87 5-minutes Webmedcentral > Case Report Page 5 of 13
#3-Speed 5.2-mph 96 92 89 5-minutes #1-Speed 7.0-mph 103 105 104 2-minutes #2-Speed 7.0-mph 110 108 92 2-minutes #3-Speed 7.0-mph 118 108 97 2-minutes #1-Speed 9.0-mph 129 134 122 1-minute #2-Speed 9.0-mph 132 127 122 1-minute Webmedcentral > Case Report Page 6 of 13
#3-Speed 9.0-mph 132 122 129 1-minute 5.2-MPH 5-MINUTES 88 BPM 86.6 BPM 88 BPM AVERAGE HEART RATE [BPM] %-MAXIMUM HEART RATE 60% 59% 60% 7.0-MPH 2-MINUTES 110.30 BPM 107.00 BPM 97.60 BPM AVERAGE HEART RATE [BPM] %-MAXIMUM HEART RATE 75% 73% 67% 9.0-MPH 1-MINUTE 131.00 BPM 127.60 BPM 124.30 BPM AVERAGE HEART RATE [BPM] %-MAXIMUM HEART RATE 89% 87% 85% Webmedcentral > Case Report Page 7 of 13
AVERAGE HEART RATE 109.76 BPM 107.06 BPM 103.30 BPM ALL SPEEDS [BPM] %-MAXIMUM HEART RATE 74.6% 73% 70.6% Within the format using the same treadmill pre-set at for 5-minutes at 5.2-mph, 2-minutes at 7.0-mph, and 1-minute at 9.0-mph, each shoe was rotated [order shown in brackets above]. Rotation of each model eliminates elevated heart rate with a 5-minute rest between each test. The average heart rate for all and each of the three running speeds determines which model compliments heart rate performance in this single subject case study. Webmedcentral > Case Report Page 8 of 13
Illustration 3 Shoes Picture Webmedcentral > Case Report Page 9 of 13
Disclaimer This article has been downloaded from WebmedCentral. With our unique author driven post publication peer review, contents posted on this web portal do not undergo any prepublication peer or editorial review. It is completely the responsibility of the authors to ensure not only scientific and ethical standards of the manuscript but also its grammatical accuracy. Authors must ensure that they obtain all the necessary permissions before submitting any information that requires obtaining a consent or approval from a third party. Authors should also ensure not to submit any information which they do not have the copyright of or of which they have transferred the copyrights to a third party. Contents on WebmedCentral are purely for biomedical researchers and scientists. They are not meant to cater to the needs of an individual patient. The web portal or any content(s) therein is neither designed to support, nor replace, the relationship that exists between a patient/site visitor and his/her physician. Your use of the WebmedCentral site and its contents is entirely at your own risk. We do not take any responsibility for any harm that you may suffer or inflict on a third person by following the contents of this website. Webmedcentral > Case Report Page 10 of 13
Reviews Review 1 Review Title: An Unique Study on Running Barefoot and Running Shod Posted by Dr. Krishna N. Sharma on 19 Mar 2013 07:03:33 PM GMT 1 Is the subject of the article within the scope of the subject category? 2 Are the interpretations / conclusions sound and justified by the data? 3 Is this a new and original contribution? 4 Does this paper exemplify an awareness of other research on the topic? 5 Are structure and length satisfactory? 6 Can you suggest brief additions or amendments or an introductory statement that will increase the value of this paper for an international audience? 7 Can you suggest any reductions in the paper, or deletions of parts? 8 Is the quality of the diction satisfactory? 9 Are the illustrations and tables necessary and acceptable? 10 Are the references adequate and are they all necessary? 11 Are the keywords and abstract or summary informative? Rating: 8 Comment: NA Competing interests: None Invited by the author to make a review on this article? : No Experience and credentials in the specific area of science: Physical Therapist Publications in the same or a related area of science: No How to cite: Sharma K.An Unique Study on Running Barefoot and Running Shod[Review of the article 'How Running Barefoot (Xero Shoes) and Running Shod (Montrail Shoes) Effects Percent of Maximum Heart rate - A Case Report ' by ].WebmedCentral 1970;4(3):WMCRW002625 Webmedcentral > Case Report Page 11 of 13
Review 2 Review Title: Running Economy vs Running Efficiency Posted by Mr. Antonio Ventín on 14 Mar 2013 11:54:01 AM GMT 1 Is the subject of the article within the scope of the subject category? 2 Are the interpretations / conclusions sound and justified by the data? 3 Is this a new and original contribution? 4 Does this paper exemplify an awareness of other research on the topic? 5 Are structure and length satisfactory? 6 Can you suggest brief additions or amendments or an introductory statement that will increase the value of this paper for an international audience? 7 Can you suggest any reductions in the paper, or deletions of parts? 8 Is the quality of the diction satisfactory? 9 Are the illustrations and tables necessary and acceptable? 10 Are the references adequate and are they all necessary? 11 Are the keywords and abstract or summary informative? Rating: 8 Comment: N/A Competing interests: None Invited by the author to make a review on this article? : No Experience and credentials in the specific area of science: Runners and triathletes trainer Publications in the same or a related area of science: No How to cite: VentÃn A.Running Economy vs Running Efficiency[Review of the article 'How Running Barefoot (Xero Shoes) and Running Shod (Montrail Shoes) Effects Percent of Maximum Heart rate - A Case Report ' by ].WebmedCentral 1970;4(3):WMCRW002607 Webmedcentral > Case Report Page 12 of 13
Disclaimer This article has been downloaded from WebmedCentral. With our unique author driven post publication peer review, contents posted on this web portal do not undergo any prepublication peer or editorial review. It is completely the responsibility of the authors to ensure not only scientific and ethical standards of the manuscript but also its grammatical accuracy. Authors must ensure that they obtain all the necessary permissions before submitting any information that requires obtaining a consent or approval from a third party. Authors should also ensure not to submit any information which they do not have the copyright of or of which they have transferred the copyrights to a third party. Contents on WebmedCentral are purely for biomedical researchers and scientists. They are not meant to cater to the needs of an individual patient. The web portal or any content(s) therein is neither designed to support, nor replace, the relationship that exists between a patient/site visitor and his/her physician. Your use of the WebmedCentral site and its contents is entirely at your own risk. We do not take any responsibility for any harm that you may suffer or inflict on a third person by following the contents of this website. Webmedcentral > Case Report Page 13 of 13