2017 Internatonal Conference on Energy, Power and Envronmental Engneerng (ICEPEE 2017) ISBN: 978-1-60595-456-1 Evaluaton on Sustanable Utlzaton of Water Resources n Shandong Provnce Based on Water Footprnt Yu-heng YANG, Sheng-le CAO *, Chun-tong LIU and Yu-fe CHENG School of Cvl Engneerng, Shandong Unversty, Jnan 250061, Chna Keywords. Water footprnt, Water resources, Evaluaton of sustanable development, Shandong provnce. Abstract. The paper adopts 17 prefecture-level ctes n Shandong Provnce as geographcal unt, selects the ndcators concernng regonal sustanable development capacty from the perspectve of resource, envronment, socal economy and effcency support, etc., ntroduces the concepts of water footprnt and evaluates the sustanable development condton of water resource and overall sustanable development condton n these geographcal unts. It s ndcated that the overall sustanable development capacty of the 17 prefecture-level ctes n Shandong Provnce s ranked n descendng order as follows: Weha, Yanta, Qngdao, Bnzhou, Zbo,, Jnng, Rzhao, Jnan, Lawu, Lny,, Wefang, Dongyng, Laocheng, Taan and Heze. The score of sustanable development capacty acheved by the former nne s larger than 0 and the ctes are n a state of sustanable development; whle the score of sustanable development capacty acheved by the latter eght s smaller than 0 and the ctes are n a state of unsustanable development. On ths bass, the geographcal unts are further dvded nto four types by means of optmal partton method,.e., wth strong sustanable development capacty, wth comparatvely strong sustanable development capacty, wth comparatvely weak sustanable development capacty and wth weak sustanable development capacty, and the sustanable development characterstcs of each type are analyzed. Introducton Water resources are the source of lfe and the foundaton of ecology. In recent decades, over explotaton and polluton of water resources have been serously threatenng and hnderng ts own survval and development, and people have not realzed the mportance of water resources. The dea of sustanable development of water resources are put forward under ths background, and how to evaluate the development and sustanablty of water resources n the regon has become a problem that scentsts around the world have been explorng [1,2]. In order to make a scentfc evaluaton of water resources, t s necessary to calculate and quanttatvely express the actual state of water resources [3,4]. Foregn scholars such as Tony Allan [5] and Hoekstra [6] have put forward the concept of "vrtual water" and "water footprnt", and ntroduced a seres of ndcators to evaluate the sustanable development of water resources n the country or regon [5,7]. The evaluaton ndcators of water footprnt can more comprehensvely and ntutvely reflect the overall stuaton of regonal sustanable development, but lghtly reveal the advantages and dsadvantages of the regonal development and other aspects [ 8 ]. From the perspectve of envronmental economcs, the development of regon has ts respectve advantages and dsadvantages, whch are emboded by comparson and should be reflected n the assets and labltes of regonal sustanable development [8]. In 1999, based on the theory of sustanable development, Chnese Academy of Scences systematcally put forward the basc prncples and methods of formulatng the regonal sustanable development capablty balance sheet for the frst tme n Chnese Sustanable Development Strategy Report n 2000 [9]. In vew of ths, ths artcle takes 17 ctes of Shandong Provnce as an example, calculates the regonal water resources sustanable utlzaton score, and carres on the quanttatve analyss and the evaluaton to the water resources sustanable development ablty relatve strength stuaton of these areas, ams to objectvely understand each Regonal sustanable development of water resources and ts dfferences provde some nspraton. 40
Index System of Sustanable Development of Water Resources Sustanable Development Index System of Water Conservancy The sustanable development of water resources react the qualty and quantty about the sustanable utlzaton of regonal water resources, whch s based on the system of sustanable development capacty analyss and the basc theory of comparatve advantage theory n economcs. The core dea of the theory s to fnd the comparatve advantage and dsadvantage of each supportng system n the three supportng system of the sustanable utlzaton of water resources (.e., the ecologcal support system, the effcency of support system).we quantfy and standardze the comparatve advantage, and then place t n the same bass to be compared, form the evaluaton system of sustanable utlzaton of water resources. Accordngly, the ndex system can be dvded nto system level, state level and element level, see table 1. Fgure 1. Index system of sustanable development of water resources. System layer State layer Element layer A 11 Per capta water footprnt[m 3 ] A 12 Water footprnt per mu[m 3 / mu] A 1 Water resources quantty A 13 Avalable water resources growth ndex [%] A A Resource ndex 14 Self-suffcency rate of water resources [%] A 15 Water scarcty degree [%] A 21 Development and utlzaton of surface water [%] A 2 Water consumpton A 22 Groundwater