Research in progress / preliminary findings: A study of the mental models of ship masters and VTS officers regarding ship traffic in the SOMS 1
Marius Imset Associate professor in product design University College of Southeast Norway (HSN), at the Faculty of Engineering and Maritime Sciences 8 years industrial practice/maritime instrumentation Involved in various national and regional development projects for maritime industry and education Teaching innovation course in HSN Master in Maritime Management Research interests and activities Maritime human-technology (sociotechnical) systems User centered design WP2 in the SESAME Straits project, survey 2
The SESAME Straits project goal Improve safetyand efficiencyof ship navigation in the Straits of Malacca and Singapore (SOMS) Adressing vessel traffic hot spots Focus on ship shore cooperation Take into account the voyage of the vessel Page 3
How to improve safety and efficiency of ship traffic in the SOMS? WHAT CANBE DONE Goals: Safety Traffic efficiency Fuel efficiency WHAT SHOULD BE DONE More technology Better, safer, faster, easier, smarter? Challenge: Information overload, complexity e-nav: User Centered Design (!) SOMS ship-shore survey So whatto do? Examinethe«contextofuse», suchas. - The nature of the ship traffic(types and criticallity of situations) - How much information is already available - Variance in ship-shore perception (mental models) 4
What are mental models? The image of the world around us, which we carry in our head, is just a model. Nobody in his head imagines all the world, government or country. He has only selected concepts, and relationships between them, and uses those to represent the real system. Legasto, A. A., Forrester, J. W., & Lyneis, J. M. (Eds.). (1980). System dynamics. New York: North- Holland publishing company. Example: Think ofa «ship» Concepts: - Size - Weight - Era/age - Cargo space - Type - Facilities - Etcetc 5
Why are mental models relevant for ship traffic management (STM)? Working cooperatively requires that team members coordinate by anticipating and predicting each other s needs, through common understandings of the environment and expectations of performance (Salas et al, 2011) 6
Withoutshared mental models, team members While teams that enjoy shared mental models LUNCH! PLAYMATE? may be headed toward different goals, leading to ineffective feedback or assistance have reduced ability to anticipate each other s actions or needs (Cannon-Bowers, Salas, & Converse, 1990, 1993, Burke, & Fowlkes, 1996) communicate more effectively perform more teamwork behaviors (i.e., backup) are more willing to work with team members in the future generally perform better (Rentsch & Klimoski, 2001, Griepentrog & Fleming, 2003; Mohammed, Klimoski & Rentsch, 2000; Stout et al., 1999) 7
Mental model aspects examined in the survey 1. Traffic impact on Safety/risk Delays Fuel consumption 2. Information availability For predicting future situation For assessing current situation 3. Are thereany differences in shipshoremental models? If so, whatarethey? 1. Traffic impact on Safety/risk Delays Fuel consumption 2. Information availability For predicting future situation For assessing current situation Ship masters SOMS ship traffic Not onesituation, but many! VTS officers 8
Number of ships reporting in STRAITREP (until nov 2015) Source: Marine Dept of Malaysia www.marinetraffic.com 90000 80000 70000 71359 74133 73528 75477 77973 79344 73919 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015* VLCC / Deep Draft LNG Carrier Container Vessel Ro-Ro Livestock Carrier Government Vessel Others Tanker Vessel Cargo Vessel Bulk Carrier Passenger Vessel Tug / Tow Fishing Vessel TOTAL 9
12 identified, challenging traffic situations in the SOMS 1. Local fishing activities 2. Local ship traffic (incl ferries etc) 3. Changes in fairway depth/width 4. Presence of deep draught vessels / VLCCs 5. Delayed / reduced availability of port services 6. Complex/dense fairway traffic (hotspots) 7. Inappropriate behaviour of ships 8. Communication challenges with ships 9. Ship movement in achorage areas 10. Presence of ships with reduced manouverability (tows etc) 11. Problems with navigation aids (buoys, beacons etc) 12. Challenging weather conditions 10
