Regional Dialogue on Management of Highly Migratory Fish Species in the Bay of Bengal 23 November 2017; Kochi, India Tuna Fishery Status and Future Management Plans for Indian Ocean Bay of Bengal Programme Inter-Governmental Organisation
Tuna Fishery Status and Future Management Plans for Indian Ocean Presentation made for the Regional Dialogue on Management of Highly Migratory Fish Species in the Bay of Bengal 23 November 2017; Kochi, Kerala, India Bay of Bengal Programme Inter-Governmental Organisation yugraj.yadava@bobpigo.org
Indian Ocean (IO): 3 rd largest & most complex ocean in the World... Area: 73 million sq. km Bounded by Asia on the north, Africa on the west, Australia on the east, and Southern Ocean/Antarctica in the south. Comprises 16 marginal seas, gulfs, bays and straits, including biodiversity hotspots like Madagascar and the Gulf of Mannar. Ref: Encyclopaedia Britannica
IO is also a confluence of cultures About 46 countries, including coastal states, Islands and overseas territories. Population and economic growth in Indian Ocean region Population (billion) GDP (trillion USD @ 2005 prices) 3.49 4.31 2.24 2.39 5.19 2.54 2.54 billion people. Economy: 5 trillion USD (in 2014 @ 2005 prices) about 1/3 rd of US economy. Source: World Development Indicator database, World Bank Yr.2006 Yr.2007 Yr.2008 Yr.2009 Yr.2010 Yr.2011 Yr.2012 Yr.2013 Yr.2014 Primary sector (agriculture, fisheries, etc.) employs about 40% people.
IO- Hotspot of marine fisheries as production in other Oceans is flattening... 14 Growth in marine capture fisheries production 12 Million tonnes 10 8 6 4 2 0 1950 1953 1956 1959 1962 1965 1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 Million tonnes 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 10 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Indian Ocean, Antarctic Indian Ocean, Eastern Indian Ocean, Western Atlantic Ocean and adjacent seas Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Production in other Oceans, though much higher, is flattening! IO contributes about 15% of global capture fisheries production. Production increased from 9 million tonnes in 2000 to 12.8 million tonnes in 2014. Heightened activity in eastern part of the Ocean. FAO FISHSTAT J Database
Marine capture fisheries is one of the major primary activities in the region... Asia employs about 22 million fishers (excluding China), most of whom operate in the IO. India (4 million) and Indonesia (3 million) have largest fisher population depending on the IO. The fishery is diverse. FAOSTAT reports 435 different fisheries (including seaweeds). Tuna (including tuna-like) fishery THE most important from production angle. IO: Top 10 fisheries in terms of total production (2000-14) Rank Species Share (%) 1 Marine fishes nei 50.75 2 Skipjack tuna 15.92 3 Indian oil sardine 2.15 4 Yellowfin tuna 1.95 5 Croakers, drums nei 1.81 6 Natantian decapods nei 1.46 7 Hilsa shad 1.15 8 Clupeoids nei 1.13 9 Bombay-duck 1.02 10 Giant tiger prawn 0.92 Total 78.26 SOFIA 2014; FAO FISHSTAT J Database
Tuna fisheries in IO The estimated potential sustainable economic value of tuna stocks in the IO is USD 2.06 billion. Capitalised asset value of the fish stocks capable of generating this annual income, @ 8% as a reasonable long-term return, for example, is USD 26 billion. Principal market species are Yellowfin, Bigeye, Skipjack, Albacore and Southern Bluefin tuna. Other tuna and tuna-like fishes include: Neritic tunas, Billfishes.
