Appendix Urban Change in Western Europe, 1 945-80: Statistical Background
... <XI \0 Table A.l: Percentage share of population growth by city size, 1960-70 SOO 000 or more 200 000-SOO 000 100 000-200 000 so 000-100 000 SO 000 or less Country Actual Expected Actual Expected Actual Expected Actual Expected Actual Expected Belgium 12.7 18.1 6.0 9.2-2.9 1.2 4.7 2.6 79.4 68.9 Denmark -26.3 12.S 9.3 4.8 7.S 8.S 24.0 13.8 8S.3 60.3 France 2.9 8.1 3.6 3.4 9.6 6.S 6.6 3.S 83.0 78.4 West Germany 0.1 17.3-1.2 8.2 2.1 6.9 3.9 6.9 9S.2 60.6 Britain -38.4 19.8-3.1 9.3 6.1 8.9 34.S 17.6 101.0 44.1 Italy 2S.8 ls.s 9.2 6.9 13.6 6.7 1S.6 8.1 3S.6 62.6 Netherlands -10.1 1S.6 1.4 2.1 ll.s 12.8 16.1 13.4 81.0 SS.9 Source: CES (1981) A New Community Urban Research Programme (London).
190 Appendix Table A.2: Population change, 1950-2000 Country Annual rate of total population growth per 1000 base projection Actual Projected 1960-70 1970-75 1975-80 1980-85 1990-2000 Austria Belgium Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Netherlands Norway Portugal Sweden Spain Switzerland United Kingdom Yugoslavia 5.5 2.0-0.6 1.0 0.4 5.5 3.3 2.2 2.2 1.5 7.5 4.6 3.4 2.9 1.4 3.4 5.3 5.1 4.5 1.4 10.6 7.0 2.1 1.5 l.l 9.0 3.9-1.7-1.1-1.6 5.5 5.7 3.3 2.4 0.8 4.4 ll.o 10.9 10.3 ll. 2 7.1 6.4 5.4 4.7 3.4 12.8 9.2 6.2 5.1 4.0 7.9 6.5 5.0 4.2 3.5 1.4 13.4 8.1 7.1 4.3 7.5 3.1 2.1 1.0 0.4 10.6 10.6 6.1 5.4 4.8 15.7 4.4-2.5 0.3 2.4 5.7 1.9-1.0 0.3 1.7 10.2 9.4 9.8 8.8 6.5 Source: Economic Commission for Europe (1979) Economic Survey of Europe, 1977, Part 2 Labour Supply and Migration in Europe (New York), adapted from Tables 1.1 and 6.4.
Table A.3: Civilian employment in EEC countries, 1960-75 (each industry group as a % of total civilian employment in each country) Belgium Denmark France Germany Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands UK All Agriculture, forestry and fishing 1960 8.7 18.4 22.4 14.0 37.3 32.9 16.4 11.5 4.2 17.0 1965 6.4 15.0 17.7 10.9 32.0 26.0 12.2 8.9 3.4 13.2 1970 4.7 11.5 14.1 8.6 27.1 19.5 8.8 7.2 3.2 10.5 1975 3.6 9.8 11.3 7.3 24.5 15.8 6.0 6.6 2.7 8.7 Industry (mining, energy supply, manufacturing, construction) 1960 46.8 37.2 39.0 48.2 23.7 36.9 45.3 40.3 48.8 43.5 1965 47.0 37.4 39.4 49.7 27.9 40.7 47.1 40.9 48.1 44.7 1970 43.2 37.8 38.8 49.3 29.9 43.8 46.7 38.6 44.8 43.9 1975 39.9 31.5 39.7 46.0 29.8 44.1 47.3 34.8 40.9 41.6 Services (transport, trades, insurance, banking, public administration, other services) 1960 44.5 44.4 38.6 37.8 39.0 30.2 38.3 48.2 47.0 39.5 1965 46.6 47.6 42.9 39.4 40.1 33.3 40.7 50.2 48.6 42.1 1970 52.0 50.7 47.2 42.1 43.1 35.6 44.5 54.2 52.0 45.6 1975 56.5 58.7 50.0 46.7 45.7 40.1 46.7 58.6 56.4 49.7 Source: EEC (1977) Report on the Development of the Social Situation in the Communities in 1976. 1-' \0 1-'
