pmjwbi nwvl ivc lokdwrwei rupwqrx (coxvyn pmjwbi nwvlw dy prsmg ivc) fw. gurmuk ismg pmjwbi XUnIvristI, pitawlw[ lokdwrw dy smklp nmu iksy iek smgitq pirbwsw ivc pys krn diaw koissw dw ieiqhws Kwsw roick hy[ ijs pl qon lokdwrw ny Akwdimk AiDAYn dy Kyqr ivc pirvys pwieaw hy, audon qon hux q`k ies nmu ivibmn lokdwrw SwSqrIAW ny ivrodi qrkw Aqy DwrnwvW nwl pirbwsq kiqw hy[ ies g`l dw AMdwzw 1950 ivc CpI ikqwb Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology and Legends ivc drj lokdwrw diaw pirbwswvw qon lwieaw jw skdw hy[ ies iek`li ikqwb hi ivc lokdwrw diaw 24 Al`g Al`g pirbwswvw drj hn[ 1 guru nwnk dyv XUnIvristI dy lokdwrw SwsqrI fw. gurmiq ismg vi Awpxy iek lyk lokdwrw : prsmg Aqy pyskwri ivc lokdwrw di pirbwsw Aqy prikrqi bwbq psry BMblpUsy di crcw krdy hn[ auh ies lyk ivc lokdwrw dy ivibmn prc`ilq pcwx icmnhw (prmprw, Anwimkqw, moikkqw, smuihkqw, lok prvwngi) di ApRmwixkqw nmu is`d krdy AwKdy hn, lokdwrw di prikrqi nmu hux q`k smjx smjwaux vwly ivibmn q`q lokdwrw di prikrqi nmu shi prsmg ivc drswaux dy smr`q nhin hn[ lokdwrw di prikrqi smbmdi AijhI AspStqw Aqy auljx sdkw hi lokdwrw dw AiDAYn vi ivdi ivigawnk nhin ho sikaw hy[ 2 iek pirbwsw Anuswr, lookdwrw mwnvi smuhw ivclw klwqmk smcwr hy[ iek smcwr prikiraw hox kwrn ies dw smbmd smdrb ivsys nwl juv jwdw hy[ iksy ivsys smwijk/sqwink smdrb ivclw jivmq vrqwrw hi lokdwrw di ivdwgq ivl`kxqw dw DwrnI bxdw hy[ 3 smdrb ivhuxy 1 M.D. Muthukumaraswamy (Editer and Interviewer), Voicing Folklore : Careers, Concerns and Issues, National Folklore Support Centre, Chennai, 2002, p-26. 2 Koj drpx, AMk-33, jnvri 1994, pmnw-99. 3 According to Pulikonda Subbachary, A live event in a specific social context is a folklore genre. Its performance in a different context, its public folkloric contexts, its documents and such other manifestations and demonstrations cannot be considered folklore ---PauliKonda Subbachary, Cast Myth : A Multi Voice Discourse, In Folklore and Discourse, M.D. Muthukumaraswamy (Editer), National Folklore Support Centre, Chennai, 2006, p-135.
lokdwrw AiDAYn dw mwfl bsqivwdi SkqIAW di dyx hy[bsqivwdi mulkw ny lokdwrw di coxvin sm`gri 4 dy iek`qrikrn, ikqwbikrn Aqy iesdi qsrih rwhin Aijhw svwrqi igawn prbmd inrimq kiqw ijsny movvyn rup ivc s`qw di sqwpqi nmu jwiez Aqy zruri Tihrwaux ivc mh`qvpurn BUimkw Adw kiqi[ iesy kwrn lokdwrw nmu iesdy smdrb ivsys ivc hi AiDAYn krn di crcw humdi rhi hy[ pr lokdwrw dy prsmg ivc smdrb qon ki Bwv hy, ies bwry vi ie`k rwie nhin imldi[ lmmw smw AYln fmfiz duawrw kiqi smdrb di ivawikaw Akwdimk hlikaw ivc cldi rhi hy[ pr smkwl dy kuj lokdwrw SwSqrI hux ies nwl vi AsMmqI zwihr krn l`gy hn, fyn byn eymos (Den Ben Amos) ienhw ivcon prm`uk hy[ eymos ies vkq Centre for Folklore and Ethnography, University of Pennsylvania dw cyarmyn Aqy pris`d ikqwb Folklore in Context dw rcwieqw hy[ auh AYln fmfiz di pirbwsw ivcli md Context dy prxog Aqy ArQW prqi v`kri rwie zwihr AwKdw hy : Alan himself used the term Context in a different way than I did at the time. In his article, Texture, Text, and Context, he, by the way, addressed the question of the definition of folklore and he considered the context, as the social situation in which a particular item of folklore is employed. Thus basically he is still committed to an enumerative, item oriented, definition of folklore.by slightly changing my question and asking what is folklore in context, I shift the focus of the definitional inquiry, by attempting to explore the nature of folklore as it exists, not in library, not in the catalogues of forms, not in my note book, nor on the tape but in social life i.e., in context. I contend that it is in these situationsthat it is urgent to delineate, understand and define folklore 5 4 None of the colonial folklore collections document any rebellious stories, nor do they refer to their narrators as part of communities which were also witnessing the colonial rule. The projected idyll itself is a political statement. ---Sadhana Naithani, Colonial Hegemony and Oral discourse, In Folklore and Discourse,M.D. Muthukumaraswamy (Editer), p-55. 5 M.D. Muthukumaraswamy (Editer and Interviewer), Voicing Folklore : Careers, Concerns and Issues, p-27. 2
lokdwrw dw iek mh`qvpurn pcwx icmnh prmprw nmu mminaw igaw hy[ 6 prmprw lokdwrw qw nhin humdi pr lokdwrw prmprw dw AiDAYn zrur humdi hy[ Awm qor qy prmprw qon Bwv aunhw vrqwiraw qon ilaw jwdw hy ijhvy ipcly lmmy smyn qon pivhi dr pivhi smcwirq humdy rihmdy hn[ lmmi lgwqwrqw prmprw di pcwx dw mul AwDwr hy[ pr ikaunik lokdwrw di isrjxw smkwl ivc vi humdi hy, ies kwrn kuj lokdwrw SwSqrI prmprw nmu lokdwrw dw pcwx icmnh mmnx qon ienkwri humdy hn : prmprw nmu lovindw q`q svikwr kridaw ikhw igaw hy ik lokdwrw ivc Swiml hox vwli iksy vi ciz lei prmprw iek mwpdmf hy[ prmqu lokdwrw nmu ies idrstikox qon dykx dw mqlb ieh hovygw ik lokdwrw di koei nvin isrjxw qw hi lokdwrw hovygi jykr auh virhaw dw s&r qya krn di smr`qw r`kdi hovy[ ki A`j di siqqi ivc pydw hox vwly iksy muhwvry, bujwrq jw lok hws ivamg dy iksy rup nmu hond Dwrn krn