Survey distribution Relevant shipping companies 121 relevant ship masters/ navigators 14 nations Representing approx 1500 2000 SOMS passages during the last 5 years Electronic survey SESAME Straits Project partners 68 VTS operators/ supervisors (Singapore) 11
Survey findings Ship masters SOMS ship traffic VTS officers 12
Impact of situations on incidents/accidents 6.000 5.000 4.000 3.000 2.000 1.000 0.000 4.09 0.49 3.44 1.34 3.63 3.50 3.01 0.49 0.11 0.07 5.12 4.94 4.68 4.64 0.23 0.30 0.40 0.47 4.24 0.26 3.80 0.61 Situations that are considered to have most 4.72 impact on safety are: 07 Inappropriate behaviour of ships (5,12) 08 Communication challenges with ships (4,94) 12 Changing weather conditions (4,72) 06 Complex fairway dynamics / hotspots (4,68) Situations that sea personnel consider 0.19 more risky than VTS personell: 02 Local ship traffic (1,34) 11 Navigation aid problems (0,61) 09 Ship movement in anchorage areas (0,47) Situations that VTS personnel consider more risky than ship personnel 01 Local fishing activities (0,49) 05 Delayed/reduced availabilityof port services (0,49) 08 Communication challenges with ships (0,40) Shore based average (0-6) Ship based average (0-6) Total average (0-6) Sea-shore difference (absolute) 13
Impact of situations on delays 6.000 5.000 4.000 3.000 2.000 1.000 0.000 3.48 0.06 2.87 1.72 2.68 3.29 0.11 0.23 3.82 1.15 4.24 0.17 4.46 4.03 3.86 4.01 0.44 0.47 0.43 0.26 2.67 0.06 Situations that are considered to have most impact on delays are: 07 Inappropriate ship behaviour (4,46) 06 Complex fairway dynamics / hotspots (4,24) Situations that ship personnel consider more delaying (than VTS officers) 02 Local ship traffic (1,72) 09 Ship movement in anchorage areas (0,43) Situations that VTS personnel consider more delaying 05 Delayed /reduced availability of port services (1,15) 12 Challenging weather conditions (0,79) 08 Communication challenges with ships (0,47) 4.06 0.79 Shore based average (0-6) Ship based average (0-6) Total average (0-6) Sea-shore difference (absolute) 14
Impact of situations on extra fuel consumption 6.000 5.000 4.000 3.000 2.000 1.000 0.000 2.60 0.09 3.22 3.23 3.37 3.04 2.72 2.39 2.39 0.77 0.48 0.54 0.15 0.17 0.07 0.04 2.85 2.97 1.99 0.32 0.48 0.40 Situations that are considered to have most impact on fuel consumption 3.12 07 Inappropriate ship behaviour (3,37) 06 Complex fairway dynamics / hotspots (3,23) 05 Delayed/reduced availabilityof port services (3,22) Only one situation that is considered more critical by ship personnel 02 Local ship traffic (0,77) Situations that VTS personnel consider more fuel consuming are 12 Challenging weather conditions (0,76) 08 Communication challenges with ships (0,54) 07 Inappropriate ship behaviour (0,48) 10 Vessels that could hamper other traffic (tows etc) (0,48) 0.76 Shore based average (0-6) Ship based average (0-6) Total average (0-6) Sea-shore difference (absolute) 15
Availability of information about situations 6.000 5.000 4.000 3.000 2.000 1.000 0.000 2.92 1.29 3.82 3.96 0.21 0.37 4.25 0.11 3.57 0.47 3.85 3.83 3.68 3.78 0.15 0.51 0.00 0.14 0.28 4.16 4.09 4.07 0.56 Data indicate there is least information available about: 01 Local fishing activities (2,92) 05 Delayed/reduced availabilityof port services (3,57) Ship personnel indicate they have more information about: 01 Local fishing activities (1,29) 11 Navigation aid problems (0,56) Shore personnel have more information available about: 07 Inappropriate behaviour of ships (0,51) 10 Vessels that could hamper other traffic (tows etc) (0,28) 0.15 Shore based average (0-6) Ship based average (0-6) Total average (0-6) Sea-shore difference (absolute) 16
Summary Ship and shore personnel seem to have a shared mental model about ship traffic, but there are also differences that should be explored in more depth (causes) The findings provide focus areas for STM improvement in terms of: Situations with the most perceived impact on safety, delays and fuel consumption Situations with little/less available information Situations where there are differences in ship-shore mental models 17
Further research progress To collect survey data from Singapore pilots Finalize data analysis and dissimination Apply same survey/approach in other high traffic areas (?) Thank you! Marius Imset mi@hbv.no 18