192 Appendix Table A.4: Population changes, selected cities, 1965-75 1965 1975 % Decline Berlin 2 202 (1964) 2 048 (1974) -7.0 Birmingham 1 106 (1964) 1 004 (1973) -9.2 Glasgow 1 019 (1964) 816 (1974) -19.2 Hamburg 1 856 (1964) 1 752 (1974) -5.6 Liverpool 729 (1964) 575 (1973) -21.1 Paris 2 790 (1962) 2 290 (1975) -17.9 Rotterdam 732 (1964) 628 (1974) -14.2 1970 1975 % Decline Amsterdam 807 757-6.2 Copenhagen 628 562-10.5 Frankfurt 669 652-2.6 London 7 452 7 111-4.6 Stuttgart 633 613-3.2 The Hague 518 482-6.9 Brussels 1 075 1 050-2.0 Sources: 1965-75, Economic Commission for Europe (1979) Labour Supply and Migration in Europe (Geneva: UN) ; 1970-5, Seymour Sacks (1979) Urban Development and the Pattern of Local Population Change in the Major Cities of Western Europe (University of Syracuse).
Appendix 193 Table A.S: Level of car ownership (passenger cars/1 000 population) 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980* 1985* Austria 10 55 107 162 227 315 Belgium 56 82 135 213 255 303 Denmark 57 106 181 260 313 377 439 Finland 20 42 99 146 180 221 France 74 118 185 246 298 352 415 Germany 32 81 157 230 276 297 Greece 2 6 12 26 46 101 Iceland 63 75 140 185 280 344 Ireland 46 61 97 130 182 227 Italy 18 40 103 188 243 297 348 Luxembourg 71 118 185 268 Netherlands 25 45 103 192 269 333 364 Norway 36 62 126 191 283 346 388 Portugal 12 18 26 47 75 110 Spain 5 10 25 71 163 258 Sweden 87 159 233 286 380 450 500 Switzerland 56 94 155 221 267 310 Turkey 1 2 3 4 6 12 17 UK 71 108 168 222 290 352 387 USA 315 341 387 433 460 478 490 * projected Source: R. Gakenheimer (ed) (1978) The Automobile and the Environment: An International Perspective (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press) p.486.
194 Appendix Table A.6: Percentages of total housing stock owner-occupied, 1960-74 Irl1 UK F Den Net Lux Bel WG Itl 1960 59.8 42.0 41.42 45.64 25.75 54.7 49.76 45.8 1970 68.8 49.9 44.8 48.6 35.5 57.3 54.8 35.47 50.8 1974 52.4 45.53 1. 1961 and 1972 4. 1965 2. 1962 5. 1956 3. 1973 6. 1961 7. 1972 Source: Eurostat, Social Indicators for the European Community, 1960-1976.