auprmq lokdwrw bxn lei virhaw dw s&r qya krky AwpxI lokdwrwei prmwixkqw is`d krni hovygi? iblkul nhin [ AjokI iksy Gtnw nwl smbmidq cutklw vi auvyn hi lokdwrw hy ijvyn koei purwxi siqqi nwl smbmidq cutklw jw lokdwrw dw koei hor rup[ 7 Asl ivc prmprw di rvwieqi smj hi lokdwrw Aqy prmprw dy irsqy nmu Kwrj krn dw AwDwr bxdi rhi hy[ inrsmdyh prmprw dw sbmd ivibmn vrqwiraw di lgwqwrqw Aqy aunhw dy duhrwa nwl humdw hy pr ies lgwqwrqw dw smbmd smyn di kyvl aus Dwrnw nwl nhin ijhvi ip`cy dur biq gey nmu icmnhq krdi hy[ prmprw dw smbmd iek pwsy qw bhu-kwlkqw nwl hy Aqy dusry pwsy iesdw sbmd iek-kwlkqw nwl hy[ Awpxy iek-kwlkqw vwly Kwsy Anuswr ieh iek smyn ivsys qy qqkwli siqqiaw nwl kiqy smcwr sdkw Kws qrhw dw pytrn Aqy igawn prbmd isrjdi hy[ koei vi nvw vrwqwrw jw icmnh lok smuh di cwhq jw lov kwrn jdon ies pytrn Aqy igawn prbmd Anuswr Fl jwdw hy qw auh ibnhw iksy lmmy kwl KMf ivc ipaw prmprk bx jwdw hy[ ies auprmq auh lgwqwr duhrwieaw jwx l`gdw hy qy duhrwe lgwqwrqw di sqwpqi kr idmdw hy Aqy lgwqwrqw movvyn rup ivc prmprw di[ ies qrhw ieh prikiraw c`ldi rihmdi hy[ lgwqwrqw ArQ Aqy swrqkqw di 6 In fact, tradition is often the first word to come to mind when people consider the definition of folklore itself. Age old traditions are consider to be folklore by many. Martha C. Sims and Martine Stephens, Living Folklore : An Introduction to the Study of People and Their Traditions, Utah State University Press, Logan, Utah, USA, 2005, p-65. 7 Koj drpx, AMk-33, jnvri 1994, pmnw-99. 3
AijhI swji qmd hy ijhvi prmprwvw nmu iksy mwnvi smuh nwl jov idmdi hy[ iesy kwrn koei vrqwrw AnykW swlw dy s&r rwhin prmprk bxdw hy qy koei kuj plw ivc hi prmprk bx jwdw hy[ fyl hymz (Dell Haymes) ies prikiraw nmu Traditionalizing kihmdw hy[ 8 aus Anuswr Traditionalizing AijhI prikiraw hy ijsdw BUq Aqy vrqmwn dovw nwl ie`ko ijhw sbmd hy Aqy lok smuh ies prikiraw rwhin mulon hi nvyn vrqwiraw qy icmnhw nmu prmprk bxwaundw rihmdw hy[ ies qrhw is`tw ieh inkldw hy ik prmprw kyvl biqy di g`l hi nhin auh vrqmwn di g`l vi hy[ ies ilhwj nwl ies dw lokdwrw nwl koei vi ivrod nhin hy[ AglI g`l ieh ik prmprw Aqy lokdwrw dovw di isrjx prikiraw dw swjw AwDwr duhrwa Aqy lgwqwrqw hy ies kwrn ieh dovyn iek-smwn prikrqi dy DwrnI hn qy ies irsqy nwl prmprw inrsmdyh lokdwrw dw sb qon SSkq pcwx icmnh hy[ lokdwrw nmu swbx qy smcwirq krn dw kmm lok smuh (mwnvi smuh) duawrw kiqw jwdw hy[ AYln fmfiz Anuswr lokdwrw di hond Aqy AiBivAMjnw dw Bwv hi lok smuh hy[ aus Anuswr lok smuh nmu lokdwrw dy prsmg ivc hi pirbwsq kiqw jw skdw hy[ 9 tolkyn (Toelken) Anuswr lok smuh do jw do qon izawdw Aijhy ivakqiaw dw smuh hy ijhvy iksy lmmi swji ivrwsq kwrn ie`k dujy nwl nyiven juvy humdy hn[ ies ilhwz nwl hr ivakqi iksy nw iksy lok smuh dw ih`sw humdw hy Aqy ijs rwhin lokdwrwei sm`gri dw cyqn jw Avcyqn p`dr qy isrjq Aqy smcwirq humdw rihmdw hy[ Asl ivc lok smuh dw smklp lokdwrw di pirbwsw dw kyndri q`q hy ikaunik ieh lok smuh hi hn ijnhw nwl lokdwrw dy koei ArQ bxdy hn[ ies prkwr di siqqi ivc lokdwrw di pirbwsw, prikrqi Aqy pcwx icmnhw bwbq AMiqm nqijy qy phumcxw muskl hy[ ipr vi AiDAYn qy smj diaw lovw kwrn iksy nw iksy AijhI pirbwsw di qlws lwzmi hy ijhvi AMiqm qw BwvyN nw hovy pr biq cu`ky smyn diaw simwvw nmu sr zrur krdi hovy[ lokdwrw di pirbwsw Aqy prikrqi sbmdi au~pr kiqi ivcwr crcw qon lokdwrw di jo pirbwsw in`qr ky swhmxy AwauNdI hy auh kuj ies qrhw hy ik lokdwrw aunhw klwqmk vrqwiraw, 8 Quoted by Lee Haring, Professor Emeritus of English at Brooklyn College of the City University of NewYork, in a Interview conducted by M.D. Muthukumaraswamy and published by National Folklore Support Centre, Chennai in 2002 with title Voicing Folklore : Careers, Concerns and Issues, p-27. 9 Quoted by Martha C. Sims and Martine Stephens, Living Folklore : An Introduction to the Study of People and Their Traditions, Utah State University Press, Logan, Utah, USA, 2005, p-63. 4
vsquaw Aqy icmnhw dw smuh hy ijhvy iksy lok smuh ivc iksy ivsys smwijk Aqy sqwnk smdrb ADIn jw qw vwr vwr Gitq humdy hn jw pys kiqy jwdy hn[ lokdwrw prvcn dy qor 'qy : ikaunik lokdwrwei rup lok smuhw ivclw klwqmk Awdwn prdwn hy, qw ies ilhwz nwl qmwm AiBivAkq lokdwrwei rup (Swbidk, ZYr Swbidk, prdrisq) prvcn 10 isrjq bx jwdy hn[ivcwrdwrk idrsti qon prvcn iek Aijhw prbmd hy ijhvw igawn Aqy SkqI dy auqpwdn nmu insicq krdw hy[ ieh ivcwrdwrw di AijhI mrxwdq rhu-riq hy ijhvi nw kyvl mnu`k di hond nmu inrimq krdi hy sgon ausdy Awpxy Awly duawly nwl smbmdw nmu insicq krn di qwkq vi r`kdi hy[ 11 au~qr-bsqivwd isdwq idrstiaw dy m`dy nzr hr prvcn iq`ky ivcwrdwrk prsnw dy rubru hy 12 qy lokdwrwei prvcnw dw vi ienhw prsnw qon bcxw smbv nhin[ hux q`k ieh smijaw jwdw irhw hy ik lokdwrw kmzor Aqy dbwey gey lok mn di Awvwz hy[ibnhw S`k lokdwrw ivc AijhIAW audwhrnw mojud hn ijhviaw lok smuhw duawrw zwbr iklw& kiqy smgrs di gwqw ibawn krdiaw hn[ ieh jsbir jyn dy aus kqn Anuswr vi shi hy ijs ivc auh kihmdi hy ik prqirod s`qw di smrcnw ivc hi ivdmwn humdy hn[ 13 pr ikaunik s`ibawcwrk prgtwa Dur AMdroN su^m FMg nwl ichnki humdy hn ies kwrn jo sqih qy nzr AwauNdw hy auh nmu hi AMiqm s`c nhin mminaw jw skdw[ ichnikrn diaw ivibmn prqw di smj ieh pqw idmdi hy ik lokdwrw kuj p`kw ivc sqwpqi di hmwieqi vi hy[ lokdwrwei isrjxwvw iksy gumjl di pyskwri nhin krdiaw sgon gumjl nmu iek 10 A discourse is a process of communication. There are other important issues in the concept of discourse but basically a discourse is completed when a chain or a circle of communication is completed. Hence, basically a discourse is a communicative process. ---PauliKonda Subbachary, Cast Myth : A Multi Voice Discourse, In Folklore and Discourse, p-135. 