1950 1953 1956 1959 1962 1965 1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 Million Tonnes Million Tonnes IO: Production of tuna (and tuna like species) 2.10 1.80 1.50 1.20 0.90 0.60 0.30 0.00 1.80 1.70 1.60 1.50 1.40 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Source: IOTC
IO: Top 10 tuna harvesting countries (2005-14) Country Average catch (tonnes) during 2005-14 % Indonesia 266,048 19.7 Iran 157,471 11.7 Spain 138,945 10.3 Maldives 121,145 9.0 Sri Lanka 117,984 8.7 India 100,243 7.4 France 79,276 5.9 Seychelles 72,925 5.4 Taiwan, China 65,442 4.8 Pakistan 36,971 2.7 47 countries DWFN catch 20% Source: IOTC
IO: Species & gear-wise tuna catch during 2005-2014 in quantity terms (%) Neritic tunas 25.7% Yellowfin 25.9% Gillnet 31% Longline 15% Billfishes 5.8% Other Oceanic tunas 11.2% Skipjack 31.6% Purse-seine 36% Bait boat 10% Pole & Line 7% Others 1% Source: IOTC
IO: Tuna stock status in 2015 Species Overfished? Recommendations Albacore, Bigeye, Skipjack, Swordfish Subject to Not subject to Yes No Immediate management measure not required. Monitoring essential. Kawakawa For sustainability, catch should be reduced by 20%. Black marlin, Sailfish Precautionary measures to reduce catch. Longtail For sustainability, catch to be reduced by 30%. Blue marlin Precautionary measures to reduce catch. Yellowfin, Striped marlin Catch should be reduced by 20 to 30%. Source: IOTC
IO: Tuna trade is growing from the region... 1.39 3.16 Tuna trade from IOTC member-countries (in million tonnes) 1.16 3.02 1.73 4.02 Exports Tuna trade from IOTC member-countries (in billion USD) Exports 3.79 Imports 2.02 2.04 1.75 1.82 1.79 2000 2005 2010 2013 Imports 5.66 4.64 8.00 2000 2005 2010 2013 6.10 # Major Tuna products Total Export: 2000-13 (Billion USD) Tunas prepared or preserved, not minced, in airtight 1 containers. 17.95 2 Tunas prepared or preserved, not minced, nei. 11.73 3 Skipjack tuna, frozen. 6.51 4 Skipjack prepared or preserved, not minced, nei. 1.78 5 Yellowfin tuna, frozen, nei. 8.16 # Major Tuna trading countries Total trade value: 2000-13 (Billion USD) 1 Thailand 34.56 (26.6%) 2 Japan 28.04 (21.6%) 3 Taiwan, China 15.79 (12.1%) 4 France 10.43 (8.0%) 5 China 2.84 (2.2%) IOTC member-countries exported 2.04 million tonnes of tuna products valued at USD 8 billion in 2013. The total share of IOTC in global tuna trade is 10-11%. FAO FISHSTAT J Database
The tuna governance process in the IO region... IOTC is the regional tuna governance body with mandate to: keep under review the condition and trend of the stocks; encourage, recommend, and coordinate research and development activities; adopt based on scientific evidences Conservation and Management Measures (CMM); and keep under review the economic and social aspects of fisheries... in particular, the interests of developing coastal States.
IOTC: Challenges in the regional governance process... Objective Information base Research & Development Sustainable harvesting practices Interests of developing countries Challenge Many member-countries do not have necessary mechanisms to collect and report data. Especially, sustained data collection process is missing. In addition to an inadequate information base, national and regional research agenda are often not aligned. The cumulative effect of the above two has resulted in design and implementation challenges. The cumulating effect of the above three in the long-run can hurt the interests of the developing countries who are now encouraging tuna fishery.
IO: Efforts in harvest rule and effort control So far the major thrust is on information, reporting and creating a record of fishing vessels; In 2015, IOTC adopted Interim Target and Limit Reference Points (TRPs and LRPs) based on MSY; Time-to-time, measures have been adopted for vulnerable species such as sharks; and IOTC also discourages discards and emphasises on full utilization. The Word Cloud of keywords in IOTC Resolutions
IOTC: Allocation criterion Allocation/setting quota remains a major unsettled issue in IOTC. The process involves agreeing on a set of guiding principles, which can then be used for designing quotas. IOTC set up a Technical Committee on Allocation Criterion which held its third meeting in February 2016. 3 rd TCAC Recommendations: To continue with the development of an allocation mechanism; CPCs are encouraged to...working towards a consensus. Limiting fishing capacity was also suggested...but got little support.
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Since its beginning in 1996, importance of tuna for IOTC members has changed... 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Others Small Island Developing States Net food-importing developing countries Low-income food-deficit countries Low-Income Countries Most notably, developed countries (others) share has come down from 50% to 40% during these years. Therefore, allocation needs to address various issues such as baseline data, exclusive rights, etc. FAO FISHSTAT J Database
Extent and controlling of IUU Fishing also emerging as major challenge Almost every country in the region has some sort of IUU issue with foreign or foreign beneficially owned vessels (APFIC, 2016). The total tonnage and value of the estimated IUU catch is estimated as: 2.06 to 2.51 million tonnes (for Asia-Pacific region) USD 3.65 5.24 billion Source: APFIC, 2016
IO: Management of bycatch and Neritic tunas IOTC resolutions on by-catch Reporting; Technical and mitigation measures; Evolving measurable performance standards; and Market-based mechanisms. Group Species E/NT species Gear Sharks 23 9 GN, LL, PS Rays 11 1 GN, PS, LL Turtles 4 1 GN, LL, PS Birds 15 5 LL Whales 3 1 GN, LL, PS Dolphins 3 1 GN, LL Neritic Tunas: Issues Insufficient data and high level of scientific uncertainty; Open access in many fisheries; Post harvest losses; and Market channels not welldeveloped.
Given the mandate of IOTC and the present status, there is good scope of regional cooperation, especially in... Building information base; Capacity-enhancement; and Regional dialogue in allocation/other measures for sustainability. Fisheries management and advisory bodies in the region are IOTC, APFIC, SEAFDEC, INFOFISH and BOBP-IGO. IUCN and WWF are larger environmental bodies with fisheries mandates.
T h a n k s!