Index Act on Municipal Planning, 1957 (Denmark), 157-8 Advisory Commission on Constitutional Reform, 1976 (West Germany), 105 Ashworth, w., 44 Barlow Report (UK), 45 Bestemmingsplan (Netherlands), 135 Building Act, 1960 (Denmark), 154 Castells, Manuel, 7, 37 Central Planning Bureau (Netherlands), 114 Chalandon, Albin, 27 Commission for Research on Future Societal Structure (Netherlands), 114 Community Land Act (UK), 64 Concertation, 25-6 Concentrated-deconcentration (Netherlands), 134, 135 Containment (UK), 45-8, 50 Copenhagen and demographic change 146-7 County and Regional Planning Act (Denmark), 157 DATAR (D~l~gation ~ l'aminagement du territoire et ~ l'action rlgional), 21-2 Decentralisation UK, 47-9 Netherlands, 132-3 Denmark, 166 Denmark, see subject headings Demographic change, in Denmark, 144-6 Europe, 170 France, 13 Netherlands, 118-19, 127-28, 133 UK, 59, 62 West Germany, 72, 79-81 Donnison, D., and Soto, P., 44 Federal Building Act, 1960 (West Germany), 82 Federal Spatial Planning Act, 1965 (West Germany), 83 First Report on Physical Planning, 1960 (Netherlands), 127 Second Report, 1966, 127-31 Third Report, 1973, 133-4 France, see subject headings 195 Germany, West, see subject headings Grands Corps, 17-18, 32-4, 35 Gravier, J. F., 14, 34 Housing, in France, 13-17 Netherlands, 120-7, 134 UK, 46, 48, 68 West Germany, 76-7
196 Index Howard, Ebenezer, 44, 119 Industrial Development Certificates (IDCs), 46, 48, 65 Inner cities policy, in UK, 57-60, 66, 67 West Germany, 78, 87-8, 95 Intergovernmental relations, in Denmark, 151-4 France, 21-2, 26 Netherlands, 115-17 UK, 43, 65-7 West Germany, 73-6, 90-5 Interministerial Task Group on Spatial Planning (West Germany), 79 Interministerial Working Group (Netherlands), 135 Land values policy, in Europe, 180 France, 26-9 Netherlands, 124, 125, 132-3 UK, 52-3 West Germany, 87-8 Le Corbusier, 119 Lijphart, Arend, 112 Local Finance Traffic Act, 1971 (West Germany), 86 Lojkine, J., 31, 40 London, and dispersal, 45-9 McKay, David, and Cox, Andrew, 32, 38 McLoughlin, Brian, 7 M~tropoles d'~uilibre, 21-2 35 Mill, J. s., 3 Olives, J., 7 PAPS (Programmes d'action priorit~) 30 Participation, public, in Denmark, 165 France, 37-9 Netherlands, 141 UK, 56, 62-3 Paris, growth of, 19, 22 Physical Planning Act, 1962 (Netherlands), 122-4 Planners, in France, 14-19, 23, 32-6 Netherlands, 120-21 UK, 44-53, 64-7 West Germany, 97-9 Planning economic, 1-2, 51 socialist, 2-3 theoretical discussion, 1-5 trends in Europe, 176-84 Pluralist approaches, 6-7 Political parties, in Denmark, 148-52, 160-5 France, 36-7 Netherlands, 111-17 UK, 45-7, 53-5, 60, 66 West Germany, 96-7 POS (Plans d'occupation des sols), 25, 30, 117 Randstad, 124-5, 127, 132 RARO (Raad van advies voor de nuimtelijke ordening), 122 Regional Economic Policy Act, 1969 (West Germany), 86 Reith Report (UK), 44 Scott Report (UK), 45, 49 SDAU (Sch~es de d'veloppement et am6nagement urbain), 22, 25-6, 30, 117 Sharpe, L. J., 43 Skeffington Report (UK), 56 Socio Economic Council (Netherlands), 114 Structure planning, in Europe, 83-4 Netherlands, 138-9 UK, 56-7, 66 West Germany, 94-5
Index 197 Thoenig, Jean-Claude, 34 Town and Country Planning Acts (UK) 1947, 42, 46, 47-9, 175 1968, 55, 60, 175 Town and Country Planning Association, 44, 50 Town Planning Institute, 44, 50 Trade union (West Germany), 99-100 United Kingdom, see subject headings United States of America, and land-use, 3, 182 Urban groups, in Europe, 171, 181 France, 37-9 Netherlands, 141 (UK), 62-3 West Germany, 101-3 Urban heritage, in Denmark, 144-9 Europe, 171-6 France, 14-18 Netherlands, 117-20 UK, 42-5 West Germany, 71-2 Urban and Rural Zones Act, 1969 (Denmark), 155 Urban Renewal and Development Act, 1971 (West Germany), 87-8, 177 Uthwatt Report (UK), 44 Verzuiling (Netherlands), 111 Villes moyennes, 23-30 ZAC (Zones d'am,nagement concerte) 27, 28-9, 177 Zones Plan for Denmark, 1962, 155 Zuilen (Netherlands), 111 ZUP (Zones priorit~ urbaine), 20-1, 28, 177