ARCTIC UNDERWATER OPERATIONS

ARCTIC UNDERWATER OPERATIONS

Organizing Committee President: Professor Louis Rey, Switzerland; Alaska Vice-President: Surgeon Vice-Adrniral Sir John Rawlins, United Kingdom Secretary General: Professor Per-Ola Granberg, Sweden Mernbers: Johan Axelsson, Iceland; Bo Cassel, Sweden; Jakie Chappuis, Switzerland; P Christopher, United Kingdom; Henrik Forsius, Finland; Ron Goodfellow, United Kingdom; Bent Harvald, Denmark; Anders Karlqvist, Sweden; D E Lennard, United Kingdom; G C May, United Kingdom; Frej Stenbeck, Finland; Joergen Taagholt, Denmark; Leif Vangaard, Denmark Proceedings of an international conference CIcedive '84), organised jointly by Corni te Arctique International, Society for Underwater Technology, The Nordic Council for Arctic Medical Research and the University of Alaska - Fairbanks, and held in Stockholm on 3-6 June 1984. Edited by Louis Rey(President, Comite Arctique International) with the assistance of Sir John Rawiins (Past President, Society for Underwater Technology) Donn K. Hagiund (Professor of Geography, The University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee) Per-Oia Granberg(President, The Nordic Council for Arctic Medical Research)

ARCTIC UNDERWATER OPERATIONS Medical and Operational Aspects of Diving Activities in Arctic Conditions Edited by Louis Rey University of Alaska - Fairbanks Comite Arctique International Nordic Council for Arctic Medical Research Society for Underwater Technology U niversity of Alaska - Fairbanks Published by Graham & Trotman

First published in 1985 by Graham & Trotman Limited Sterling House 66 Wilton Road London SWIV IDE Louis Rey, 1985 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1985 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Icedive '84' (Conference: Stockholm) Arctic underwater operations: medical and operational aspects of diving activities in arctic conditions: edited proceedings of an international conference CIcedive '84'). 1. Diving, Submarine--Arctic Ocean 2. Ocean engineering-arctic Ocean I. Tide 11. Comite Arctique International III. Rey, Louis IV. Rawlins, John V. Granberg, Per-Ola VI. Haglund, Donn 627'.72'091632 VM981 ISBN-13: 978-94-011-9657-4 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-9655-0 e-isbn-13: 978-94-011-9655-0 This publication is protected by international copyright law. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanicai, photo-copying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publishers. Typeset in Great Britain by Spire Print Services Ltd., Salisbury.

CONTENTS Preface Introduction Opening Address: Human Life in the Arctic L. Rey (Comite Arctique International) 1 PART I MEDICAL AND PHYSICAI PROBLEMS 5 Chapter 1 Medical and Physiological Problems L. A. Kuehn (Canada) 7 Chapter 2 Thermal Balance w. R. Keatinge (UK) 19 Chapter 3 Environmental Stress P. Lomax (USA) 29 Chapter4 Cold-induced Changes L. Vangaard (Denmark) 41 Chapter 5 The Diving Reflex in Free-Diving Birds P. J. Butler (UK) 49 Chapter6 Pulmonary Function Changes W. A Crosbie (UK) 63 Chapter 7 Diving Response of Mammals and Birds A. Schytte Blix (Norway) 73 Chapter 8 The Diving Response in Man J. W. Kanwisher and G. W. Gabrielsen (USA) 81 Chapter 9 Resuscitation V. A. Negovsky (USSR) 97

PART II DIVING OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT Chapter 10 Arctic Diving P. Nuytten (Canada) 105 Chapter 11 Deep-diving in Canadian Waters B. E. Townsend (Canada) 113 Chapter 12 Diving in Antarctica P. A. Berkman (USA) 123 Chapter 13 Diver Training K. Sveinsson (Iceland) 133 Chapter 14 Cold Water Rescue L. A. Laitinen and S. Sipinen (Finland) 139 Chapter 15 Diving in Mountain Lakes R. Pralong and Benno Schenk (Switzerland) 145 Chapter 16 Some Developments in Offshore Medicine A. M. House (Canada) 173 Chapter 17 Monitoring ofbreathing Gases P. Wiesner (FRG) 179 Chapter 18 Thermal Protection Equipment P. Hayes (UK) 193 Chapter 19 Mechanical Design and Operation ofthermal Protection Equipment L. E. Virr (UK) 217 Chapter 20 Hand Protection J. A. Adolfson, L. Sperling and M. Gustavsson (Sweden) 237

Chapter 21 What a Diving Team Needs to Know About Hypothermia H.]. Manson (Canada) 255 Chapter 22 The Case of the Lost Bell S. Tq,njum, A. Pasche and]. Onarheim (Norway) and P. Hayes and H. Padbury (UK) 263 PARTIII UNDERWATER OPERATIONS Chapter 23 Arctic Operations R. Goodfellow (UK) 271 Chapter 24!ce Conditions in the Arctic T. J. O. Sanderson (UK) 283 Chapter 25 Development and Operation ofrovs H. R. Talkington (USA) 297 Chapter 26 One-Man Submersibles S. B. Boulton (UK) 305 Chapter 27 Submarine Navigation M. G. T. Harris (UK) 311 Chapter 28 Underwater Navigation and Positioning Systems K. Vestgard (Norway) 321 Chapter 29 The Development of a Submarine Freighter J. Chappuis (Switzerland) and F. Abels (FRG) 329 List of Authors 353

Preface Opening Speech of the ICEDIVE 84 Conference by His Royal Highness Prince Bertil of Sweden I am very pleased to be invited to open the International Conference ICEDIVE 84, dealing with medical and technical problems of diving and related underwater activities in arctic conditions. Until recent times, the arctic was considered astrange and remote area of minor importance. However, in a world with diminishing natural resources, arctic areas have become a region of global importance because of their enormous resources and strategie position. Certain experts believe that more than 50% of oil reserves are "sleeping" in these northern areas which are cold, harsh and hostile to man. Operations in arctic areas are extremely difficult, expensive, and demand high levels of technical, scientific and physiological achievement. One should recall for example, that Alaskan oil investment oniy became economically viable after the 1973-1974 price explosion. Recent political/military troubles in the Gulf have increased interest in the development of polar resources. This conference is unique as it is the first time that medical and technical specialists interested in the problem of diving in arctic conditions have met in an international forum. Development of the arctic resources is a matter of international urgency, and it pleases me that scientists from the USA, Canada, the USSR, Australia and Europe have gathered here in Stockholm to present their experience and to discuss problems in this field. I am glad that the conference came to Stockholm in early summer, a time when our city is at its most attractive. I wish you all a hearty welcome and I wish the organizations - Comite Arctique International, Society for Underwater Technology and The Nordic Council for Arctic Medical Research - good luck with the meeting. I hereby declare ICEDIVE 84 opened.