Jeremy Cram 1, Christian Torgersen 2, Ryan Klett 1, George Pess 3, Andrew Dittman 3, Darran May 3 Committee chair: Christian Torgersen 1. University of Washington, School of Forest Resources, Seattle, WA 98195 USA 2. U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Cascadia Field Station, University of Washington, College of Forest Resources, Seattle, WA 98195 USA 3. NOAA Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, Washington 98112, USA
Capable of precise navigation at multiple spatial scales Open ocean to freshwater Within freshwater system Site of incubation Homing confers an evolutionary advantage, just as migration does Allows for local adaptation Improves likelihood of successful reproduction Evident in many species mountain whitefish, northern pikeminnow, largescale suckers
Evolutionary mechanism to avoid disturbance Mt. St. Helens Flooding Colonize newly accessible habitats Glacier Bay, AK Upper Cedar River, WA Find better spawning habitat?
Jack Creek Easton Clark Flat Roza Dam
Hatcheries are controversial and expensive Each adult fish costs $14 - $530 (WA Ecology 2002) Create jobs and fishing opportunity Genetic and ecological risks to wild fish Integrated practices rely on habitat, which may be fully utilized by wild fish
Extensive survey September 2007 Channel type (1,2,3) Unit type (PO,GP,GR, RI) Channel width Depth Substrate Cover Wood Fish abundance 125 m Survey summary 140 km mainstem 20 km side channel
Carcass and redd surveys (2002 2008) Surveys conducted by Yakama Nation and NOAA Fisheries GPS location Origin (CWT) Gender Age class Length 2007 Redds 125 m
How does available habitat compare near hatchery facilities on the Yakima River? If a fish strays from its acclimation area, is it due to habitat differences?
Density redds/km) 0 20 40 60 80 100 SUM_REDDNU (1km) SUM_REDDNU (2km) SUM_REDDNU (4km) 1 km 2 km 4 km 0 20 40 60 80 100 1 11 23 35 47 59 71 83 95 2 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 4 16 28 40 52 64 76 88 0 20 40 60 80 100 % Cover COVV_PERC + COVW_PERC (1km) 0 20 40 60 80 100 COVV_PERC + COVW_PERC (2km) 0 20 40 60 80 100 COVV_PERC + COVW_PERC (4km) 0 20 40 60 80 100 1 11 23 35 47 59 71 83 95 2 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 4 16 28 40 52 64 76 88 Mean wet width (m) 0 20 40 60 80 100 WET_WIDTH (1km) 1 11 23 35 47 59 71 83 95 0 20 40 60 80 100 WET_WIDTH (2km) 2 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 Distance upstream (km) 0 20 40 60 80 100 WET_WIDTH (4km) 4 16 28 40 52 64 76 88
Clark Flat Easton Deep Shallow Downstream Upstream
Clark Flat Easton
(14 %) (19 %)
Clark Flat (31 %) Easton (38 %)
Environmental conditions vary throughout the system, including near each hatchery facility Keefer et al. (2008) showed that spring Chinook wander before spawning
Density (carcasses/km) Female carcasses 2007 Clark Flat Teanaway River Hatchery Cle Elum River Easton Hatchery Wild Distance upstream (km)
Redds 2007 Cle Elum River Density (redds/km) Clark Flat Teanaway River Hatchery Easton Distance upstream (km)
100 1 km r 2 = 0.14 10 Redds/km 1 0.1 0.01-60 -40-20 0 20 40 60 80 Principal component 1 score
200 8 km r 2 = 0.33 150 Redds/km 100 50 0-50 -60-40 -20 0 20 40 Principal component 1 score
Habitat near hatchery facilities is different across spatial scales Spawning distribution is nearly identical for wild- and hatchery-origin females Supplementation fish frequently spawn away from acclimation areas in more suitable habitat
Logistics and GIS: Darran May, Hiroo Imaki, Ethan Welty, John Vaccaro, Patricia Haggerty Fieldwork: Tanya Cram, James Chu, Ethan Welty Housing and support: Everyone at the Cle Elum supplementation and research facility Funding: NOAA BiOP, The Water Center Photography: Ethan Welty Aerial photos: NAIP Allyson Jason
35 30 25 Redds Wild females Hatchery females 10 8 Redds/km 20 15 10 6 4 2 Carcasses/km 5 0 0-5 -2 0 20 40 60 80 100 Distance upstream (km)