11 Lalita Handoo, The Discourse of Gender : Power and Practice, In Folklore as Discourse, p-152. 12 Ever Since Michel Foucault drew the attention of the world to discursive practices about how discourse is used in all human societies to subjugate some and to priorities some others the analysis of discourse and discursive practices have assumed phenomenal importance. ---Guru Rao Bapat, Performance as Discourse, In Folklore as discourse, p-156. 13 jsbir jyn, au~qr bsqivwd qon pwr : rwstr dy supny qy XQwrQ, Anuvwdk:pvn gulwti, cyqnw prkwsn, luidawxw, 2007, pmnw-31. 5
mwidam vjon vrqdiaw aus qrqib di isrjxw krdiaw hn ijhvi in`j nmu bwhri XQwrQ nwl smwnqw qy iekimkqw dy smbmdw ivc sihjqw nwl siqq kr idmdi hy[bwhri XQwrQ ikaunik Aksr hyjmoink qwkqw dw AnuswrI humdw hy ies kwrn bhuqiaw lokdwrwei isrjxwvw sqwpqi dy idrstikox Aqy mu`l-isstm dy h`k ivc Bugq jwdiaw hn[ hwkmw prqi instw, smwijk jwqw di drjybmdi Aqy AOrq prqi idrstikox nmu ies prsmg ivc audwhrn vjon dyikaw jw skdw hy[ aunj lokdwrw dw sqwpqi nwl irsqw ies g`l qy vi inrbr krdw hy ik sqwpqi di SkqI ikmni hy Aqy aus diaw dbwaux jugqw di prikrqi ki hy[ jykr sqwpqi dw dbwa mykwinzm is~dv, iekihrw qy prq`k hy qw lokdwrw dy prqirod di gqi qyz Aqy SkqISwlI hovygi Aqy jy ieh Aid`K, su^m Aqy jitl hy qw prqirod di sur m`dm Aqy DImI hovygi[ ies qrhw lokdwrw dy ivibmn rcnw rup nw kyvl v`ko v`kry hn sgon ivcwrdwrk swr Aqy sibawcwrk prkwrj p`kon vi iek dujy nwl twkrvyn smdrbw nwl smbmidq jwpdy hn[ ienhw ivc lok AMdrly vkryivaw Aqy ivrodw di AiBivAkqI hoei imldi hy ies lei ienhw dy mihz smwnx smrcnwqmk cokty di bjwie ienhw dy ivdw SwSqr nmu auswrn di lov hy qw ik sibawcwrk dvmdw di pyskwri dy nukqy qon ienhw di v`krqw di pcwx kiqi jw sky Aqy lok di ivibmn iksm di cyqnw Aqy srokwrw di AiBivAkqI dw sibawcwr Swsqr qlwisaw jw sky[ 14 lokdwrw Aqy nwvl : lokdwrw Aqy swihq dw sbmd inrivvwd sviikrq hy[ pmjwbi dy ivibmn icmqkw 15 ny ienhw do isrjxwqmk DwrwvW dy swjy Aqy inkvvyn l`cxw di ivsqwr nwl crcw kiqi hy[ smjx vwlw mslw ieh hy ik ivisst swihq diaw ivibmn ivdwvw AwpxIAW ivdwgq ivl`kxqwvw dy m`dy nzr lokdwrwei q`qw Aqy ivdiaw dw prxog Aqy rupwqrx iks qriky Aqy iks mmqv nwl krdiaw hn[ iks qrhw koei pwt lokdwrwei jugqw di rxniqi rwhin pwtk smuh ivc prvwn cvdw hy Aqy ipr iks qrhw pwtk smuh di prvwngi dy mwpdmf prqvyn rup ivc pwt di rcx prikiraw qy Asr AMdwz 14 jgdis kor, pmjwbi lok khwxi : ivhwr qy smklp, cyqnw prkwsn luidawxw,2007, pmnw-17. 15 fw. vxjwrw bydi, fw. krnyl ismg iqmd, fw. ti.awr. ivnod, fw. jsivmdr ismg Aqy fw. joigmdr ismg kyro ies prsmg ivcn prmuk nw hn[ 6
humdy hn[ smjx vwli g`l ieh vi hy ik ivsys lokdwrwei jugqw rwhin inrimq swihqk prvcn smwjk hyjomni diaw ivibmn ivcwrdwrvw nwl iks qrhw dy smbmdw di isrjxw krdy hn[ nwvl AwDuink pmjwbi swihq di prmu`k ibrqwqk ivdw hy[ ibrqwqk ivdw hox dy nwqy ies dw lokdwrwei ibrqwqw di purvli lok-prmprw nwl Aqy aus prmprw ip~cy kwrjsil igawn prbmd nwl nyvlw sbmd hy[ ies lei jdon vi iksy nwvl rcnw jw nwvl rcnwvw di iksy privrqi dy smgtnkwri q`qw (elements) Aqy suqrw (principles) dy mul di qlws krni hovy qw purvliaw prmprwvw di GoK krni zruri bx jwdi hy[ ienhw purvliaw prmprwvw ivcon lok-prmprw bhuq mh`qvpurn hy[ nwvl dy smgtnkwri q`q Aqy suqr, jo rcnw jgq ivc ichnw (signs) Aqy ichn- XojnwvW (sign systems) dy qor qy ivdmwn humdy hn, iksy nw iksy rup ivc ies lok-prmprw nwl smbmidq humdy hn[ 16 nwvlkwr dw in`j ie`ko vyly lokdwrwei vi humdw hy Aqy lokdwrw qon mukq vi[ auh ie`ko vyly lok smuh dw ih`sw vi humdw hy Aqy aus qon mukq Awzwd hond vi[nwvl di isrjxw vyly nwvlkwr dw lokdwrwei Avcyqn nwvli pwt ivc aunhw jugqw Aqy idrstiaw di sqwpqi dw AwDwr bxdw hy ijhviaw lokdwrw dw AMg humdiaw hn Aqy ijnhw nmu pihlw hi lok prvwngi iml cu`ki humdi hy[ ArQwq ijhviaw nwvli ikrqw lokdwrwei ivdiaw Aqy ivcwrdwrwvw dy AnuswrI humdiaw hn aunhw dw lok smuh ivc svikwry jwxw bhuq kudrqi Aqy sukwlw humdw hy[ pr ies svikwrqw dw Bwv kq`ei ieh nhin ik auh nwvli rcnwvw ivdw Swsqr dy aucqm pymwinaw Anuswr vi sviikrq hox[ koei nwvli rcnw isry di pruis`di prwpq krn dy bwvjud nwvl dy ivdw Swsqr dy pymwinaw qy nivyn drjy di rcnw ho skdi hy[ nwvlkwr di siqqi qon ieh mslw hor vi gmbir bx jwdw hy ik smwijk pirvys dy hvwly nwl ijs igawn dw auh Awpxy Awp nmu isrjk smj irhw hy, ki auh s`cmu`c ausdi hi isrjxw hy? auh kyvl prc`ilq/sviikrq dw AnuswrI hi qw nhin, ausdi AwpxI moilkqw Aqy AwzwdI qw ikqy dwa qy nhin? auprokq msly nmu pmjwbi nwvl dy prsmg ivc pvwa dr pvwa smjx di koiss krdy hw[ pihli qihkikwq pmjwbi nwvl dy pwtk smuh dy hvwly nwl ieh krni bxdi hy ik iks qrhw diaw ibrqwqk jugqw vwly nwvl nmu pmjwbi pwtk smuh ny prvwinaw hy Aqy aunhw ibrqwqk jugqw dw lokdwrw Aqy ivcwrdwrw nwl ki smbmd bxdw hy[ ikaunik lokdwrwei ibrqwq moikkqw dy DwrnI humdy 16 sukdyv ismg Kwhrw, nwvl dy lokxwink AwDwr : ichn-ivigawnk AiDAYn (guridawl ismg dy nwvl AMnHy GoVy dw dwn dy prsmg ivc), Koj drpx, julwei 1988, pmnw-57. 7
