GUINEAN FISHERIES Case Study Identification and Selection By Alkaly DOUMBOUYA Centre National des Sciences Halieutiques de Boussoura CNSHB (National Fisheries Research Center in Boussoura) - Conakry
Land Area : 246 850 km2 Population (2004) : 9 200 000 inhabitants Income (1998): 540 $/ inh. GUINEA Main economic activities (Rural Sector) : (Agriculture, Fishery, livestock) : 21% of GDP in 1999; 88% of the active population Fisheries provides high quality protein (14,3 kg in 2003) and employment (10% of the population) Fisheries contribute by 2.5% to national budget (2003) Fisheries tendencies: declining of the abondance of the main commercial fish species
CASE STUDY IDENTIFICATION AND SELECTION Types of resources Pelagic resources coastal pelagic : Ethmalosa fimbriata, Sardinella maderensis Mugil sp. high sea pelagic : Decapterus rhonchus, Trachurus trecae, Scomber japonicus Caranx sp. deep sea pelagic : Thunnus sp., Bonite
CASE STUDY IDENTIFICATION AND SELECTION Demersal resources Types of resources Sciaenidae communities: Pseudotolithus sp., Arius sp., Galeoides decadactylus,etc. lutjanidae communities: Lutjanus sp. Lethrinus atlanticus Sparidae communities: Dentex sp., Pagellus bellotii, Pagrus caeruleostictus, Pseudupeneus prayensis, etc.
CASE STUDY IDENTIFICATION AND SELECTION Types of ressources Cephalopods : Sepia officinalis, Octopus vulgaris, Coastal shrimps : Penaeus notialis, Parapenaeopsis atlantica, Penaeus monodon High sea shrimps : Parapenaeus longirostris, Heterocarpus levigatus
CASE STUDY IDENTIFICATION AND SELECTION Catch and Values (2004) Catch (tonnes) Values (1000 GNF) Pelagic fish 48 873,30 55 193 288 Demersal fish 41 028,50 69 542 231 Shrimp 1127,20 18 812 045 Cephalopods 5862,40 Others (thonidés) 2 302,60 Total 99 194,00
CASE STUDY IDENTIFICATION AND SELECTION Main Fleets and fishing gears Small-scale fishery (2004) around 3636 active boats, 14 types of fishing gears around 15.000 active fishermen annual average catch : 60.000 tons
CASE STUDY IDENTIFICATION AND SELECTION Main Fleets and fishing gears Industrial fishery (2004) 178 registered fishing vessels 5 types of licenses (pelagic, demersal, shrimp, cephalopod and tuna) annual average catch : 46.000 tons average landings in Conakry: 22.000 tons per year
CASE STUDY IDENTIFICATION AND SELECTION Repartition of industrial vessels (2004) 5 pelagics trawlers : 2 guineans and 3 others 74 demersal trawlers : 7 europeans, 24 chinese, 20 coreans, 9 guineans and 14 others 43 cephalopod trawlers : 40 chinese, 2 europeans and 1 other 24 shrimp trawlers : 13 europeans, 9 guineans and 2 others 32 tuna boats: 30 europeans, 1 guinean and 1 others
CASE STUDY IDENTIFICATION AND SELECTION Major Metiers Five majors metiers have been identified: Artisanal Handlines and Setlonglines targeting Sparidae species Sourrounding net targeting Ethmalosa fimbriata Gillnet targeting the Scianidae species Demersal fish trawl targeting demersal fish Demersal shrimp trawl targeting the coastal and high sea shrimp stocks
CASE STUDY IDENTIFICATION AND SELECTION Importance of metiers Case Study FM FT LI P.dé mers Crev Fleet Gear Species Ecology Economy Sociology Salan (artisanal) Flimbote (artisanal) Salan (artisanal) trawler (industriel) trawler (industriel) Gillnets Sourrou nding net Handlin e and set longline with or without ice-box trawl Catfish, Bobo croacker, croacker Ethmalosa fimbriata Snaper, Emperor Catfish, Bobo croaker, croaker National and foreign fishermen; exportation for foreign markets; annual average catch: 7T 500/ year More than 50% of annual catch from artisanal fishery, high impact on mangrove because of artisanal smoked fish processing Seasonnality abundance of resources Overexploited species, targeted by artisanal and industrial fishing; annual average catch:2875 T/ year; Guinean based trawlers and foreign trawlers, more than 90% of catch are exported in Europeans and Asians markets; annual average catch: 6148 T/ year concentrated on about 7 species; trawl Shrimp Foreign trawlers acting on coastal and high sea stocks, captures exclusively for european markets; annual average catch:1487t/ year; high by-catch rate of demersal fish catch. Employment, high income revenus élevés, 2/3 are processed and exported to european, asian and american markets High rate of employment : fishermen (nomber of fishermen: 6378), processing and others filieres, local processing exclusively for local markets (values-added), High rate of foreign fishermen; 2/3 of capture are intended for exportation; presence of collectors. Rapid profitable Métier Foreign fishery. 90% of capture for exportation, low landings in Conakry. Foreign fishing. Exclusive exportation of capture of shrimp, low landings in Conakry.. Food security and national and foreign employments Fishing practised exclusively by national artisan fishermen, women employment for smoking Food security and national and foreign employments Conflicts but also complementarities with artisanal fishing Conflicts but also complementarities with artisanal fishing