explotaton and utlzaton [%] A 23 Water footprnt growth ndex [%] B Envronmental ndcator C Socal ndcators B 1 Investment of ecologcal envronment governance B 2 Surface water and ground water qualty C 1 Socology C 2 Economcs Asset Lablty Evaluaton Method B 11 Sewage treatment rate [%] B 12 Standard rate of water functonal area [%] B 21 Grey water footprnt [%] B 23 Rver water qualty complance rate [%] B 23 Wetland accounted for the proporton of admnstratve area [%] C 11 Urban populaton densty [per capta /km 2 ] C 12 Proporton of water conservancy facltes [%] C 21 Per capta GDP [yuan] C 22 Water resources contrbuton rate [%] C 23 Ten thousand yuan GDP water footprnt [m 3 / 10 4 yuan] C 24 Water resource prce exchange rate [%] The comparatve advantage theory s used to compare the comparatve advantage data of water resources, water qualty and water use effcency n dfferent regons to form a score of sustanable development of water resources n dfferent regons of Shandong Provnce. For the spatal dstrbuton of each factor n the factor level (17 prefecture-level ctes n Shandong provnce) and ther comparatve advantages, the top 5 and the last 5 ranks n the provnce were selected to form assets and labltes respectvely, And then form the relatve Qualty Evaluaton of Regonal Water Resources n Shandong Provnce n Relatve Sense. In the spatal dstrbuton of each element, f the elements of sustanable development of water resources were ranked 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, the correspondng score was 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2. Smlarly, f the elements of sustanable development of water resources were ranked 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, the correspondng score was -1.0, -0.8, -0.6, -0.4, -0.2. The total score of the sustanable development of water resources n Shandong provnce and sustanable development for: x (1.0 n ) (0.8 n ) (0.6 n ) (0.4 n ) (0.2 n ) ( 1, 2,3, 4) 1 2 3 4 5 (1) y ( 1.0 n17 ) ( 0.8 n16 ) ( 0.6 n15 ) ( 0.4 n14 ) ( 0.2 n13 ) ( 1, 2,3, 4) (2) Among them, n 1, n 2, n 3, n 4, n 5 respectvely to rankng support system for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 of the assets 41
number n 17, n 16, n 15, n 14, n 13 respectvely to rankng support system for 17, 16, 15, 14, 13 of the number of elements of lablty. A measure of sustanable development of water resources n Shandong provnce for the support system: X ( x / N ) 10 ( 1,2,3,4) (3) Y ( y / N ) 10 ( 1,, 2 3,4) Among them, n s the total number of ndcators of the support system, the correspondng value s 8, 5, 6, 7. The coeffcent of sustanable water resources n Shandong provnce the support system: (4) x / ( n n n n n ) ( 1,2,3,4) 1 2 3 4 5 (5) y / ( n n n n n ) ( 1,, 2 3,4) 17 16 15 14 13 After obtanng the average assets and average labltes of each geographcal unt, we can evaluate the qualty of the assets and labltes by referrng to the standard set by table 2. Table 2. Evaluaton crtera for sustanable development of water resources. Sustanable development revews excellent preferably commonly weak poor sustanable development [0.8,1) [0.6,0.8) [0.4,0.6) [0.2,0.4) [0,0.2) Unsustanable development [-0.2,0] [-0.4,-0.2) [-0.6,-0.4) [-0.8,-0.6) [-1,-0.8) The support system of water resources n Shandong provnce sustanable development (relatve comparatve advantage for ablty): A X Y ( 1,,, 2 3 4) Shandong provnce water resources support system of sustanable development (relatve comparatve advantage for general ablty): (6) (7) 3 3 S ( x / 19 y / 19) 10 ( j 1,2,3,,16,17) j 1 1 (8) Asset-lablty Analyss on Sustanable Development of Water Resources n Shandong Provnce Asset-lablty Result The overall relatve sustanable development of water resource support system n the 17 prefecture-level ctes of Shandong Provnce are evaluated accordng to the foregong formula; the development capacty of water resources support system n 17 prefecture-level ctes can be proved after the overall relatve sustanable development capacty s ranked n descendng order. The greater (the smaller) the overall relatve sustanable development capacty of water resources support system s, the stronger (the weaker) the sustanable water resources development and utlzaton capacty s. The result s llustrated n Fgure 1. 42
Laocheng Bngzhou Lny 6 Jnan Heze Qngdao Zbo - - Dongyng -6 Yanta Laocheng Bngzhou Lny 6 Jnan Heze Qngdao Zbo - Dongyng - Yanta Lawu Rzhao Weha Jnng Taan Wefang Lawu Rzhao Weha Jnng Taan Wefang unsustanable(%) sustanable(%) (a) Asset-lablty chart concernng resource ndcator of water resources unsustanable(%) sustanable(%) (b) Asset-lablty chart concernng envronment ndcator of water resources Bngzhou Laocheng Lny 8 Jnan Heze Qngdao 6 Zbo - - -6 Dongyng -8 Yanta Bngzhou Laocheng Lny 6 Jnan Heze Qngdao Zbo - Dongyng - Yanta Lawu Rzhao Weha Wefang Jnng Taan Lawu Rzhao Weha Wefang Jnng Taan unsustanable(%) sustanable(%) unsustanable(%) sustanable(%) (c) Asset-lablty chart concernng socal (d) General asset-lablty chart concernng economy ndcator of water resources sustanable devleopment of water resources Fgure 1. The sustanable development of water resources n Shandong provnce radar map. Classfcaton and Characterstcs of Sustanable Water Resources Development Type