hn, ies krky lok smuh q`k ienhw dw smcwr suxwaux Aqy suxn nwl nypry cvhdw hy[ ieh visst swihqk ivdwvw vwg ilky qy pvhy nhin jwdy[ suxn qy pvhn dw isdwqk Prk ienhw di v`krqw Aqy smwnqw dw lkwiek hy[ pwtk Awpxy lokdwrwei in`j kwrn aunhw pwtw prqi izawdw ruci qy idawn zwihr krdw hy ijnhw di smcwrk-bxqr pvhn nwlon suxwey jwxy dy vdyry nyvy humdi hy[ ie`qy suxwey jwx di Dwrnw dw ArQ ieh nhin ik koei iek pwtk nwvl nmu pvhy qy bwki swry suxn, sgon ies dw ArQ ieh hy ik nwvl ivibmn jugqw rwhi Aijhy rup nmu prwpq kry ik aus nmu pvhidaw vi ausy qrhw dw Aihsws hovy ijvyn iksy lok khwxi nmu suxidaw humdw hy[ ausy qrhw dy Aihsws qon Bwv pwtk di fumgi nyvqw Aqy SmUlIAq qon hy[ ijhvi nwvli rcnw suxnxogqw dy ies ieh gux nmu prwpq kr lyndi hy aus di pwtk dy lokdwrwei Avcyqn Anuswr prvwngi insicq ho jwdi hy[ ieh prwvngi hi AMiqm rup ivc nwvli pwt ivc pwtk di SmUlIAq drj krvwaundi nwvli pwt dy ArQW di isrjk bxdi hy[ 17 g`l isr& khwxi suxwaux di Xogqw q`k hi mihdud nhin sgon ies Xogqw rwhin pwtk di pwt ivc SmUlIAq drj krvwaux di hy[ ikaunik pwtk hi pwt nmu Bwv idmdw hy, auhi aus nmu rmgq idmdw hy Aqy auhi aus nmu DunI idmdw hy[ pmjwbi nwvl diaw lokdwrwei jugqw : nwvl nmu lokdwrwei Kwsy vwlw rmg prdwn krn ih`q ivibmn ibrqwqk jugqw kwrjsil humdiaw hn[ ies prsmg ivc sb qon pihlw ibrqwq vkqy di BUimkw di g`l krdy hw[ lokdwrwei ibrqwqw dw vkqw inmn-purki rup ivc humdw hy[ ausdi suxwey jwx vwly ibrqwq prqi siqqi puri qrhw srbigawqw di hox di QW simq srbigawqw di humdi hy[ auh bwhron khwxi suxwaundw hy Aqy bqor ibrqwq vkqw in`ji it`pxiaw dyx qon kqrwaundw hy[ ieh g`l ies krky vi s`c hy ikaunik 17 nobl ienwm jyqu nwvlkwrw toni morisn (Toni Morrison ) iek mulwkwq ivc AwKdI hy, the ability to be both print and oral literature: to combine those two aspects so that the stories can be read in silence, of course, but one should be able to hear them as well. It should try deliberately to make you stand up and make you feel something profoundly in the same way that a Black preacher requires his congregation to speak, to join him in the sermon, to behave in a certain way, to stand up and to weep and to cry and to accede or to change and to modify to expand on the sermon that is being delivered. In the same way that a musician s music is enhanced when there is a response from he audience Because it is the affective and participatory relationship between the artist or the speaker and the audience that is of primary importance. To make the story appear oral, meandering, effortless, spoken- to have the reader work with the auther in the construction of the book --- is what s important---quoted by Trudier Harris In Fiction and Folklore : The ovels of Toni Morrison, p-1. 8
lokdwrwei ibrqwq Awpxy subwa Anuswr in`jqw dy AnuswrI nhin humdy[ inmn-purki ibrqwq vkqw dy idrsti-ibmdu nwiek/nwiekw bxdy hn ijnhw di idrsti qon jw ijnhw dy hvwly nwl smu`cw ibrqwq isrijaw Aqy smcwirq kiqw jwdw hy[ ieh idrsti-ibmdu in`jqw di AxhoNd ivc AMiqm rup ivc aus mul-isstm dw ipcl`g humdw hy ijs di pyskwri ih`q m`dkwli ibrqwqw dy pwqr mihj prqirup bx jwdy hn[ ibrqwq dw lkiri hoxw vi lokdwrwei ibrqwq dw ivsys l`cx hy[ ies Anuswr ibrqwq vwr vwr A`gy ip`cy PYlx di bjwie lgwqwr A`gy v`l nmu ivkws krdw hy[ lokdwrwei ibrqwq dw ieh l`cx ausnmu soikaw hi smj Awaux vwly smcwr-prbmd ivc bdl idmdw hy[ lokdwrwei ibrqwq dw Aglw Kwsw ies di kwrn-kwrj smbmdw Anuswr bxi juvwe jugq hy[ kwrn qy kwrj ivclw vkpw auh KwlI QW humdi hy ijhvi pwtk dy pirvys ih`q C`fI gei hmdi hy[ hux ki vwprugw dy prsn rwhin auh lokdwrwei ibrqwq ivc dwkl ho jwdw hy[ lokdwrwei ibrqwq Awpxy ArQgq pwswrw nmu ivibmn ichn-prbmdw rwhin smcwirq krdy hn[ ichn isrjxw lokdwrwei ibrqwqw di Kws ibrqwqk jugq hy[ pr lokdwrwei ibrqwqw dy ichnw di KwsIAq ieh hy ik ieh bhu-kwlkqw ivcon guzrky lok smuh di ruv mwniskqw dw Ain`KVvW AMg bx cu`ky humdy hn[ pmjwbi nwvl di ibrqwqk bxqr ivc inmn-purki ibrqwq vkqy di srdwri rhi hy[ ies vkqy dw rup qw BwvyN srb-igawqw qon simq-igawqw Aqy simq-igawqw qon srb-igawqw ivc bdldw irhw hovy pr pmjwbi nwvl ies nmu hi ie`k jw dujy rup ivc ApxwauNdw irhw hy[ BweI vir ismg, nwnk ismg, jsvmq ismg kmvl, sohx ismg siql, guridawl ismg, dlip kor itvwxw, rwm srup AxKI, krmjiq ismg ku`sw, joigmdr kyron, im`qr syn miq, mohn kwhlon, mnmohn bwvw, Avqwr ismg ibilmg Aijhy prmuk nwvlkwr hn ijnhw ny AwpxIAW nwvli rcnwvw ih`q inmn-purki ibrqwq vkqy di lokdwrwei jugq nmu splqw nwl inbwieaw hy[ ies jugq rwhin khwxi kihx dw AMdwz pmjwbi pwtk nmu Awpxypx dw Aihsws idmdw hy[ is`tw ieh inkldw hy ik pmjwbi pwtk smuh ies jugq ivc ilky nwvlw nmu pvhn qy mwnx di sihj ruci idkwaundw hy[ ies g`l nmu hor spst krn lei aunhw nwvlkwrw dw izkr vwijb hovygw ijnhw ny AwpxIAW nwvli rcnwvw ivc auprokq jugq di QW khwxi kihx lei iksy hor jugq di vrqon kiqi hy[ pmjwbi ivc surjiq ismg syti, nirmjn qsnim, s. soz, jgjiq brwv Aqy sukbir Aijhy prmu`k nwvlkwr hn ijhvy inmn-purki ibrqwq vkqy di QW au~qm-purki ibrqwq vkqy di jugq ADIn cyqnw-prvwh, svyjivni-mulk, Awqm-bcnI Aqy prqik isrjx diaw ivibmn jugqw rwhin ibrqwq di auswri krdy hn[ ieh lykk Awpxy rcnw smswr ivc pwqrw dy bwhri smswr nmu icqrn di QW ausdy AMdrly smswr nmu icqrn prqi Kws 9