CASE STUDY IDENTIFICATION AND SELECTION Description of metiers Handlines and Setlonglines - boats: salan with sail (length :3 6 m, 1-2 fishermen) or motorized (length:7-16m, 4 8 fishermen :) - targeted species: snaper, emperor, catfish, croacker, bobo croacker - fishing zone: along the whole Guinean coastal zone - Seasonality: all the year, but great abundance between March - June and October December (peaks in May and October) - Landing sites: along the whole littoral - Average catch and commercial values : 6 742 T / year; average values: 8 760 371 GNF - Number of units: 1205 boats - Employment : 2410 fishermen - Gears features : number of hooks : 100-500 (Handlines without ice) and 1500 2000 (Setlonglines with ice), length: 1000-2000m
CASE STUDY IDENTIFICATION AND SELECTION Description of metiers Surrounding net - boats : motorized flimbote with 40 CV (length:16 23 m; 15 25 fisherman) - targeted species: Ethmalosa fimbriata, Sardinella sp. - fishing zone: Boké, Boffa, Conakry, Forécariah - Seasonality : October to June (peaks in November and April) - Landing sites: Landréah, Boulbinet, Matakang, Khounyi, Koukoudé, Bongolon, Kamsar, Katcheck - Average catch and commercial values : 1 363 T, average values: 1 040 986 GNF - Number of units: 191 boats - Employment : 2410 fishermen - Gears features : mesh size : 20-35cm ; depth: 20-50m, length : 400-1200m
CASE STUDY IDENTIFICATION AND SELECTION Description of metiers Gillnet - boats : sailing or motorized salan with 15, 25 and 40 CV (length:16 23 m; 5 9 fishermen:) - targeted species: pelagics (barracudas, mullet) et demersal fish (Bobo croacker, croacker, catfish, Geant threadfish, Tonguesole, shark, etc.) - fishing zone: the whole Guinean coastal line - Seasonality: the whole year (peaks in September November and May - June) - Landing sites: Boulbinet, Bonfi, Kamsar, Bongolon, Matakang, Koukoudé, Katcheck - Average catch and commercial values : 1 864 T/ year; average values: 3 585 879 GNF - Number of units: 2074 boats - Employment : 6022 fishermen - Gears features : mesh size: 50-70mm, depth 15-40m, length: 600-1200m
CASE STUDY IDENTIFICATION AND SELECTION Description of metiers Demersal Fish Trawl - Gears features : authorized mesh size :70mm - Prohibition of catle trawl - targeted species: catfish, Bobo croacker, croacker, Tonguesole, sinaper, red sinaper, small and Giant threadfish, etc.) - fishing zone: coastal zone and deep sea area - Saisonality: the whole year (peak in February April) - Landing sites: Europe (mostly landed in Las Palmas in Spain) and Conakry - Average catch and commercial values : 16 742 T/year ; 34 527 338 GNF - Number of units: 74 Trawlers - Employment : about 500 persons
CASE STUDY IDENTIFICATION AND SELECTION Description of metiers Coastal and deep sea shrimp Trawl - Gears features : authorized mesh size :40 mm - targeted species: coastal and deep sea shrimps - fishing zone: coastal and deep sea - Seasonality : the whole year - Landing sites: only for exportation to Europe (mostly landed in Las Palmas in Spain) - Average catch and commercial values : 2 658,1 T/year ; average values : 16 195 472 GNF - Number of units: 24 trawlers - Employment : about 100 persons
FISH CHAIN PROFILE Processing types Five types of processed fish products frozen short smoked long smoked salty dried dried
FISH CHAIN PROFILE Markets Inland market supplied by small-scale and industrial catches of fresh, frozen or smoked) pelagic and demersal fish African market: around 15 % of fish products export, supplied with frozen, smoked pelagic and demersal fish and salty dried shark European market : around 50 % of total export, supplied with fresh iced and frozen high value demersal fish, shrimps and cephalopods Asian market : around 30% of fish products export, receive frozen high value demersal fish, shrimps and cephalopods as well as dried shark fin American market, less important : around 5% of fish export, supplied only with smoked fish (barracuda and catfish) NB: It has been remarked that the quantity exported to Europe is declining, those to Asia is increasing during the last 3 years.
