International Journal of Sport Sciences

IWNEST PUBLISHER International Journal of Sport Sciences (ISSN: 2077-4532) Journal home page: http://www.iwnest.com/ijss/ Comparison of kinematic characteristics of body motion in free throws and jump shotsof Basketball Adult Players 1 Masoud Mirmoezzi, 2 Heydar Sadeghi, 3 Alireza Rahimi, 4 Mahdi Arab Khazaeli 1 PhD student, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Markaz Branch, Tehran, Iran. 2 Professor, Physical Education and Sport Science, kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran 3 Assistant Professor, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Karaj, Iran. 4 PhD student, Physical Education and Sport Science, kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran A R T I C L E I N F O Article history: Received 20 October 2015 Accepted 25 December 2015 Available online 31 December 2016 Keywords: basketball, jump shot, free throw, kinematics, body movement. A B S T R A C T Considering that the shotis the most important way to gain points in the basketball game, so identifying factors affecting the success of the shot is of great consideration of researchers.the aim of this study was to compare the kinematic characteristics of body movements in free throws and jump shot of Alborz basketball players. In this study, six of Alborz basketball players aged adults with an average age of 22±2.19 years, height 188.166±9.55 cm, weight 88±13.62 kg and the history of the game 10±2.5 years participated.eight markers on anatomical markers specific subjects and they were asked to carry out three successful free throw and three successful jump shot.kinematic data (vertical speed and height of the center of gravity, angular velocity, the angle of the upper and lower extremity at the moment of release of the ball, range of motion in the technique) of free throws and jump shot by using a video camera and software Skillspector application was recorded and processed.skillpector,for statistical analysis between free throws and jump shot a t-test at a significance level (p 0.05) was used. Results showed that vertical speed and height of the center of gravity center and ankle joints angles, shoulder and elbow at the moment of release of the ball jump shot and a free throw was significant. Range of motion of the ankle joint, knee, hip and shoulder during the implementation of the above two techniques were statistically significant. The results showed that the kinematic characteristics of body movement in free throws and jump shot adult male basketball players of the Alborz are different and need to be taught techniques separately and will be conducted. 2016 IWNEST Publisher All rights reserved. To Cite This Article: Masoud Mirmoezzi, Heydar Sadeghi, Alireza Rahimi, Mahdi Arab Khazaeli., Comparison of kinematic characteristics of body motion in free throws and jump shotsof Basketball Adult Players. Int. J. Sport Sci., 3(1), 1-5, 2016 INTRODUCTION Basketball has become one of the most exciting sports around the world has become the vogue, in a way that after football,is considered as the second most popular sport at the international level [2,5]. Basketball attractiveness is not only because of its competitiveness nature, but also due toits sophisticated and fast implementation by players by gaining points through the implementation of the technique is complex and variable shooting.among the basic skills of the field, shooting, the decisive factor of the outcome and winning a basketball game [3]. Shooting in the basketball is an essential tool to achieve victory and the only way to gain points.for this reason, it is the focus of coaches and sports specialists and its result has been more than a hundred researches in this field. Checking shooting,to improve efficiency and increase the quality and success, when we are faced with a shot, it seems a simple thing but it is not so.as time passing, some kinds of throwing the ball with both hands frombeyond has been stopped but other shootings have come to exist,enjoying higher accuracy and performance, including most importantly, the free throw and the jump shot. To strengthen throwing skills for success and gaining points are of great importance. Shooting seems important part of the practice session at various functional levels from beginner to advanced.proper implementation of shooting is the necessary and its scientific teachingin teenagers [18]. Many various aspects of biomechanical basketball Shooting have been carried out [1,3,4,6,7] that the most of these studies, is the role of kinematic parameters of the body for the optimum performance of jump shot Corresponding Author: Masoud Mirmoezzi, PhD student, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Markaz Branch, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: massoudmirmoezi@live.com