idlcspi idkwaundy hn[ pmjwbi nwvl dw ieiqhws ies g`l dw gvwh hy ik ienhw nwvlkwrw diaw kuj au~qm nwvli rcnwvw dy bwvjud ienhw nmu auh QW prwpq nhin hoei ijsdy ik ieh h`kdwr sn[ ivcwr ADIn prsmg ivc ies vrqwry di iek Aihm kvi ienhw diaw lokdwrwei Kwsy qon dur diaw ibrqwqk jugqw nwl jw juvdi hy[ nirmjn qsnim dw hyt id`qw kqn swfy ies ivcwr nwl sihmqi prgt krdw prqiq humdw hy : The Punjabi novel, which is avowedly adhering to the classical modes of narration, is still gaining ground among the readers. By virtue of habit, they want such fictional works as can transport them to the world of their personal experience and the orbit of their imagination. 18 lokdwrwei ibrqwqw diaw au~pr vrixq bwki ibrqwqk jugqw di pmjwbi nwvl ivc vrqon jw ienhw dw iqawg ibrqwq vkqy di jugq vwg hi nwvl di pris`di/apris`di Aqy prvwngi/aprvwngi dw AwDwr bxdw hy[ imswl vjon kwrn-kwrj di jugq hy, ies jugq rwhin nwvlkwr GtnwvIN qrkw nmu isrjdw Aqy inbwaundw khwxi nmu Tos FMg nwl GtdI idkwaundw hy[ kwrn qy kwrj di ivaunq rwhin isrji khwxi pwtk nmu lokdwrwei ipcokv kwrn Awpxy nwl jov lyndi hy[ cmgw nwvlkwr ies ivaunq dy Awr-pwr aucyry dwrsink prsnw nmu buxdw ivdw SwSqrI idrsti qon nviaw lihw pwaux dy smr`q humdw hy[ guridawl ismg di nwvl rcnw ies pirqwie audwhrn vjon dyki jw skdi hy[iesy qrhw nwiek isrjx Aqy nwiek kyndrq idrsti-ibmdu diaw jugqw dy prsmg ivc vwprdw hy[ prqik isrjx di jugq dw lokdwrwei pytrn Anuswr Fly hoxw jw nw Fly hoxw vi nwvl Aqy ausdy pwtk dy AwpsI smbmdw nmu insicq krdw hy[ guridawl ismg Aqy sukbir di nwvl rcnw dy v`kry prqik prbmdw kwrn hi pwtk ienhw prqi Al`g Al`g qrhw nwl prqikrm zwihr krdw hy[ guridawl ismg dy nwvli jgq dy prqik pmjwbi lokdwrw Aqy prmprw dw ih`sw hox kwrn pmjwbi pwtk nmu Awpxy in`j dy nyvy l`gdy hn[ rupwqrx di prikiraw ivcon guzrn krky aunhw nmu smjxw qw BwvyN musikl l`gy pr ienhw prqi nyvqw dw bx jwxw insicq humdw hy[ ies dy ivpriq sukbir dy nwvlw dw ichn prbmd hy[ auh mhwngr di krur izmdgi dy ivibmn p`kw nmu isrjx ih`q ichnw di rcnw krdw hy[ aus dy 18 N.S. Tasneem, Narrative Modes in Punjabi Novel, Indian Institute Of Advanced Study, Shimla, 2002, p-68. 10
nwvlw dy ivsy hi v`kry nhin sgon aus di ichn isrjx di prikiraw vi prmprw qon htky hy[ ikaunik aus dy ichn pmjwbi lok prmprw ivcon nhin humdy ies kwrn pmjwbi pwtk duawrw aunhw nmu fikof krnw Aqy aunhw nwl AwpxI swj sqwipq krni musikl ho jwdi hy[ ivawikaw dw Awphudrwpn, Aqwrikkqw Aqy ArQhInqw di smbwvnw kwrn pmjwbi pwtk dw mn Aijhy nwvli pwt qon duri mihsus krn l`gdw hy[ iksy nwvl-rcnw di pcwx, swriqkqw Aqy pris`di dy kwrnw ivc ibrqwqk jugqw dw au~pr vrixq srup mihz iek kwrn hy Aqy ieh kwrn vi pmjwbi pwtk Aqy pmjwbi icmqk di iek Kws qrhw di BUgoilk Aqy mwnisk bxqr kwrn hy[ pmjwbi swihq dw bhuqw pwtk Aqy icmqk ipmf di spys nwl juivaw hoieaw hy Aqy pmjwb di lokdwrw dw smbmd vi iesy spys nwl hy[ ieh iek AwpxI hi qrhw di hyjmoink bxqr hy qy ies di kwrjsilqw kwrn bwhrlw/v`krw kyndri spys hwisl krn qon Asm`rQ rihmdw hy[ pmjwbi nwvl di lokdwrwei cyqnw : lokdwrw Aqy pmjwbi nwvl dy AMqr smbmdw di ies puxcwx dw ieh mrkz lokdwrwei sm`gri di pmjwbi nwvl ivc vrqon Aqy aus dy ivcwrdwrk Aqy smrcnwqmk rupwqrx nwl smbmidq hy[ lokdwrwei sm`gri nwl nyvqw dw kwrn kyvl ausdw rup hi nhin sgon auh jivn idrsti vi hy ijs nwl pmjwbi bmdw AwpxI pcwx di sqwpqi krdw hy[ AwDuink soc jivn dy hr pihlu nmu nhin CUh pwaundi[ bwvjud vfyry bwhri pirvrqnw dy jivn dy kuj prsmg Aqy pihlu bhuq prmprgq rihmdy hn[ bdlwa Aqy lgwqwrqw di srbkwli prikiraw ADIn bmdw Awpxy vrqmwn nmu AwpxI prmprw/lokdwrw qon prwpq AMqr-idRStIAW rwhin swrqkqw Aqy aupxogqw dy pymwinaw Anuswr ivaunqdw hy[ ieh zruri nhin ik auh AwDuinkqw dy snmuk AwpxI prmprw/lokdwrw nmu zrur hi rupwqirq krn jw iqawgx di hi ruci hi idkwvygw, auh ies prqi hor k`tv Aqy hti vi ho skdw hy (prvwsi bmdy dy prsmg ivc ies vrqwry nmu vdyry prmwixkqw nwl pcwixaw jw skdw hy)[ ausdi AwpxI suj, sm`rqw jw mihdud cyqnw ieh insicq krdi hy ik aus ny sqwipq qy prmprk ijaux FMg dy ikhvy mwp-dmfw nmu A`gy vdwauxw hy Aqy ikhivaw nmu r`d dyxw hy[ jsbir jyn Anuswr : prmprw iek ieho ijhi ivrwsq hy ijs num nw C`fidAW bxdw hy qy nw hi aus nmu auvyn hi inbwieaw jw skdw hy[ ivakqi aus ivcon hi AwpxI pihcwx bxwauxw cwhumdw hy, pr aus qon bwhr 11
