GAS TANKER COMMITTEE #4 FSRU-Critical link in Global LNG Supply chain Singapore 12 th October 2017 Lian-Gee CHUA, DNV GL 12 October 2017 1 SAFER, SMARTER, GREENER
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This presentation seeks to outline and discuss the key considerations for a FSRU newbuild or conversion project The world needs energy and FSRUs can be the possible solution FSRU is a fast track way of opening energy markets to natural gas Reduced construction time Cost much less than land based alternatives of a similar size Face less local opposition than new terminals onshore ( not in my backyard ) Alternative to pipeline gas for political reasons Has flexibility with respect to location and use Can be reused at a new location at a later stage Many FSRUs have valid SOLAS Certificates and can trade as LNG Carriers Several key issues needs to be considered for a new FSRU project There are many issues to take into consideration for a new FSRU newbuild or conversion project This presentation seeks to outline the key questions that must be answered and discuss different solutions 3
Currently there are 24 FSRUs in operation, mainly located in Middle East & North Africa and South America 4 Disclaimer: Information accurate as of October 2016
DNV GL has been at the forefront of the FSRU development and classifies more than half of the global FSRU fleet today 1962 2008 2009 2015 2017 DNV GL has been part of defining the LNG Carrier industry First classification society to publish rules for gas carriers in 1962 First conversion FSRU DNV classed Golar Spirit First newbuild FSRU DNV classed FSRU Neptune 61 % off all FSRUs classed by DNV GL Development of Note for FSRUs Latest revision of REGAS rules Projects: 19 FSRU NB 4 FSRU Conversions 5
Certain key considerations for FSRU/FSU (both NBs and conversions) will impact the asset s specifications and commercial value, as well as the project cost and schedule 1 - Safety & security zone - Defined exclusive zones 4 Drydocking - Continuous operation w/o drydocking (if accepted by flag & port administrations)? 7 Mooring - Geotechnical conditions - Turret mooring, or spread mooring - Moored to jetty? 2 5 Regas Trains 8 Manning Flexibility, cost and statutory requirements based on: - Ship or Offshore classification - propelled or non-propelled unit. - Capacity/Send out? - Redundancy - Expansion possible? - Cost of crew, qualifications? - Statutory requirements? 3 Storage Systems 6 Vaporisation 9 Additional topics for conversions - Type? - Capacity of tank? - Logistical challenges - Vaporisation alternatives - Local environment restrictions - Reinforcement of hull structure - Work needed for lifetime extension of old assets? 6
Site selection Safety and Security zones Safety Zone A Safety Zone is in place to prevent a natural gas release from igniting and leading to a serious incident The safety zone required on water side is referred as the Ignition Exclusion Zone (IEZ) Onshore Safety Zone is used for land clearance and requirements applicable to onshore side (determined by QRA) Marine Exclusion Zone (MEZ) is a defined distance from the facility (FSRU) where vessels can be prevented from passing 7
Site selection Defined Exclusion Zones (Ignition and Marine) Marine Exclusion Zone defined based upon passing traffic impact Ignition Exclusion Zone (IEZ) defined based upon gas release and ignition likelihood Onshore QRA study will be required to determine 10-5 contours, within which land should be owned by FSRU owner 8
: Ship or Offshore Certification? Two alternatives to classification ship and offshore Both approaches have been accepted by Port Administrations SHIP CERTIFICATION A vessel which: Conducts regasification activity Design based on North Atlantic environmental conditions Regular dry-docking or continuous operation without dry-docking if accepted by flag and port administrations Has valid IMO Certificates Ship with propulsion or barge Majority of vessels with ship certification REGAS Tanker for liquefied gas +1A OFFSHORE CERTIFICATION A vessel which: Permanently moored on location Design based on site-specific conditions with special focus on fatigue and corrosion Does not intend to regularly dry-dock Does not need IMO Certificates Modified POSMOOR notation if no propulsion capability Barge without propulsion REGAS Floating Offshore LNG Storage +OI 9
Storage: Which tank type & size? Type Membrane, MOSS or C-tank Majority of vessels with membrane tank Capacity/Size of tank FSRU sizes are 125 000 to 263 000 m 3 Converted Moss FSRUs are normally around 125 000 m 3 NB FSRU are normally around 170 000 m 3 (as other NB LNG Carriers) Logistical challenges Measures to reduce/eliminate the risk of sloshing damage to the tanks Transfer time Picture courtesy: Petrobas, GTT 10
Drydocking: Possible with continuous operation w/o drydocking? FSRU operation + option of gas carrier Regular 5 years dry-docking intervals FSRU operation Continuous operation without dry-docking possible if accepted by flag and port administrations Case by case acceptance by class and authorities Class notation: TMON, BIS Sea valves Coating in ballast tanks Active and passive corrosion protection All required inspections to be carried out afloat Picture courtesy: Samsung Heavy Industries 11
Regas train: Capacity and availability Spare/stand-by train Normal set-up: 3 to 4 trains Normal with 1 train in standby Train configurations: 1x100%, 2x100%, 2x50%, 3x50% Capacity per train Typically 250 MMSCFD (Million Standard Cubic Feet per Day) Availability Based on receiving unit s requirements Maintenance considerations Expansion possible? Note: 1 m 3 LNG = 21,55 MSCF (60 F) 12
Vaporisation: Alternative systems Vaporisation alternatives Open loop, closed loop, combination (open rack, air panel) Heating Medium: Seawater, propane, glycol, steam Challenges Corrosion choice of materials, water velocity Marine growth chlorine Environmental restrictions: Temperature difference between inlet and outlet of seawater local requirements EX: Open loop with seawater heating: 13
Heating system for LNG vaporizer Means shall be provided protect the vaporizers against freezing of heating medium Means shall be provided to detect leakage of high pressure LNG/NG into the heating fluid and to prevent overpressure in the heating system EX: Water/Glycol system 14
Mooring: Which alternative? Turret mooring (Single point mooring) Weather-vaning freely Heading control to limit roll motions Export of natural gas to the onshore network through turret or flexible risers Spread mooring Currently no FSRUs with this mooring alternative Picture courtesy: Høegh LNG Permanently moored to a jetty Used in benign water conditions (protected location) Export of natural gas to onshore network through loading arms or flexible hoses 15
Manning: Requirements for crew More than 10% additional crew on FSRUs today compared to LNGC Manned 24/7 Key Questions: Cost of crew? Which qualifications are needed? What are statutory requirements? Requirements to use local crew? Picture courtesy: Hoegh 16
Conversions: What are some additional issues to be considered? Fixed loading arms HP Manifold REGAS vent Mast REGAS Process equipment Picture courtesy: Golar LNG Reinforcement of hull structure 17
Other important topics for NB and conversions include BOG Management: Power generation and send out in normal and abnormal operations Rollover: Design measures to help reduce the risk of stratification and subsequent rollover Cargo Tank Pressure: Operational advantages with increased tank pressure Depressurizing/blowdown system: High/low pressure system Cryogenic protection of hull structure: Booster pumps, vaporizers, suction drum HAZID: Dispersion analysis, heat load calculation, relocation of equipment, escape routes Quantitative risk assessment: Possible requirement from charterer 18
Thank you for your attention Questions? Lian-Gee CHUA Lian.Gee.Chua@dnvgl.com www.dnvgl.com SAFER, SMARTER, GREENER 19