Supplementary material: Reliability estimates. Authors (year) N subjects Reliability estimates for fascicle length Reliability estimates for pennation angle 1. Aggeloussis (2010) 12 CMC = 0.95 ± 0.02 * CMC = 0.93 ± 0.10 Overall CMC = 0.89 ± 0.14 (Means ± SD of CMC shown) 2. Kim (2010) 2 r = 0.74 r = 0.93 3. Legerlotz (2010) 4 CV = 4.5 to 6.3% ICC = 0.87 to 0.96 (0.67 to 0.98) CV = 2.3 to 5.9% [Range of CV, ICC (95% CI) shown for side of leg, ankle positions and US machines] 4. Noorkoiv (2010) 10 (for same fascicle) CV = 1.0% (1.1% for 1 st and 0.9% for 2 nd ) CV = 3.1 ± 2.8% ICC = 0.97 (0.88 to 0.99) (for two images) CV = 2.1 ± 1.7% ICC = 0.99 (0.95 to 1.00) SEM = 8mm CV = 3.8 ± 3.2% ICC = 0.95 (0.80 to 0.99) SEM = 2mm 5. Seiberl (2010) 15 ICC = 0.8 CMC = 0.90 ± 0.04 CMC = 0.87 ± 0.16 Overall CMC = 0.84 ± 0.12 (Means ± SD of CMC shown) r = 0.76 r = 0.88 CV = 4.1 to 6.0% ICC = 0.85 to 0.96 (0.63 to 0.98) CV = 5.1 to 5.9% [Range of CV, ICC (95% CI) shown for side of leg, ankle positions and US machines] ICC = 0.8 6. Staehli (2010) 30 CV = 6.9% ICC = 0.62 (0.35 to 0.80) 1
7. Duclay (2009) 8 CV at rest = 3.5% ICC at rest = 0.81 (0.35 to 0.96) CV at 50% MVC = 3.2% ICC at 50% MVC = 0.96 (0.85 to 0.99) CV at 100% MVC = 4.3% ICC at 100% MVC = 0.98 (0.94 to 0.99) [CV, ICC (95% CI) values shown] 8. Moreau (2009) 18 CP 12 healthy ICC for healthy RF = 0.98 (0.95 to 0.99) ICC for CP RF = 0.96 (0.91 to 0.98) ICC for healthy VL = 0.88 (0.68 to 0.96) ICC for CP VL = 0.93 (0.84 to 0.97) CV at rest = 4.0% ICC at rest = 0.96 (0.88 to 0.99) CV at 50% MVC = 2.1% ICC at 50%MVC = 0.95 (0.78 to 0.99) CV at 100% MVC = 4.3% ICC at 100% MVC = 0.91 (0.71 to 0.98) [CV, ICC (95% CI) values shown] ICC for healthy RF = 0.95 (0.78 to 0.99) ICC for CP RF = 0.97 (0.93 to 0.99) ICC for healthy VL = 0.96 (0.88 to 0.99) ICC for CP VL = 0.97 (0.93 to 0.99) 9. Brancaccio (2008) 1 /interimage CV for right leg = 4.5% CV for left leg = 3.8% 10. Brorsson (2008) 40 κ for men = 0.80 κ for women = 0.81 κ for men = 0.84 κ for women = 0.84 11. Cronin (2008) 13 CV = 5% 12. de Boer (2008) 10 ICC for MG = 0.99 ICC for TA = 0.99 ICC for VL = 0.99 SEM for MG = 0mm SEM for TA = 1mm SEM for VL = 0mm ICC for MG = 0.99 ICC for TA = 0.99 ICC for VL = 0.97 ICC for BB = 0.99 SEM for MG = 0.2 SEM for TA = 0.1 SEM for VL = 0.2 SEM for BB = 0.2 2