ivkmfq vi mihsus krdw hy[ ipr vi AwdrS swry aus ivcon hi auqpmn humdy hn Aqy aus nwl hi juvy humdy hn[ aus ivcon hi iek nvin pcwx aubr ky swhmxy AwauNdI hy[ 19 lykk duawrw AwpxI ilkq ivc lokdwrwei sm`gri dw prxog kyvl jugq di rxniqi nhin sgon jivn idrsti di Bwl Aqy pyskwri dw AwDwr vi hy[ ikaunik lokdwrwei sm`gri vi prwpq rup ivc ivcwrdwrw mukq nhin hy, ies krky ies di vrqon ivcwr dy d^l qon ibnhw nhin kiqi jw skdi hy[ pmjwbi nwvl dy prsmg ivc nwvlkwr AwpxI ilkq ivc lokdwrwei sm`gri dw prxog cyqn Aqy Avcyqn do p`drw qy krdw hy[ ijhvi sm`gri di vrqon auh Avcyqn di p`dr qy krdw hy, aus prqi aus di idrsti (ijhvi kei vwr aus nmu Awp vi pqw nhin humdi) sqwpqi vwli humdi hy[ cyqn prxog ivc auh lokdwrwei sm`gri nmu jw qw iksy ivsys jivn suj di prwpqi ih`q r`dx/svikwrn di prikiraw ivc pwaundw hy jw ipr ies dy hvwly nwl nwvli pwt nmu iek ivswl prsmg prdwn krdw, ies prsmg di qulnw jw smwnqw nwl ArQW dw iek nvw smswr isrjdw hy[ pmjwbi nwvl ivc lokdwrwei sm`gri dy sucyq prxog dy ivibmn prsmgw nmu eyqy guridawl ismg ricq nwvl prsw, joigmdr kyron ricq nwvl nwd-ibmd, dlip kor itvwxw ricq nwvl dusri siqw Aqy im`qr syn miq ricq nwvl korv sbw dy hvwly nwl smjx di koiss kiqi hy[ pihly do nwvlw ivc lokdwrwei sm`gri nwvl di kqw dy kyndr ivc hy, ies ilhwj nwl ienhw nmu lokdwrwei nwvlw di smigaw vi id`qi jw skdi hy[ ienhw nwvlw ivc lokdwrw dw auh prmwixk srup msly ADIn hy jo lgwqwr jivn ivc rihx kwrn AMiqm s`c l`gx l`g pyndw hy[ ieh nwvl aunhw lokdwrwei rupw di punr-bwl Aqy punr-isrjx vi krdy hn ijnhw nmu lok smuh AwDuinkqw dy prbwvi hyjmoink prvcnw dy dwby hyt ip`cy C`f AwieAw hy[ prsw nwvl dw muk sm`isawkwr pmjwbi bmdy di pcwx (Identity) di qlws nwl juivaw hoieaw hy[ au~qr bsqivwdi qwkqw dw sb qon vdyry zor bmdy diaw sqwink pcwxw nmu imtwaux jw DuMDlw krn qy hi l`igaw hoieaw hy[ iesy kwrn auh sqwink lokdwrwei sm`gri ivcon aus sm`gri di cox krdy hn ijs nmu dbw ky jw vdw ky auh sqwink pcwxw nmu Awpxy Anuswr Fwl skx[ ivcwr ADIn nwvl ivc sqwipq pmjwbi pcwx diaw prcilq Aqy prmwixk lokdwrwei idrstiaw nmu iek dujy dy ivrod ivc r`k iek nvin jivn idrsti di sqwpnw kiqi gei hy[ies nwvl dw nwiek prsw ivrsy ivc kwrjsil purwqn im`qw, sibawcwrk kdrw kimqw Aqy smwijk gqiivdiaw num smjoa ky rupwqrx di idrsti qon prkdw hy[prsw Drm dy iek nvyn rup dw inrdwrn krdw hy[prsy dw Drm 19 jsbir jyn, AwDuinkqwvwd dy smdrb : BwrqI nwvl, pmjwbi swihq AkwfmI, cmfigvh, 2001, pmnw-73. 12
ivvhwrk hy, auh isdwq nhin idmdw, Aml krdw hy[aus Anuswr Drm dy AmlI rup di smj lei mnu`k di AMqr Awqmw hi sb qon v`fw swdn hy[ Asl Drm AiBAwgq Aqy lovvmd di shwieqw krnw hy, Aijhw krn lei bys`k sqwipq Drm dy iklw& hi ikaun nw jwxw pvy[ prsy Anuswr jivn dw iek lks qw prwxi mwqr di syvw hy-ikaun jo prwxi hi brhm srup hy[ prsw hrduawr smqw dy fyry qy mukiqawr kor nw di AOrq nwl srirk sbmd sqwipq krdw hy[aijhw auh iksy lwlsw vs nhin krdw sgon aus auc ienswni kdr dy prbwv ADIn krdw hy ijs Anuswr iksy AiBAwgq num duawiren KwlI movnw pwp humdy[ ies kdr di ibrqwqk pyskwri nwvl ivc pihlvwn vwli lok kqw rwhin kiqi gei hy[ ies qon ibnhw hor lok kqwvw di prxog rwhin ies nwvl ivc aucyri jivn idrsti dy ivibmn mwpdmfw nmu qlwisaw igaw hy[ ieh nwvl prmprw, AwDuinkqw, ieiqhws, Aqy ienklwb dy smdrb ivc bdlwa qy lgwqwrqw dw iek smbv qy AwdrSk mwfl isrjdw hy[ies nwvl dy muk pwqr prsy dw ivakiqqv Drm Aqy suqmqrqw, s`c Aqy SkqI, mn Aqy dyh, soc Aqy krm di eykqw dw ichniikrq prgtwvw hy[ joigmdr kyron dy nwvl nwd-ibmd ivc lok-drm dy sqwipq prrc`ilq rup num smkwli jivn prsmgw dy smwnwqr r`k ky jivn hond dy ArQW nmu qlwsx di koiss kiqi gei hy[ jogiaw dy fyry purwqn pmjwb dy ipmfw dw Ain`KVvW AMg rhy hn[ ipmf Aqy fyrw dovyn iek dujy dy Awsry jivn gqi nmu qordy sn[ jog m`q AOrq-imlwp dy ivrod ivcon Aqy ipmf AOrq-imlwp dy AwDwr qy isrjy igrhsq prbmd ivcon Awpxw AwDwr prwpq krdw hy [ ies nwvl dw nwiek rmgi smwjk smgrs dy rsqy dy Awzwb qon B`ijAw iek idn fyry Aw vvdw hy qy ipr fyry dw hi ho ky rih jwdw hy[ nwvl dw bhuqw ih`sw jog m`q di rsmw Aqy ivcwrw qy Poks kiqw igaw hy, ijnhw rwhin AOrq ivrod dy ivibmn prsmgw di isrjxw smbv humdi hy[ nwvl dw nwiek rmgi, jogi audon q`k rihmdw hy jdon q`k aus nmu mirw nhin iml jwdi, mirw dw imlwp aus nmu Aihsws krwaundw hy ik jivn ijaux di ieh ivdi JUTI Aqy QoVH-icrI hy[ pr mirw nmu gu&w ivc lgwqwr Bog lyx qon bwad aus nmu ieh Aihsws humdw hy ik jivn dw swr AOrq smg ivc vi nhin[ jog Aqy AOrq dy nwl smvwd rcwaunidaw aus nmu jivn dy Asl ArQW di Qwh prwpq humdi hy qy auh iek vwr ipr qon cmgyry jivn dy lei kiqy jwx vwly smgrs ivc Siml hox dw inrnw kr lyndw hy[ BwvyN jog Aqy igrhsq dovw dw jwbr rup aunhw nmu moq dy drw qy pucw idmdw hy pr rmgi Aqy mirw di ieh kurbwni sugmd nwq Aqy nurw dy bdly rupw rwhin aucyry ArQ smswr di isrjxw krn ivc s&l zrur ho jwdi hy[ 13
