Cephalopods Nautilus, Cuttlefish, Octopus, Squid
Cephalopod Class They have three (3) hearts cephalo = head pod = foot CHARACTERISTICS Organs two pump blood to the gills and the other pumps blood to the rest of the body They have blue blood the oxygen in their blood binds with hemocyanin Their brains are larger than the invertebrates and are able to learn and remember information They have two eyes; almost as sophisticated as the human eye
Cephalopod Class cephalo = head pod = foot CHARACTERISTICS Color They are able to change the color of their skin very rapidly and at will they can also make intricate patterns and shapes on their skin Chromatophores (bags full of pigment in their skin) are controlled by nerves. used to camouflage but can be used for mating rituals
Cephalopod Class cephalo = head pod = foot CHARACTERISTICS Anatomy All cephalopods are made up of a head and a foot A mantle (muscular casing) protects the organs They all have at least eight (8) arms (or 6 legs and two arms) attached directly to their head with either cirri, suckers, or hooks attached to the underside of the arms Only some species have tentacles
Cephalopod Class cephalo = head pod = foot CHARACTERISTICS Diet Strict carnivores What they eat depends on their size common prey include various fish, crustaceans and mollusks They all have a hard beak (made out of horn) which are useful for tearing and devouring their prey
THE NAUTILUS Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Cehpalopoda Order: Nautilada There are 6 living species
Physiology Characterized by its hard shell that it resides in The shell is chambered and it lives in the largest external chamber The other chambers are filled with air to keep it buoyant Unlike all other cephalopods, Nautilus do not change color
Physiology Remained the same for the past 500 million years Have a very long life span about 20 years They only lay about one dozen eggs towards the end of their maturity Endangered species
The Octopus Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Cehpalopoda Order: Octopoda There are 289 different species
Physiology Characterized by their 8 arms (not tentacles) usually bearing suction cups Arms are muscular hydrostats. Unlike all other cephalopods, octopus have entirely soft bodies without an internal skeleton. This allows them to squeeze through very narrow slits between underwater rocks.
Physiology Relatively short lifespans. Some species live for as little as 6 mo. while larger species (the North Pacific Giant Octopus) may live up to 5 years. Reproduction IS a cause of death. Males can only live for a few moths after mating Females die shortly after their eggs hatch They neglect to eat during the (roughly) one moth pd set taking care of their unhatched eggs.
Physiology Have 3 hearts Two pump blood through each of the two gills One pumps blood through the body Blood contains copper-rich hemocyanin instead of iron-rich hemoglobin of vertebrates
Physiology Hemocyanin is dissolved in the plasma instead of being bound in red blood cells Gives their blood a blue color. Draw water into their mantle cavity where it passes through the gills Like all molluscs, gills are finally divided and vascularized outgrowths of either the ouster or the inner body surface.
Defense Three defense mechanisms Ink Sacs Camouflage Autotomising limbs
Defense-Ink Sac Most octopus eject a thick black ink in a large cloud to help them escape from predators.
Defense Camouflage They have specialized skin cells, called chromatophores, for both color changing and light refraction. They blend into the environment to hide and communicate or warn other octopus.
Defense- Autotomizing When under attack, some octopus can spontaneously detach their limbs. This crawling arm serves as a distraction to would-be predators. This ability is also used in mating
Defense- Special Some octopus have a fourth mechanism They can combine their highly flexible bodies with their color changing ability to accurately mimic other, more dangerous animals such as lion fish and eels.
Reproduction Males use a specialized arm (hectocoylus) to insert spermatophores (packets of sperm) into the female s mantel cavity. This arm is usually the third right arm In some species, the female can keep the sperm alive for weeks until they are mature.
Reproduction After fertilization, females can lay up to 200,000 eggs This depends greatly on taxonomical family, genera, species, and of course individuals These eggs are usually hung in strings from the ceiling of her lair some will have them attached to the substratum
Intelligence Highly intelligent comparable to that of a house cat. Maze and problem-solving experiments show that they have both short and long-term memory their short lifespans limit the amount they can learn. Has a highly complex nervous system.only part of it is localized in the brain
Intelligence 2/3 of an octopus neurons are found in the nerve cords of its arms their arms show a wide variety of complex reflex actions arising on at least three different levels of the nervous system. Can be readily trained to distinguish between shapes and patterns. They are able to open jars after just observing
Intelligence Octopus have been seen playing they repeatedly release bottles and toys in a circular currents in their aquarium and catch them They break out of their aquariums constantly In the wild, the climb aboard ships and raid the crab fished.
Sensation Octopus have keen eyesight their eye shape led to scientist to believe they would have impaired eyesight due to astigmatism Surprisingly they do not appear to have any challenges and can in fact hunt in different light variations successfully
Sensation Attached to the brain are two special organs Statocysts allow the octopus to sense the orientation of its body relative to horizontal location. They have an excellent sense of touch their suckers are equipped with chemoreceptors
Sensation Chemoreceptors allows the octopus to taste what its touching The arms do contain tension sensors to allow it to know whether the arm is extended or not.
Locomotion They move either by crawling or swimming Their main means of slow travel is crawling with some swimming Fastest movement only occurs when provoked by hunger or if in danger. Crawling is done by walking on their arms Usually done with many at once on hard surfaces while supported by water Swimming is done by spelling a jet of water from a contractile mantle, and aiming it via a muscular siphon
Captivity Though they are hard to keep in captivity, some people like to keep them as pets They often escape from their secure tanks due to their high problem solving skills and strength They open the tank covers and can survive for a time in the air (30-60 min) in order to get to a nearby tank to eat the fish or crabs in that tank. Some have been know to catch and kill some species of sharks
Marine Fact of the Day After death, you can be turned into a coral reef. Your cremated remains will be placed in an eco-friendly concrete cast then placed under water.
Squid Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Cehpalopoda Order: Teuthida There are over 300 species of squid
Physiology Squid have 8 arms, and two tentacles. Arms have suckers similar to octopi The head is much larger than its body Head has a lot of volume to it Shape will vary on the species of squid Head is located close to the arms and tentacles.
Physiology The mantle is the body cavity for the squid Helps protect them as they move in the water Serves as a nutrient storage They take in these nutrients for their survival
Physiology Have a very complex digestive system Food travels from stomach to a cavity called the caecum This is where the actual digestion takes place From caecum, food moves to the liver then it is absorbed by the body.
Physiology Has three hearts one for the central circulation one for each of the gills. there are two gills Squid seldom live for more than 2-3 years
Physiology Squid have very small mouths with beaks. Their eyes are on the side of their head for 360 degree vision Are color blind but have excellent eyesight Able to see in shallow and deep water, at day and night time equally the same. Have a good sense of smell Pits and glands under their eyes allow them to smell
Defense/Predator s Like Octopus, squid have ink sacs to help evade predators. The engage in camouflage to hide in their surroundings There are quite a few squid predators Birds Humans Sharks Whales Sharks and whales tend to stick to giant squid only since it provides a full meal instead of a light snack Even squid eggs are at risk from being predated
Predators Like Octopus, squid have ink sacs to help evade predators. The engage in camouflage to hide in their surroundings There are quite a few squid predators Birds Humans Sharks Whales Sharks and whales tend to stick to giant squid only since it provides a full meal instead of a light snack Even squid eggs are at risk from being predated