In the foregong asset-lablty analyss on regonal sustanable water resources development capacty, the geographcal unts have been dvded nto two categores,.e. sustanable development and unsustanable development accordng to whether the score of sustanable development concernng the regonal overall sustanable development level s postve or not [10]. On ths bass, the optmal partton method s further ntroduced to probe deeper nto the dfference of the 17 geographcal unts n sustanable water resources development capacty. The geographcal unts whch fall under the category of sustanable development are dvded nto the unt wth strong sustanable development capacty and the unt wth comparatvely strong sustanable development capacty. Unt wth Strong Sustanable Development Capacty The unt wth strong sustanable development capacty ncludes Weha, Yanta and Qngdao. The score of sustanable development concernng the overall sustanable development level s entrely larger than 0.15, whch s much hgher than that of other places; t s ndcated that ther overall sustanable development capacty remans the strongest n a comparatve aspect. In terms of sustanable development, the type s manly characterzed by the fact that the sustanablty of water resources s favorable n socal and economc aspect and the capacty of sustanable development n economc perspectve s especally outstandng, whle the sustanablty of water resources n resource and water-use effcency s relatvely weak. Therefore, t s essental that these ctes should pay close attenton to water resources and water envronment problems and mprove water-use 43
effcency wth a vew to mantanng and enhancng the overall capacty of sustanable development of water resources. Unt wth Comparatvely Strong Sustanable Development Capacty The unt wth comparatvely strong sustanable development capacty ncludes Bnzhou, Zbo,, Jnng, Rzhao and Jnan. These ctes have performed the weakest n the sustanable development of water resources and although the score of sustanable development concernng the overall sustanable development level of water resources s larger than 0, they are facng some bottlenecks n development, whch are marked by unsatsfyng water resource qualty and weak capacty n sustanable development of water resource n economc and envronmental aspect. Therefore, t s advsable that these ctes should, when protectng the exstng resources from destructon, pay more attenton to mprovng water-use effcency, reducng the water consumpton per 10,000 GDP, mprovng people s lvng standard and thus enhancng the overall sustanable development capacty. Unt wth Comparatvely Weak Sustanable Development Capacty The unt wth comparatvely weak sustanable development capacty ncludes Lawu, Lny,, Wefang, Dongyng and Taan. These ctes fall under the category of unsustanable development; the score of sustanable development concernng overall sustanable development level s entrely negatve and the average score of sustanable development s larger than -0.15. In terms of sustanable water resources development, the type s manly characterzed by the fact that the sustanable development capacty n the aspect of water envronment, socal economy and water-use effcency s nferor to that of the unt wth comparatvely strong sustanable development capacty, but the sustanable development capacty n the aspect of water resource volume s close or superor to that of the unt wth comparatvely strong sustanable development capacty. Therefore, on the premse of protectng water resources and preventng current water envronment from deteroraton, these ctes should devote to developng economy and mprovng water-use effcency vgorously, amng to make faster progress n enhancng the overall sustanable development capacty of water resources. Summary (1) Ths paper constructs an ndex system for sustanable development of regonal water resources n Shandong Provnce, whch s based on water footprnt. We evaluate 17 ctes n the provnce and the sustanable development ablty of these geographc unts. The frst 9 sustanable development score s greater than 0, n a sustanable state, and then the other 8 ctes sustanable development score are less than 0, n an unsustanable state. (2) To descrbe the dfference of the sustanable development ablty n the 17 geographcal unts, we dvde the 17 ctes nto 3 types on the bass of the optmal segmentaton method: the strongest type of sustanable development (Weha, Yanta and Qngdao), the more strong type of sustanable development (Bnzhou, Zbo,, Jnng, Rzhao and J'nan), the strong type of sustanable development(lawu, Lny,, Wefang, Dongyng, Ta'an and Heze). Besdes we analyze the characterstcs of dfferent types of sustanable development. (3) Lmted by the length of the paper, ths study only ams at the target level (the overall level) and the frst level ndcators, and only 17 prefecture level ctes as samples to carry out the sustanable development of regonal water resources assessment. The further development space of the study wll be reflected n the extenson of the ndex level orented to the two level. Acknowledgement Fund Project: Key technology research and demonstraton project of water ecologcal cvlzaton constructon, Fund number: 1261410110030. 44
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