Portland State University PDXScholar TREC Friday Seminar Series Transportation Research and Education Center (TREC) 6-5-2016 The Cycling Gender Gap: What Can We Learn From Girls? Jennifer Dill Portland State University, jdill@pdx.edu Let us know how access to this document benefits you. Follow this and additional works at: http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/trec_seminar Part of the Transportation Commons, Urban Studies Commons, and the Urban Studies and Planning Commons Recommended Citation Dill, Jennifer, "The Cycling Gender Gap: What Can We Learn From Girls?" (2016). TREC Friday Seminar Series. 25. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/trec_seminar/25 This Book is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in TREC Friday Seminar Series by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. For more information, please contact pdxscholar@pdx.edu.
The Cycling Gender Gap: What can we learn from girls? Jennifer Dill, Ph.D. Professor, Urban Studies & Planning Director, TREC Portland State University
The biking gender gap Females Males 66% 67% 31% 40% 5% 10% 15% 15% Made a bike trip in the past week Made a walk trip in the past week Children Adults Children Adults Source: 2009 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS)
That s not the case everywhere 55% 56% Percent of bike trips by women 25% 27% 30% 49% USA UK Canada Germany Denmark Netherlands Source: Pucher and Buehler (eds.) City Cycling. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2012
FAS Team: Nathan McNeil Joe Broach
Data collection Surveys GPS (GlobalSat DG-100) and accelerometer (Actigraph GT3X) for 5 days
Timeline Pre data collection (GPS+AM+surveys) Interim data collection (surveys only) Post data collection (GPS+AM+surveys) 2 years 1. July-October 2010 2. April-August 2011 1. August-Oct. 2012 2. April-August 2013
Sample size by phase 328 households 253 households 262 households 1000 175 800 600 400 322 114 134 224 260 71 186 99 215 Kids 11-17 Kids 5-10 Adults 200 491 363 354 294 329 0 Pre Interim Post AM: 3 days Pre & Post GPS: 3 days Pre & Post
35 30 Age of kid participants 25 20 Boys Girls Notes: 15 4-year olds only included with older siblings, at request of parents 10 5 17-year old dropped out 0 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Age at start of study
Findings Today s findings are new, and just the beginning of the analysis. I welcome your ideas for further analysis. Keep in mind that these are kids living in the city of Portland. Need to be careful about applying findings to other cities.
Behavior
2.5 Boys Girls Bikes trips by gender Based on GPS data over 5 days Gender differences are not statistically significant 5-10 year olds: 123 boys, 119 girls 11-16 year olds: 65 boys, 57 girls Mean # bike trips 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 5-10, pre 5-10, post 11-16, pre 11-16, post
Number of bike trips, by gender 80% 80% 70% 70% 60% Boys 60% 50% Girls 50% 40% 40% 30% 30% 20% 20% 10% 10% 0% 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10+ # of bike trips 0% 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10+ # of bike trips 5-10 year olds 11-16 year olds
Differences between corridors Boys Girls Control Treatment Control Treatment 5-10 year olds Minutes biking No change No change No change Bike trips No change No change No change No change 11-16 year olds Minutes biking No change No change No change Bike trips No change No change No change Paired sample t-tests, p<0.10
Kids attitudes
Attitudes about walking vs. biking girls vs. boys, pre 5-10 year olds 11-16 year olds girls vs. boys, post same kids, 2 years later girls vs. boys, pre girls vs. boys, post same kids, 2 years later I like walking = = = = = = I like biking = = = = girls < boys girls I like riding my bike to school I like riding my bike to other places = = girls & boys = = girls
Attitudes about walking vs. biking girls vs. boys, pre 5-10 year olds 11-16 year olds girls vs. boys, post same kids, 2 years later girls vs. boys, pre girls vs. boys, post same kids, 2 years later I like walking = = = = = = I like biking = = = = girls < boys girls I like riding my bike to school I like riding my bike to other places = = girls & boys = = girls
Gender differences in attitudes about biking 100 % Agreeing that they Like Biking 80 60 40 20 2 years later 2 years later 0 5-10, Pre 5-10, Post 11-16, Pre 11-16, Post Boys Girls
Barriers to biking, by gender (11-16 years, pre) Very much a barrier to biking 5.0 4.0 Boys Girls 3.0 2.0 Not at all a barrier to biking 1.0 Rain Cold weather No one to My parents bike with don t want me to bike It takes too long Not fun, don t feel like it I don t like wearing my helmet I am afraid of getting hurt My bike does not fit me well I don t want to get sweaty p=0.02 p<0.01 p<0.01 p=0.02 p=0.02 I can t ride my bike well My friends don t want me to bike I don t want other kids to see me biking
Change among girls, barriers to biking Very much a barrier to biking 5.0 4.0 Pre Post 3.0 2.0 Not at all a barrier to biking 1.0 Rain Cold weather No one to bike with Parents don't want me to bike Takes too long Not fun, don't feel like it Afraid of getting hurt I don't like wearing my helmet My bike does not fit me well I don't want to get sweaty Friends don't want me to bike Don't want other kids to see me biking I can't ride my bike well p=0.03 p=0.07 p=0.02 p=0.06
Barriers to biking, by gender (11-16 years, post) Very much a barrier to biking 5.0 4.0 Boys Girls 3.0 2.0 Not at all a barrier to biking 1.0 Rain Cold weather No one to bike with Not fun, don t feel like it It takes too long I don t I don t like want to wearing get sweaty my helmet My bike does not fit me well I can t ride my bike well My friends don t want me to bike p<0.01 p<0.01 p=0.03 p=0.02 My parents I am afraid don t of getting want me hurt to bike I don t want other kids to see me biking
Parents attitudes
Parents comfort with kids biking & walking strongly agree 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 Boys, 5-10 Girls, 5-10 Boys, 11-16 Girls, 11-16 I/We do not feel comfortable allowing this child to walk/bike alone to places in the neighborhood because of. Very few significant gender differences: 5-10, walk alone due to stranger danged p<0.05 5-10, bike alone due to stranger danged p<0.10 strongly disagree 2.0 1.5 1.0 bike alone bike with their because of friends because stranger danger of tranger danger bike alone because of traffic bike with their friends because of traffic walk alone because of stranger danger walk with their friends because of tranger danger walk alone because of traffic Stranger Danger Traffic Stranger Danger Traffic walk with their friends because of traffic Biking Walking
Infrastructure
Comfort on facilities: 11-16 year olds 4.0 Mean Comfort Level, 1=Very uncomfortable, 4=Very comfortable 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 with heavy traffic and no bike lane* Boys Girls with heavy traffic with a bike lane* with little traffic and no bike lane* with little traffic with a bike lane* On a path or trail separate from the street with heavy traffic and no bike lane with heavy traffic with a bike lane with little traffic and no bike lane with little traffic with a bike lane On a path or trail separate from the street * sig. difference p<0.05 Alone With Parents
Comfort on facilities: 11-16 year olds 4.0 Mean Comfort Level, 1=Very uncomfortable, 4=Very comfortable 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 with heavy traffic and no bike lane* Boys Girls with heavy traffic with a bike lane* with little traffic and no bike lane* with little traffic with a bike lane* On a path or trail separate from the street with heavy traffic and no bike lane with heavy traffic with a bike lane with little traffic and no bike lane with little traffic with a bike lane On a path or trail separate from the street * sig. difference p<0.05 Alone With Parents
Questions? Today s findings are new, and just the beginning of the analysis. I welcome your ideas for further analysis. Keep in mind that these are kids living in the city of Portland. Need to be careful about applying findings to other cities.