13. Padhiar (2008) 1 SEM for affected leg = 0.5 SEM for nonaffected leg = 0.5 14. Chleboun (2007) 9 for TA 7 for VL CV for TA = 2.8% ICC for TA = 0.93 SEM for TA = 1mm CV for VL = 3.5% ICC for VL = 0.90 SEM for VL = 1mm 15. Klimstra (2007) 9 CV = 8.3% 16. Mohagheghi (2007) 4 ICC for nonparetic leg = 0.81 ICC for paretic leg = 0.91 17. Alegre (2006) 30 CV = 5.5% ICC = 0.95 18. Blazevich (2006) 31 ICC = 0.76 to 0.86 SEM = 10 to 19mm 19. Mairet (2006) 19 ICC for relaxed = 0.74, 0.79 SEM (SEM%) for relaxed = 8mm (8.5%), 14mm (10.9%) ICC for contracted = 0.88, 0.62 SEM (SEM%) for contracted = 3mm (4.3%), 17mm (14.2%) (Values for 2 knee angles shown) 20. Manal (2006) 1 CV = 8.3% ICC for nonparetic leg = 0.88 ICC for paretic leg = 0.85 CV = 5.2% ICC = 1.00 ICC = 0.90 to 0.99 SEM = 0.2 to 1.2 ICC = 0.95 to 1.00 SEM = 0.3 to 0.6 ICC for relaxed = 0.92, 0.81, 0.83, 0.63 SEM (SEM%) for relaxed = 0.8 (5.0%), 1.1 (10.2%), 0.9 (5.9%), 1.1 (9.5%) ICC for contracted = 0.91, 0.64, 0.90, 0.51 SEM (SEM%) for contracted = 0.9 (5.1%), 1.1 (10.8%), 1.0 (5.2%), 1.2 (10.9%) (Values for deep and average of deep and superficial measures at 2 knee angles shown) 3
21. Muraoka (2005) 11 CV = 3.0 ± 2.4% r = 0.96 (Mean CV ± SD value shown) 22. Muraoka (2003) 2 CV = 3% CV = 3% 23. Bleakney (2002) 1 /interimage CV for right leg = 5.8% CV for left leg = 5.4% 24. Muramatsu (2002) 3 CV = 6.1% s CV = 9.8% and 9.7% 25. Chleboun (2001) 18 Fascicle length or pennation angle ICC = 0.87 26. Kurokawa (2001) 8 CV = 0 to 3% ICC = 0.99 CV = 4.2% CV = 8.5% /interimage CV for right leg = 5.5% CV for left leg = 4.0% Fascicle length or pennation angle ICC = 0.87 CV = 0 to 3% ICC = 1.00 27. Martin (2001) 9 28. Kawakami (1998) 6 /interimage CV = 0 to 2% 29. Maganaris (1998) 1 CV for contracted = 2.1% CV for rest = 4.3% CV for contracted = 7.5 % 30. Ichinose (1997) 6 CV = 0 to 3.4% 31. Fukunaga (1997) 6 CV for relaxed = 0 to 6.8% (mean 2.1%) CV for contracted = 0 to 6.1% (mean 3.0%) /interimage CV = 0 to 2% CV for contracted = 1.6% CV for rest = 4.9% CV for contracted = 7.8% CV = 0 to 7.5% CV for relaxed = 0 to 2.0% (mean 0.8%) CV for contracted = 0 to 3.8% (mean 1.7%) 4
32. Narici (1996) 1 CV = 5.9% CV = 9.8% 33. Herbert (1995) 1 ICC = 0.89 34. Kawakami (1993) 11 r for long head = 0.95 r for short head = 0.87 35. Henriksson Larsen (1992) 5 36. Rutherford (1992) 7 CV = 13.5% CMC, coefficient of multiple correlations; CV, coefficient of variation; ICC, intraclass coefficient; SEM, standard error of measurement; RF, rectus femoris; VL, vastus lateralis; MG, medial gastrocnemius; TA, tibialis anterior; BB, biceps brachii; CP, cerebral palsy; US, ultrasound * means that the ultrasound probe was removed and a new ultrasound imaging session was commenced. Unclear if intersession/interimage, fascicle length/pennation angle measurements Unclear subset of total number of subjects 5