2 Masoud Mirmoezzi et al, 2016 [3,6,10,13,15,16] and free throw [15,16], including the height of the center of gravity at the moment of liberation moment, vertical speed center of gravity at the moment of launching, joints angle at the moment of release, the angular velocity joints during movement, range of the motion of the joints have been studied. For example, Ratko et al. [12] showed that the kinematic parameters of different posts of players in free throws is significantly different thatthis is dependent on the success or failure of the free-throw [12]. Elliott [10], observed a difference in the angles of joints while increasing the distance to the ring, while claiming the male players, at the moment of release of the ball, moving higher on the hips than women [9]. Sakurai et al. [14] reported a lower a mount levels of vertical components of ball release velocity and angular velocity of bending the wrist in the paralyzed individuals toward people with physical ability. Furthermore, the above mentioned survey,in the horizontal gathered of motion of the shoulder joint, shoulder and the move of right shoulder was observed more in paralyzed individuals.also, in the paralyzed individuals to establish the initial release speed of the ball, compensatory movements were observed [14]. With the review of studies conducted with,a study to compare the kinematic time factors to consider, no jump shot and a free throwwas observed. The present study was aimed at investigating of the kinematic characteristics of body movements in free throws andjump shotinalborzbasketball players was fulfilled on adult boys. Methodology: Six basketball adult players with an average age of 22±2.19 years, height 188.166±9.55cm, weight 88±13.62 kg with the history of the game 10±2.5 years, all of which were right handed were selected.after obtaining the consent letters from participants, eight markers detected by cameras on anatomical centers, on the prominence of the bone joints (the anterior part of the upper leg fibula neck and the prominence of outer ankle, the femur head of large bumps, femoral epicondyle, acromion process, external condyle of the elbow, the outside of distal bone Elena) were installed. The two markers on the wall, were installed in a way that they could display the horizon line and the limit of the frame of the picture. Later on,the training and initial test subjects and tester ofthe work was carried out and each subject attempted 10 free throws and 10 jump shot from a distance of 580cm. To film a high-speed video camera that could capture a subject from a distance of five meters on sagittal screen on tripod,with a height of 80 cm in the auto recording mode, was used. The camera, Digital video, the Casio Exilim Zr200 was at 100 frames per second. Each subjectcarried out 10 free throws and 10 jump shot from every successful technique of choice and throw three shots resulting in goals (successful) or not, lead to a unsuccessful goal,specific to each person was recorded on each specific table. Subjects on implementing jump shot techniques were time limited,while, in free throws, complete freedom was given to them. To enable minimizing the lateral rotation of the camera, the frameof theimage was coincided with the markers, placed onto the wall. Having the images been transferred to the computer,by the software, SKILLSPECTOR, it was analyzed and the results of Skillspector,Excel 2010 softwarein respect of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics s for SPSS19at significant level (p 0.05) was used. Findings: The mean values and the standard s of variables in attempting a free throw and jump shot under study in table 1can be observed.as we see, the average variable vertical gravity height and speed center, angles of the ankle, knee, shoulder, elbow, wrist, elbow, the range of motion of all joints except the angular and velocity of all joints between the free throws and jump shot