FIRST AID (Seven Life-Savings Steps) Ensure area is safe before approaching victim. 1. Check for responsiveness. a. Ask in a loud, but calm voice, "Are you okay?" b. Gently shake or tap the victim on the shoulder. c. Watch for a response. If the victim does not respond, go to step 2. CALL FOR HELP (ASK FOR AED) AND CALL 911 d. If the victim is conscious, ask where he/she feels different than usual or where it hurts. Go to step 3. If the victim is conscious but is choking and cannot talk, stop the evaluation and begin treatment. 2. Check for breathing/heartbeat. a. Place first two fingers on the artery in the neck (in the groove on side facing rescuer) to check for a pulse. b. Look for rise and fall of the victim's chest. c. Listen for breathing by placing your ear about one inch above the victim's mouth and nose. Feel for breathing while cheek and ear are above the victim's mouth and nose. If the victim has no pulse or is not breathing, stop the evaluation and begin treatment. 30 Compressions 2 Breaths 3. Check for bleeding. a. Look for spurts of blood or blood-soaked clothes. b. Look for entry and exit wounds. c. If bleeding is present, stop the evaluation and begin treatment as appropriate (1) Arm or leg wound. (4) Open abdominal wound. (2) Partial or complete amputation. (5) Open chest wound. (3) Open head wound. 4. Check for shock. a. Look for any of the following signs and/or symptoms: (1) Sweaty but cool skin (clammy skin). (6) Confusion. (2) Paleness of skin. (7) Faster than normal breathing rate. (3) Restlessness or nervousness. (8) Blotchy or bluish skin, especially around the mouth. (4) Thirst. (9) Nausea and/or vomiting. (5) Loss of blood (bleeding). b. If signs or symptoms of shock are present, stop the evaluation and begin treatment. WARNING Leg fractures must be splinted before elevating the legs for shock 5. Check for fractures. a. Look for the following signs and symptoms of a back or neck injury: (1) Pain or tenderness of the neck or back area. 1
(2) Cuts or bruises in the neck and back area. (3) Inability of the victim to move (paralysis or numbness). (a) Ask about the ability to move (paralysis). (b) Touch the victim's arms and legs; ask whether he or she can feel your hand (numbness). (4) Unusual body or limb position. WARNING Unless there is immediate life-threatening danger, do not move a victim who has a suspected back or neck injury. b. Immobilize any victim suspected of having a neck or back injury by doing the following: (1) Tell the victim not to move. (2) If a back injury is suspected, place padding under the natural arch of the victim's back. (3) If a neck injury is suspected, place a roll of cloth under the victim's neck and put boots (filled with dirt, sand, etc.) or rocks on both sides of the head. c. Check the victim's arms and legs for open or closed fractures. (1) Check for open fractures. (a) Look for bleeding. (b) Look for bone sticking through the skin. (2) Check for closed fractures. (a) Look for swelling. (b) Look for discoloration. (c) Look for deformity. (d) Look for unusual body position. d. If a fracture to an arm or leg is suspected, stop the evaluation and begin treatment 6. Check for burns. a. Look carefully for reddened, blistered, or charred skin. Also check for singed clothes. b. If burns are found, stop the evaluation and begin treatment. 7. Check for head injury. a. Look for the following signs and symptoms: (1) Unequal pupils. (7) Staggering in walking. (2) Fluid from the ear(s), nose, mouth, or injury site. (8) Headache. (3) Slurred speech. (9) Dizziness. (4) Confusion. (10) Vomiting. (5) Sleepiness. (11) Paralysis. (6) Loss of memory or consciousness. (12) Convulsions or twitches. b. If a head injury is suspected, continue to watch for signs that would require performance of rescue breathing, treatment for shock, or control of bleeding Map Reading & Land Navigation (Orienteering) 1. What is a map? a. A map is a graphic representation of a portion of the earth s surface drawn to scale, as seen from above. 2
2. What s a topographic map? a. Portrays terrain and land forms in a measurable way as well as horizontal features of the positions represented. 3. What are the basic colors of a map, and what does each color represent? Black - Indicates cultural (man-made) features such as buildings and roads, surveyed spot elevations, and all labels. Red-Brown - The colors red and brown are combined to identify cultural features, all relief features, nonsurveyed spot elevations, and elevation, such as contour lines on red-light readable maps. Blue - Identifies hydrography or water features such as lakes, swamps, rivers, and drainage. Green - Identifies vegetation with military significance, such as woods, orchards, and vineyards. 4. What are contour lines? a. Imaginary lines on the ground connecting equal elevation, they represent high and low ground elevation. 5. How many Norths are there on a military map? And what are they called? a. Three: 1. True north 2. Magnetic north 3. Grid north 6. What terrain feature is the shaded area? A hill is shown on a map by contour lines forming concentric circles. The inside of the smallest closed circle is the hilltop. 7. What terrain feature is the shaded area? A saddle is normally represented as an hourglass 3
8. What terrain feature is the shaded area? 9. What terrain feature is the shaded area? Contour lines forming a valley are either U-shaped or V-shaped. Contour lines forming a ridge tend to be U-shaped or V-shaped. The closed end of the contour line points away from high ground. 10. What terrain feature is the shaded area? Usually only depressions that are equal to or greater than the contour interval will be shown. On maps, depressions are represented by closed contour lines that have tick marks pointing toward low ground. 11. What are 5 major terrain features found on a map? 1. Hill 2. Ridge 3. Valley 4. Saddle 5. Depression 4
12. What are the 3 minor terrain features found on a military map? 1. Draw 2. Spur 3. Cliff 13. What are the 2 supplementary terrain features found on a military map? 1. Cut 2. Fill 14. What is an azimuth? A horizontal angle, measured in a clockwise manner from a north base line, expressing direction. 15. What is the distance between grid lines on a standard 1:50,000 military map? 1 kilometer or 1000 meters 16. How many degrees are there in a circle? 360 degrees 17. What is a declination diagram? Shows the angular relationship between the magnetic north, grid north and true north 18. What is the general rule for reading military grid coordinates? Right and UP 19. If you find a symbol on a map that is unknown to you, where would you look? The marginal data, located on the outside lower portion of the map 20. What are the three elements for a land navigation process known as Dead Reckoning? a. Known starting point b. Known distance c. Known azimuth 5