Thermal sensitivity of fish reproduction and proposed temperature standards Preliminary Information Colorado Parks and Wildlife Mindi May March 19, 2015
Temperature Existing Quality 31.14 Warmwater Winter Acute Values Shoulder Season Implementation Sector-Based Variance Update Temperature Database Feasibility Study UILT/ Acclimation Calculation
SECTION 1 Shoulder Seasons for Cold Water streams
WQCD Stepped Proposal CS-II, Current CS-II, proposed steps 30 25 chronic acute 30 25 chronic acute 20 20 Degees C 15 10 Degrees C 15 10 5 5 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
WQCD Narrative Proposal CS-II, Current CS-II, Proposed Narrative 30 chronic 30 25 acute 25 chronic acute 20 20 Degees C 15 10 Degrees C 15 10 5 5 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
General Concerns Proposed narrative or stepped numeric standards would relax required temperature standards during critical spawning and incubation periods Spring spawners Cutthroat trout (CS-I) Rainbow trout (CS-II) Fall spawners Brook trout (CS-I) Brown trout (CS-II) Mountain whitefish (CS-II)
How is WQCD s proposal different than winter shoulder season excursion? All excursions address 303(d) listing decision DON T list due to abnormally low flows DON T list due to abnormally high air temperatures DON T list due to abnormally warm spring or abnormally warm fall (shoulder season excursion). NO assumption that high temperatures due to these conditions are protective of aquatic life.
Ovary and Sperm Development High water temperature during spawning inhibited ovulation and decreased % survival to hatch (Taranger and Hansen 1993, Jobling et al 1995) Thermal stress reduces oocytes ability to form egg yolk (King and Pankhurst 2003)
Fertilization When fertilization occurs at elevated temperatures larval survival is reduced (Van Der Kraak and Pankhusrt 1997) (Alavi and Cosson 2005) Increase in temperature Increased initial velocity Decreased the percentage of motile spermatozoa Significantly decreased the total duration of forward movement between 14-21 o C
Embryo Development At 15 o C or more, rainbow trout embryo quality was poor (Billard 1985) The period of optimum egg viability is shortened by elevated temperatures (Van Der Kraak and Pankhurst 1997)
What triggers spawning? Photoperiod Temperature For Salmonids Photoperiod is most important temperature secondary (Van Der Kraak and Pankhurst 1996, Bye 1984)
Salmonidae - Rainbow Trout Spawning in Colorado River (Nehring 1988) April 20-May 10 Viable levels of ovulation, egg production, and survival to eyed stage occurs 9-15 o C (9-12 o C is optimal) (Pankhurst et al 1996). Standard for CS-II during rainbow trout spawning Spawning Months Numeric steps (proposed) Narrative (proposed) Current standard April 15.2 o C Narrative 18.3 o C May 18.3 o C 18.3 o C 18.3 o C
Salmonidae - Rainbow Trout Incubation in Colorado River (Nehring 1988) April 20-June 15 Optimal incubation temperature 7-15 o C (Humpesch 1985) 19 o C is detrimental (Humpesch 1985) Standard for CS-II during rainbow trout incubation Incubation Months Numeric steps (proposed) Narrative (proposed) Current standard April 15.2 o C Narrative 18.3 o C May 18.3 o C 18.3 o C 18.3 o C June 18.3 o C 18.3 o C 18.3 o C
Salmonidae - Brown Trout Incubation in Colorado River (Nehring 1988) November 1 March 30 Optimal incubation 8-10 o C (Ojanguren and Brana 2003, Lahnsteiner 2012) Standard for CS-II during brown trout incubation Incubation Months Numeric steps (proposed) Narrative (proposed) Current standard November 12.1 o C Narrative 9.0 o C December 9.0 o C 9.0 o C 9.0 o C January 9.0 o C 9.0 o C 9.0 o C February 9.0 o C 9.0 o C 9.0 o C March 12.1 o C Narrative 9.0 o C
SECTION 2 Warm Water Streams
WQCD Stepped Proposal WS-I, Current WS-I, Proposed 35 30 chronic acute 35 30 chronic acute 25 25 Degees C 20 15 10 5 Degrees C 20 15 10 5 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
WQCD Narrative Proposal WS-I, Current WS-I, Proposed Narrative 35 30 chronic acute 35 30 chronic acute 25 25 Degees C 20 15 10 Degrees C 20 15 10 5 5 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Concerns Does not provide adequately long or cold enough winter for successful spawning of thermally sensitive warm-water species. Current standard may not provide adequate protection for incubating eggs of spring spawners
What triggers spawning? Photoperiod Temperature In general Centrarchids- Photoperiod and temperature equally important (Kaya and Hasler 1972) Cyprinids - mixed Golden shiners - Long photoperiods and warm temperatures are required to induces spawning (de Valming 1975).