dlip kor itvwxw dy nwvl dusri siqw ivc jgiru smwj ivc AOrq hoxi dy qrwsidk ibmb nmu icqiraw hy[ ies nwvl dw isrlyk ies nwvl ivcli kqw sm`gri nmu lokdwrwei prsmg dy smiv`q r`k idmdw hy[ nwvl ivc qw BwvyN iek khwxi c`l rhi humdi hy pr pwtk dy mn ivc ies isrlyk dy hvwly nwl do c`lx l`gdiaw hn[ iek nwvl ivcli siqw di Aqy dusri rmwiex ivcli siqw di[ iek siqw auh si ijs nmu AgnI priikaw ivcon guzrnw ipaw Aqy iek siqw ieh hy ijhvi iek nhin AnykW AgnIAW ivcon guzrdi hy[ iek siqw auh si ijs nmu A`j q`k Xwd kiqw jwdw hy qy iek siqw ieh hy ijs nmu swry Bu`l jwxw cwhumdy ny qy jw Bu`l cu`ky ny[ iek siqw auh si ijsdy drd nmu hux q`k Xwd kiqw jwdw hy qy iek siqw ieh hy ijsdw drd ausdy AMdr hi ismt ky rih igaw qy jw ipr ikdry mr mu`k hi igaw hy[ iek siqw auh si qy iek siqw ieh hy qy ieh islislw iesy qrhw jwri hy [ kihx dw Bwv ieh ik isr& iek isrlyk lokdwrwei sm`gri ivcon lyx nwl hi nwvli khwxi lok-mn dy Dur AMdr q`k AwpxI phumc bxwaundi srbkwli qy bhukwli ho inbvdi hy[ im`qr syn miq dy nwvl korv sbw dw nw ies nwvl di kqw nmnu mhwbwrq di kqw dy smiv`q r~k ies QIm di isrjxw krdw hy ik mhwbwrq A`j vi jwri hy qy iek vwr ipr qon korv jmg ij`qx dy rsqy qy hn[ pmujivwdi ju`g iv`c qw ieh Xu`D hor vi Kqrnwk rup Dwrn kr cu`kw hy ikaunik hux korvw qy pwfvw qon ielwvw ies Xu`D ivc iek qiji idr vi Swiml ho cu`ki hy ijhvi ies Xu`D dw is`dw ih`sw qw nhin pr ijhvi ies Xu`D di inrxwiek SkqI zrur hy[ ies dw iek rup ies nwvl ivc srmweydwr, inawiek Aqy puils prbmd dy hvwly nwl kwrjsil dyikaw jw skdw hy[ ies prbmd dw ih`q Xu`D dy Kwqmy ivc nhi sgon Xu`D di lgwqwrqw ivc hy, iesy kwrn ieh AwpxI SkqI Awsry ies Xu`D nmu mu`kx nhi idmdi[ ies qrhw ieh nwvl porwixk kqw dy ArQW qon A`gy jw vrqmwn swrmweydwri inzwm di i&qrq qy iq`kw ivamg ksx ivc s&l humdw hy[ pmjwbi nwvl Aqy lokdwrwei ivcwrdwrw : lokdwrw Aqy nwvl dy AwpsI smbmdw di pcwx dy ies islisly dw ieh pvwa lokdwrwei ivcwrdwrwvw di nwvli rupwkwr ivc pyskwri nwl smbmidq hy[ lokdwrwei ivcwrdwrw isrp lokdwrwei rupw ivc hi nhin humdi ieh ienhw dy Awr-pwr jivn dy hr AMS ivc smwei humdi hy[ ivcwrdwrw di iesy qrl prikqi kwrn ies di pcwx Aqy BwSweI isrjxw A`q muskl humdi hy[ izmr (Zimmer) dw ivcwrdwrw di ies prikrqi bwry kqn hy: 14
To grapple with ideology is to grapple with a phantom since ideology has neither a body nor a face. It has neither origin nor base which could recast to provide the battle against it with a precise and well defined object Ideology only manifests itself under the form of fluid, of diffuse ; of permanent polymorphism and acts through infiltration, insinuation and impregnation Ideology does not have a real language and especially not one of violence. Its total lack of aggression, its capacity to transform itself to everything, its infinite malleability, permits it to assume the mask of innocence and neutrality. 20 mnu`ki hond dy syaw vrqwiraw dy AMdr bwhr prvwhmwn lookdwrwei ivcwrdwrw di suqirk rup ivc punr-isrjxw krnw koei sokw kmm nhin[ lokdwrw dw Kyqr eynw ivswl qy eyniaw AMqr-ivroDqwvW nwl BrpUr hy ik ies di iksy iekihri ivcwrdwrw nwl pcwx bxwauxi smbv nhin l`gdi[ pr do g`lw ivcwrdwrw dy hvwly nwl Poklor bwry spst hn, pihli qw ieh ik ieh iek-suri (Monologic) hy, iek-surqw dy smklp di isdwqk pirklpnw bwkiqn di hy ijs Anuswr ieksurqw AijhI privrqi hy ijhviaw dujiaw AwvwzW dw AwpxI Awvwz di prbus`qw ih`q dmn kr idmdi hy[ EprI nzry dyikaw ieaun jwp skdw hy ik Poklor AwpxI ivvdqw kwrn bhusuri (Polyphonic) hy, pr jy zrw ghu nwl dyikaw jwvy qw ieh spst ho jwdw hy ik Poklor di bhusurqw sqhi jw idkwvw mwqr hy[ hr Poklork prvcn iek ivsys AwSy ADIn kwrjsil humdw hy Aqy iesy AwSy dy ivrod ivc au~tx vwliaw DunIAW nmu auh s^qi nwl imtw idmdw hy[ smwnwqr v`kriaw AwvwzW qw ivibmn Poklork prvcnw ivcon suxiaw jw skdiaw hn pr bwkiqn dy d`sy Anuswr smwnwqrqw bhusurqw nhin humdi[ bhusurqw qw audon hond ivc AwauNdI hy jdon ivibmn v`kriaw AwvwzW nw kyvl puri AwzwdI nwl hondsil humdiaw hn sgon auh fumgi qrhw iek duji nwl smvwd rcwaundiaw dvmdwqmkqw dw irsqw isrjdiaw hn[ 21 pmjwbi nwvl nmu ies hvwly nwl Poklork ibrqwqw dy 20 Quoted by Jawaharlal Handoo, The Palace Paradigm and Historical Discourse, In Folklore as Discourse, p-26. 21 Polyphony does not mean relativism, which grants life to the differing discourses of characters only by failing to engage with them. Rather, the dialogue of the polyphonic novel is authentic only insofar as it represents an engagement in which, in various ways, the discourse of self and other interpenetrate each other. ---Simon Dentith, Bakhtinian Thought : An Introductory reader, Routledge, London, 2003, p-42 15
smiv`q r`k ky dyikaw ieh prcilq Dwrnw prmwixk ho jwdi hy ik pmjwbi dw bhuqw nwvl iek-suri hy[ 22 hux suawl ieh pydw humdw hy ik ies iek-surqw dw prxog iks idr nmu dbwaux Aqy iks idr nmu auicawaux lei humdw hy[ ies mwmly ivc pmjwbi nwvl Poklor dw hi ip`cl`g bxdw hy[ nwiek jw muk pwqr pmjwbi nwvl di auh idr hy ijs v`l smu`cw nwvli kqwnk Juk jwdw hy[ pmjwbi nwvl nwiek nmu nwvli smgtn ivc sb qon vdyry spys idmdw hy, nwvl ivc ies spys dw hoxw hi pmjwbi nwvl nmu iek-suri bxw idmdw hy[ Aglw JukwA nwiek duawrw smcwirq mu`lw di qr& humdw hy[ Poklork mu`l ies di AgvweI krdy hn, AwzwdI di cwhq, burwei di pcwx, SkqISwlI Aqy SkqhIx ivclw smgrs, cmigawei di nyiqk jw BOiqk ij`q Aijhy QIm hn ijnhw duawly pmjwbi nwvl AwpxI buxqi buxdw hy[ pmjwbi Poklor di iek-suri hond ijs idr dw sb qon izawdw dmn krdi hy, auh idr AOrq hy[ pmjwbi Poklor ivc AOrq di purs smdrb qon mukq iksy hond dw koei izkr nhin hy, aus di smu`ci hond di swrqkqw purs dy smdrb ivc hy, ieh smdrb purs ivrod dw vi ho skdw hy, ies hwlq ivc vi aus di hond dw qkwzw purs hi bxdw hy[ AOrq hond di isrjxw dw AwDwr purs hox krky auh isrp aus di hond isrp dyh duawly ismt jwdi hy[ ies dyh di pivqrqw nmu ausdi swrqkqw dw AMiqm pymwnw