was different. Table 1: The mean and standard of variables in three attempts at free throws and jump shot Free throw Jump shot Kind of skill average average height of gravity center, cm 111.39 7.94 140.17 7.98 vertical velocity of gravity center,m/s 0.25 0.11 0.14 0.07 ankle 119.28 21.02 134.11 5.76 knee 167.33 11.47 174 8.60 Joints angle at release, Deg. hip 183.17 12.98 182.22 6.68 shoulder 131.17 6.40 127.06 5.89 elbow 152.89 13.22 156.44 9.86 wrist 180.44 5.66 187.33 15.69 ankle 51.06 20.61 65.22 11.07 knee 60.17 4.10 65.72 5.31 Range of motion of joints, Deg hip 62.67 15.11 75.78 16.71 shoulder 119.78 9.30 93.61 28.31 elbow 97.06 14.27 96.89 17.26 wrist 57.17 12.49 51.06 9.20

3 Masoud Mirmoezzi et al, 2016 Angular velocity of joints, Deg/Sec ankle 61.67 26.10 50.56 27.08 knee 19.39 56.50 34.11 23.77 hip 22 31.72 27.83 47.80 shoulder 7.56 26.84 88.17 51.97 elbow 287.67 63.09 302.61 64.37 wrist 441.89 37.93 430.72 57.10 T-test related results, between the height and speed of the gravity center, angle of joints (ankle, shoulder, elbow) and the range of motion of joints (ankle, knee, hip, shoulder) and free throw shooting in adult basketball players of Alborz was significantly different (p 0.05) (Table 2). Table 2: T-test related results for the variables research in adult basketball players Paired difference Variables in adult basketball players between free throw Averages and jump shot discrepancy T height of gravity center, cm -7.28 10.70-11.4 0.000 vertical velocity of gravity center,m/s 0.11 0.15 3.05 0.007 ankle 11.11 38.37 1.22 0.236 knee -14.70 53.19-1.10 0.256 hip -5.83 58.52-0.42 0.678 Angular velocity,deg/sec shoulder -17.60 62.09-1.20 0.245 elbow -14.90 88.46-0.71 0.483 wrist 11.16 36.62 1.29 0.213 Angle of joints, Deg Range of motion, Deg Meaningful bilateral ankle -14.80 21.36-2.90 0.009 knee -6.66 14.03-2.00 0.060 hip 0.94 9.11 0.44 0.666 shoulder 4.11 8.25 2.11 0.050 elbow -3.55 5.32-2.80 0.012 wrist -6.88 17.30-1.60 0.110 ankle -11.05 10.63-4.41 0.000 knee -4.55 5.95-3.24 0.005 hip -9.27 9.75-4.03 0.001 shoulder 5.16 8.26 2.65 0.017 elbow 6.38 19.93 1.36 0.192 wrist 2.00 17.05 0.49 0.625 Discussion: The aim of this study was to compare the kinematic characteristicsofbody movements in free throws and jump shot in Alborz Province. The Height of center of gravity at the moment of release of the ball between and a free throw was significant difference between the two techniques. This issue is consistent with Chang s findings [8], as well as the vertical velocity of gravity centerat the moment of the release of the two technical free throws and jump shot of players hada significant difference. Given that the average speed of the vertical center of gravity at the moment of release in free throw is more than the shot jump, so it can be guessed that due to differences in the implementation of the two techniques, when the peak of his jump, he attempts to release the ball at the free-throw actionbut on releasing the ball when the body is up, before reaching the peak. So the vertical speed of gravity center when at free throw, will be more than jump shot. It has also been seen that the angles of joints, ankle, shoulder and elbow at the moment of release of the ball between free throws and a jump shots at the senior level, there is significant difference and angles of knee, hip and wrist are not significantly different. Probably the difference in the angle due to the ankle plantar flexion of the knee during the jump,has been before implementing jump shot and at jump shot is more than free throw.. Shoulder and elbow jointsbecause of lower height of the liberation of the ball at the free-throw technique required a larger opening to provide peak height. Maybe the difference between the two techniques are derived from here. This is consistent with Tsai s [16] findings [16]. But it seems that the angles of the hip, knee and wrist, at the moment of release of the ball is almost constant value in both techniques, about 180 degrees, and the difference between the three joint angles in jump shot and free throw technique is not observed. Also, the range of motion of the ankle, knee, hip and the shoulder between jump shot and a free throw has a significant difference between the two techniques. With respect to the average range of motion of the joints of the lower limbs (ankle, knee and hip), on implementing is free.