Cyprinidae Lake chub (Ahsan 1966) low temperatures (5 12 C) are essential for normal gonadal proliferation and formation of the primary spermatocytes. Goldfish (Gillet et al 1978) High temperatures (20 and 30 o C) in spring blocked oogenesis Carp (Davies et al 1986) Unseasonal elevation in temperature resulted in failure to ovulate Golden Shiner (De Vlaming 1975). Cold temperatures trigger egg and sperm development
Moronidae Striped Bass Females constantly exposed to warm water (18 C), with or without a natural photoperiod cycle (Clark et al 2005) diminished levels of hormones that trigger yolk formation Reduction in egg size premature degeneration of ovaries
Percidae Yellow Perch yellow perch Growth phase of the ovaries is during winter Optimum gonad maturation occurred at 6 o C or lower for 185 days Jones et al 1977 via Hokanson 1977
Percidae Yellow Perch Optimum gonad maturation occurred at 6 o C or lower for 183 days (Krieger et al 1983) A winter minimum of 10 o C is near the upper limit, for a minimum of 145 days (Krieger et al 1983) Standard for WL during yellow perch gondad development Months Numeric steps (proposed) Narrative (proposed) Current Standard November 26.3 o C 26.3 26.3 o C December 21.9 o C Narrative 26.3 o C January 17.6 o C Narrative 13.2 o C February 13.2 o C 13.2 o C 13.2 o C March 17.6 o C Narrative 13.2 o C April 26.3 o C Narrative 26.3 o C
Percidae Yellow Perch Spawn and incubate in spring Egg and sperm viability during spawning is highest at 6 to 9 o C Highest percentage of hatch occurred at 9-15 o C (Hokanson 1977). Standard for WL during yellow perch spawning and incubation Months Numeric steps (proposed) Narrative (proposed) Current standard April 26.3 o C Narrative 26.3 o C May 26.3 o C 26.3 o C 26.3 o C June 26.3 o C 26.3 o C 26.3 o C
Percidae Walleye Also require an extended cool period below 10 o C throughout the winter Conclusions supported by field data (Miller 1967). Walleye failed to reproduce in isothermal reservoir 10-12.5 o C throughout winter walleye
Percidae Walleye (Smith and Koenst 1975) Walleye reproduction was most successful when fertilization occurred at 6-12 o C incubation 9-15 o C (48 54 o F) Fertilization & incubation temperature % Abnormal Fry 6 1 8.9 3.8 12 3.3 15 1.0 18.1 15.0 20.9 18.0
Percidae Walleye Spawn and incubate in spring Optimum fertilization temperature 6 to 9 o C (Smith and Koenst 1975) Highest percentage of hatch occurred at 9-15 o C (Smith and Koenst 1975) Upper lethal temperatures for embryos is 19 o C (Smith and Koenst 1975) Standard for WL during walleye spawning and incubation Months Numeric steps (proposed) Narrative (proposed) Current standard April 26.3 o C Narrative 26.3 o C May 26.3 o C 26.3 o C 26.3 o C June 26.3 o C 26.3 o C 26.3 o C
Catastomidae- White Sucker Incubation thermal tolerance studied by McCormick et al 1977 Incubation temperature o C 6.2 0.5 9.0 61.3 11.7 63.2 15.2 79.5 17.2 63.9 20.8 50.5 24.1 0 % normal hatch
Catastomidae- White Sucker Spring spawners late May early June (Woodling 1985) Upper incubation temperature about 21 o C Current WS-II temperature during white sucker spawning 27.5 o C Standard for WS-II during white sucker spawning and incubation Months Numeric steps (proposed) Narrative (proposed) Current standard May 27.5 o C 27.5 o C 27.5 o C June 27.5 o C 27.5 o C 27.5 o C
West Plum Creek Thermograph 77 WS-I MWAT 72 67 62 57 52 47 42 37 32 5/7/2014 5/14/2014 5/21/2014 5/28/2014 6/4/2014 6/11/2014 6/18/2014 6/25/2014 7/2/2014 7/9/2014 7/16/2014 7/23/2014 7/30/2014 8/6/2014 8/13/2014 8/20/2014 8/27/2014 9/3/2014 9/10/2014 9/17/2014 9/24/2014 10/1/2014 10/8/2014 10/15/2014 10/22/2014 10/29/2014 11/5/2014 11/12/2014 11/19/2014 11/26/2014 Daily Mean Temperatue ( F)
SECTION 3 Path Forward & References
Potential path forward Continue to revise and update the temperature standards to protect fisheries and aquatic life. Explore heat removal treatment options Feasibility study being explored by WQCD. Address compliance issues with variances? Potential for sector-based variance?