inscq kr aus dy Dur AMdr ieh ivcwr vsw idmdw jwdw hy ik aus di izmdgi dw prm mnorq AwpxI dyh nmu swbx smbwlx qy ibgwny mrd di Coh qon bcwaux dw hy[ aus di dyh nmu eynw jlxsil (Sensative) bxw id`qw jwdw hy ik auh jivn dy qmwm srokwrw nmu ies duawly hi kyndrq kr lyndi hy[ pmjwbi nwvlkwr dy Dur Avcyqn ivc Poklor di ieh ivcwrdwrk phumc eyni fumgi qrhw vsi hoei hy ik auh sucyq p`dr qy AOrq dw p`k purdw vi Asl ivc aus dy ivrod dw prvcn isrj idmdw hy qy ies ivc AOrq nwvlkwr vi Apvwd nhin hn[ ies Dwrnw nmu ivibmn pmjwbi nwvlw dy prwmx nwl hor spst kiqw jw skdw hy[ rwm srup AxKI dw nwvl prqwpi Awpxy isrlyk qon ieh BulyKw pwaundw hy ik ieh nwvl Swied prmwixk AOrq Awvwz di pyskwri krygw[ ies nwvl di muk pwqr prqwpi dw smu`cw jivn ausdi dyh Aqy ausdi (prqwpi di) purs cwhq duawly GuMmdw hy[ nwvl dy AwrMB ivc prqwpi dw ijauxy nwl AwiSAwnw hy pr fyry dy swd Drmdws v`lon kiqw ausdw ryp ausdi izmdgi dy mwany bdl idmdw hy[ aus dy ijsm qy hoieaw iek hmlw aus nmu swri aumr gunwh qy hixqw dy BwvW nwl Br idmdw hy[ 22 hor jwxkwri lei AmrjIq gryvwl dw nwvl A`D-cwnxI rwq au`qy ilikaw lyk dyikaw jw skdw hy[ ieh smdrsi dy swl 2000 dy AwKrI AMk ivc CipAw si[ 16
bwki swrw nwvl hor sb-qimw dy smiv`q ies gunwh Aqy hixqw dw hi ibrqwqk pwswrw hy[ iesy qrhw mohn kwhlon dy nwvl mcli iek diraw di ivc rqni nwl ryp hmudw hy, ayuh vi prqwpi vwg ies durgtnw dy smqwp nmu swri aumr BogdI hy[ dlip kor itvwxw dy nwvl dusri siqw di siqw vi ryp kwrn Awpxw sb kuj qbwa kr bytdi hy[ korv sbw ivc vi nyhw nwl hoieaw ryp aus di izmdgi nmu qbwh kr ky r`k idmdw hy[ sqwipq swsikrqk smrcnw ivc iksy AOrq dw Awpxy ijsm qy l`gy dwg qon bwad ies qrhw socxw qy krnw siqqi di hyjmni dw is`tw hy[ pr prsn ieh hy ik ki pmjwbi nwvlkwr kol AOrq nmu ies siqqi ivc JurdI idkwaux qon ibnhw hor koei ivklp nhin hy[ nwvl dw Drm kyvl XQwrQ di pyskwri nhin sgon XQwrQ dy smwnwqr iek hor smbv XQwrQ di isrjxw vi hy[ smjx vwli g`l ieh vi hy ik AOrq kyndr vwly nwvlw ivc AOrq nwl ryp kiqy jwx jw kiqy jwx di koiss nmu eyni spys dyx ip`cy iks prvcn dw h`q hy[ KYr ieh qw A`q krur siqqi si, swdwrn siqqiaw ivc hi nwvlkwr AOrq dukwq dy ivibmn prsmgw nmu puri smvydnw nwl isrjdw qw hy pr jivn qor dy iksy hor smbv ivklp di AxhoNd ivc aus dw ieh icqrn sqwipq swsikrqk XQwrQ nmu Fwh lwaux di QW aus nmu hor p`kw kr idmdw hy[ ibnhw nviaw AMqr-idRStIAW dy kiqw duhrwa lgwqwrqw nmu jnm idmdw hy Aqy ieh dovyn iml ky iksy vrqwry nmu jivn di sihj qor dw ih`sw bxw idndy hn[ ies prsmg ivc piv`qr pwpi (nwnk ismg), hwxi (jsvmq ismg kmvl), mvhi dw divw (guridawl ismg), eyhu hmwrw jivxw (dlip kor itvwxw), ipmjr (AMimRqw priqm), pyvw dy Awr-pwr (drsn DIr), iehnw rwhw au`qy (Avqwr ibilmg) Awid nwvl ivsys qor qy dyky jw skdy hn[ bwki rihmdy prsmgw ivc auh AOrq dy aus srup nmu sw& hw muki DunIAW nwl icqrdw hy ij`qy AOrq purs dy lei hr qrhw dw smrpx krdi hy[ ieh icqrn mwsuk, pqni, mw jw DI iksy vi rup ivc ho skdw hy[ ies smbmd ivc AOrq nwvlkwrw di BUimkw bwry fw. gurpwl smdu di it`pxi idmidaw ies ivcwr nmu eyqy hi smyt idmdy hw : (AOrq lykkw duawrw ricq) nwvlw di kyndri sm`isaw AOrq di S^sIAq hy, jo sdw smktgrsq rihmdi hy[ aus dw smktw prqi humgwrw nw qw ivdrohi sur AKiqAwr krdw hy Aqy nw hi smgrsil XqnW au~pr AwDwirq hy, sgon auh qw mrd v`lon kiqy jw rhy is`dy Aqy Ais`Dy zulmw dw iskwr humdi hoei dukwq BogdI hy[ nwvlw dw smu`cw glpi brihmmf nwiekw ivrodi hond hi Dwrn krdw 17
hy[ dukwq nmu isrjx lei ipqw purki ichn-prbmd di prmprwgq jivn-idrsti hy, ijs ivc irsqydwr cyqnw ADIn AOrq vi AOrq di dusmx bx jwdi hy[ 23 AMiqm-Sbd : smkwl ivc ShId Bgq ismg dw ibmb pmjwbi Poklor dy kyndr ivc hy[ hr qrhw di swihqk Aqy smwijk isrjxw ivc aus di mojudgi pmjwbi mn nmu AwkriSq kr rhi hy[ pmjwbiaw dw ies ibmb nmu ieaun kyndr ivc ly Awauxw Biv`K ivcly pmjwbi bmdy di kwrjsilqw di kmnso hy[ pmjwbi nwvlkwr ny ies ibmb nmu kyndr ivc r`k ky nwvl-rcnw qw kiqi hy pr ies dw rup rvwieqi hi irhw hy[ ieh nwvlkwri Bgq ismg dy pmjwbi mn ivcly sqwn nmu smjdi qw hy pr hwly q`k ies nmu rupwqrx di prikiraw ivc pw ky aucyry mwnisk Aqy smwijk sunyihaw di isrjxw nhin kr ski hy[ ies qrhw di isrjxw dw iek rup rmg dy bsmqi nw di ihmdi iplm ivc Aqy dusrw rup kiniawei nwvlkwr gugi bw iqawgo (Ngugi Wa Thiongo) dy 1987 ivc Cpy nwvl mwqigri (Matigari) dy ivc dyikaw jw skdw hy[ies nwvl di isrjxw vyly gugi jylh ivc nzrbmd si Aqy aus ny iesnmu jylh ivc splwei humdy tuawieilt pyprw aupr ilikaw[ mwqigri ies nwvl dw nwiek hy[ auh goliaw qon bicaw Aijhw dys Bgq hy ijhvw zbr qy zulm dy iskwr Awpxy dys ivc inaw Aqy s`c dy p`k ivc Avwz autwaundw hy[ ies pwqr ny lokw di izmdgi nmu ies kdr prbwivq kiqw ik lokw ivc ieh crcw zor PV gei ik mwqigri di Awmd krweist dy duji vwr Awaux dy qul hy[ kiniaw dy qqkwli hwkm Arop moey Aqy ausdy swqiaw num jwipaw ik mwqigri koei Asl ivakqi hy ijhvw aunhw di hkumq dy fr Aqy KoKlypx nmu lokw dy mnw ivcon k`f irhw hy[ iesdw nqijw ieh hoieaw ik iek nwvl dy pwqr mwqigri iklwp hkumq v`lon vwrmt jwri kr id`qy gey[ pmjwbi nwvl qon vi AijhI hi Poklork smr`qw vwly nwvl di aumid hy[ 23 gurpwl ismg smdu, pmjwbi nwvl dw ieiqhws, pmjwbi AkwdmI id`li, 2005, pmnw-32. 18