4 Masoud Mirmoezzi et al, 2016 The average range of motion at the free-throw techniqueis morethan range of motion when implementing jump shot technique due to the release of lower ball at the free throw height and angle required to release in the technique. This is, in a way, consistent with Miller and White [11] and Sakurai s [14] findings [11,14]. It should be noted that the angular velocity joint review at the moment of release players aged adults ball between two technical free throws and jump shot, in no female player s body joints, a differencewas not observed significantly. This seems consistent with Miller and White and Sakurai s findings [14,11]. It should be noted that the angular joint velocityat the moment of release of the ball between the two technical free throws and jump shot of female players was not significantly observed in any the joints of the body differences. This issue seems consistent with Tsai s findings. Conclusion: The range of motion oflower extremity and shoulder during the implementation of the two techniques was different but no differencewas observedat the elbow and wrist different. That is why two techniques are carried out by separate movement pattern at the same movement pattern of elbow and wrist due to the same relief angle in both technique and chance of success in free throws made from a lower height is less. It is suggested when training these two techniques to be taught separately to have throw angle greater to obtain agood success percentage. REFERENCES [1] Daneshmandi, Hassan; Shahrokhi, Hussain, Rahmani, Pegah., 2012. the study of the prevalence and causes of shoulder injuries associated with power and pain in the top wheelchair basketball players, the Journal of Physical Education,the Journal of the Olympics, (58): 84-73. [2] Rajabi, Hamid., Zarifi, Aydin, ShahinTabeMehran., 2010. description of the profile of youth and adult fitness and skills of elite basketball players of Iran, the Journal of Physical Education Journal, 43-31. [3] Sadeghi, Hayder, Shariyatzadeh Joneidi, Muhammad, Borhani Kakhaki, Zohreh et al., 2009, the biomechanics implementation of successful and unsuccessful jump shot of elite male basketball players, Journal of Physical Education, Journal of the Olympics, (47): 18-7. [4] Sadeghi, Hayder; Shariyatzadeh Joneidi, Muhammad, demonstrative Kakhki, Z., 2007. joint angular kinematics of elite male basketball players in the implementation of successful and unsuccessful jump shot, Journal of Physical Education, Sport Science Research, 5(16): 187-172. [5] Croatia, Jerry, 2002. coaching basketball, Ehsan.Shayan, 1 st published pp: 16-9. [6] Nikkhah, Hssan., 2013. the kinematic characteristics of three points in two different places in the jump shot with an angle of ball enterance into the ring Iran elite men's basketball (Islamic Azad University Master's thesis). [7] Hadi, Mohamad, Karimi, Zulfeghar, 2003. basketball,step by step, Second Edition, GolestanKetab publishing,tehran, Iran, pp: 72-65. [8] Chang, Y.T., J.H. Chang, 2008. The effect of different feet position in basketball defensive-shuffle. Proceedings of 2008 International Congress on National Taiwan Normal University, pp: 5-7. [9] Elliott, B., 1992. A kinematic Comparison of the Male and Female Two Point and Three Point Jump Shots in Basketball. Aus. J Sci Med Sport., 24(4): 11-18. [10] Elliott, B., E. White, 2006. A kinematic and kinetic Analysis of the Female Two Point and Three Point Jump Shots in Basketball. The Aus J Sci Med Sport., 21: 7-11. [11] Miller, S., R. Bartlet, 1996. The relationship between basketball shooting kinematics, distance and playing position. J Sports Sci., 14: 243-253. [12] Ratko, S., S. Cvetko, H. Katarina, 2006. Biomechanical analysis of free shooting technique in basketball in relation to precision and position of the players. XXIV ISBS Symposium 2006, Salzburg - Austria. [13] Rodacki, A., V. Okazaki, 2012. Increased distance of shooting on basketball jump shot. Sports Sci & Med., 11: 231-237. [14] Sakurai, S., H. Nunome, W. Doyo, Y. Ikegmai, K. Yabe, 2002. A kinematic study of the limb motion of wheelchair basketball shooting in tetraplegic adults. J Rehabil Res., 39(1): 63-71. [15] Silverberg, L., C. Tran, 2008. Optimal release conditions for the free throw in men's basketball. J Sports Sci., 26(11): 1147-1155. [16] Tsai, C., W. Ho, Y. Lii, C. Huang, 2006. The kinematic analysis of basketball three point shoot after high intensity program.salzburg - Austria., 24: 276-279. [17] Yates, G., L.E. Holt, 1989. The development of multiple linear regression equations to predict accuracy in basketball jump shooting at Ten and Twenty Feet. Physical and Health Education, Dalhousie University, 103-109.

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