References Alavi, S. M. H., & Cosson, J. (2005). Sperm motility in fishes. I. Effects of temperature and ph: a review. Cell biology international, 29(2), 101-110. Billard, R. (1983). Environmental factors in salmonid culture and the control of reproduction. In International Symposium on Salmonid Reproduction, Bellevue, Washington (USA), 31 Oct-2 Nov 1983. Washington Sea Grant Program. Univ. of Washington. Bye, V. J. (1984). The role of environmental factors in the timing of reproductive cycles. Fish reproduction: strategies and tactics, 187-205. Clark, R. W., Henderson-Arzapalo, A., & Sullivan, C. V. (2005). Disparate effects of constant and annually-cycling daylength and water temperature on reproductive maturation of striped bass (Morone saxatilis). Aquaculture, 249(1), 497-513. Davies, P. R., Hanyu, I., Furukawa, K., & Nomura, M. (1986). Effect of temperature and photoperiod on sexual maturation and spawning of the common carp: III. Induction of spawning by manipulating photoperiod and temperature. Aquaculture, 52(2), 137-144. de Vlaming, V. L. (1975). Effects of photoperiod and temperature on gonadal activity in the cyprinid teleost, Notemigonus crysoleucas. Biological Bulletin, 402-415. de Vlaming, V. L., & Paquette, G. (1977). Photoperiod and temperature effects on gonadal regression in the golden shiner, Notemigonus crysoleucas. Copeia, 793-797. Gillet, C., Breton, B., & Billard, R. (1978). Seasonal effects of exposure to temperature and photoperiod regimes on gonad growth and plasma gonadotropin in goldfish (Carassius auratus). In Annales de Biologie Animale Biochimie Biophysique (Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 1045-1049). EDP Sciences. Humpesch, U. H. (1985). Inter-and intra-specific variation in hatching success and embryonic development of five species of salmonids and Thymallus thymallus. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 104(1), 129-144. Jobling, M., Johnsen, H. K., Pettersen, G. W., & Henderson, R. J. (1995). Effect of temperature on reproductive development in Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.). Journal of Thermal Biology, 20(1), 157-165. Kaya, C. M., & Hasler, A. D. (1972). Photoperiod and temperature effects on the gonads of green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus (Rafinesque), during the quiescent, winter phase of its annual sexual cycle. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 101(2), 270-275.
References King, H. R., & Pankhurst, N. W. (2003). Ovarian growth and plasma sex steroid and vitellogenin profiles during vitellogenesis in Tasmanian female Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture, 219(1), 797-813. King, H. R., Pankhurst, N. W., & Watts, M. (2007). Reproductive sensitivity to elevated water temperatures in female Atlantic salmon is heightened at certain stages of vitellogenesis. Journal of Fish Biology, 70(1), 190-205. Krieger, D. A., Terrell, J. W., & Nelson, P. C. (1984). Habitat suitability information: Yellow perch. Western Energy and Land Use Team, Division of Biological Services, Research and Development, Fish and Wildlife Service, US Department of the Interior. Lahnsteiner, F. (2012). Thermotolerance of brown trout, Salmo trutta, gametes and embryos to increased water temperatures. Journal of Applied Ichthyology,28(5), 745-751. McCormick, J. H., Jones, B. R., & Hokanson, K. E. (1977). White sucker (Catostomus commersoni) embryo development, and early growth and survival at different temperatures. Journal of the Fisheries Board of Canada, 34(7), 1019-1025. Nehring, B. (1988). Fish Flow Investigation and Wild Trout Introductions. Colorado Division of Wildlife. Federal Aid Project F-15-R Ojanguren, A. F., & Braña, F. (2003). Thermal dependence of embryonic growth and development in brown trout. Journal of Fish Biology, 62(3), 580-590. Pankhurst, N. W., Purser, G. J., Van Der Kraak, G., Thomas, P. M., & Forteath, G. N. R. (1996). Effect of holding temperature on ovulation, egg fertility, plasma levels of reproductive hormones and in vitro ovarian steroidogenesis in the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture,146(3), 277-290. Pankhurst, N. W., Purser, G. J., Van Der Kraak, G., Thomas, P. M., & Forteath, G. N. R. (1996). Effect of holding temperature on ovulation, egg fertility, plasma levels of reproductive hormones and in vitro ovarian steroidogenesis in the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture,146(3), 277-290. Taranger, G. L., & Hansen, T. (1993). Ovulation and egg survival following exposure of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., broodstock to different water temperatures. Aquaculture Research, 24(2), 151-156. Van Der Kraak, G., & Parnkhurst, N. (1997). Temperature effects on the reproductive performance of fish. Global warming: implications for freshwater and marine fish, 61, 159. Vladiĉ, T., & Jätrvi, T. (1997). Sperm motility and fertilization time span in Atlantic salmon and brown trout the effect of water temperature. Journal of Fish Biology, 50(5), 1088-1093.