FISH CHAIN PROFILE Fish trade flows Conakry, with more than 1/3 of Guinean population Country side Export to west-african countries (salty-dried shark to Ghana and Nigeria, salty-dried barracuda, Giant thredfish and smoked catfish to Senegal, frozen and smoked demersal fish to Mali ) Export to Europe (sinaper, grouper, Geant and royal thredfish, croacker, red sinaper, afric. Goatfish, shrimps, cephalopods, etc. to France, Spain, Italia, Netherlands, Belgium, Germany) Export to Asia (Bobo and Pseudotolitus sp., dried fins of shark, cephalopods to South Korea, China, Japan) Export to America (smoked barracuda and catfish)
FISH CHAIN PROFILE Flows of fish production-processing Industrial Fisheries 80 % of industrial demersal captures are frozen in trawlers and direct exported from sea to Europe 100 % of industrial pelagic captures are frozen and landed in Guinea and around 50% of this landing are transformed by smoking process Small-scale Fisheries Composition of artisanal production: 40% of démersal and 60% of pelagics 100 % of demersal production landed in Guinea but more then 40% are fresh and/ or frozen exported to Europe and Asia or smoked to America and some neighboring african countries
Fish trade flows from Guinea Fish trade flows from Guinea Guinean market
NATIONAL CONTEXT Socio-economic importance of the fishery sector - Contribution to food security and employment - Consumption per capita = 14,3 kg/hab./year - Animal proteins consumption from fish products = 40% - GDP Fisheries = 3,6% of GDP - Contribution to total income from exportation = 3% - Growth rate of fisheries sector = 2,6% in 2006
NATIONAL CONTEXT Direct contribution to state treasury - 1996 : 4 milliards GNF - 1998 : 7 milliards GNF - 2000 : 10 milliards GNF - 2001 : 12 milliards GNF - 2002 : 15 milliards GNF - 2004 : 29 milliards GNF
NATIONAL CONTEXT Employment in Fishery sector Approximately 10% of population live from fishery activities Direct employment in production - Small-scale fishery = 12500 persons - Industrial fishery = 600 persons Employment in post-capture processing - Fish processing = 39450 persons - Marketing activities = 78900 persons
NATIONAL CONTEXT Employment in Fishery sector (Estimation) - 1direct employment = 10 indirect employments - Distribution rate: processing / Marketing= 1/ 3 employment - Processing, marketing of semi-wholesaler and retail dealers are dominated strongly by the women. The wholesalers are insured by the men.
NATIONAL CONTEXT National management framework Legislation: Fishing activities in Guinea are regulated in 3 main Acts : Law L/ 95/ 13/ CTRN from 15 May 1995 setting up the «Sea fishing Code» wich take up again somes dispositions of the 1st Code promulgated in 1985 in order to take in account the new development tendencies of the fisheries sector in Guinea. It classifies the biological resources of the sea as guinean national patrimony and stipulates that «the right to fish belongs to the state, wich can concede the activity, gracefully or not to physical or moral peoples of guinean nationality or foreigners».
NATIONAL CONTEXT National management framework Legislation: Décret N 201/ PRG/ SGG/ 89 from 08 November 1989 setting up the «Préservation of the sea against all kind of pollutions» Annual management fisheries plan elaborated by the fisheries ministry, in order to insure the fishing effort is proportional to the production capacity of the resources and their durable utilization by: (i)- identifying the main fisheries and assessing the actual status of their management (ii)- specifying the objectives to reach by this fisheries management in determining the optimum fishing effort for every fisheries sub-sector (iii)- specifyng the management and preservation measures to be adopted
NATIONAL CONTEXT National management framework Access conditions to the resources : Artisanal fishery: free access for artisanal gbankényi and Krou canoe (one tree boat), already limited by its autonomy Payment of access permit for motorized artisanal boat, depending on gear and engine power Increase of the permit price for shark fishery since 2005
NATIONAL CONTEXT National management framework Access conditions to the resources: Industrial Fisheries : Regulation of industrial fisheries sub-sector in the annual fisheries management plans : - outside the 12 miles area from the coastal Baseline for demersal fish, shrimp and cephalopod trawlers - outside 50 miles for pelagic trawlers.
NATIONAL CONTEXT National management framework Fishing agreements Fishing Agreements with EU since 1983 by fixing the fishing quota for European trawlers and financial compensation and support for the maritime surveillance, research and training programs Fishing Agreements with China since 2003 by fixing the fishing quota for chinese trawlers and financial conditions Free licences for chartered and Guinean vessels Until now there is no fishing agreements with westafrican states in the subregion
NATIONAL CONTEXT National management framework Fisheries Management Measures: they concern: - the definition of the allowed mesh sizes for artisanal gears depending on targeted species (25mm for pelagic ones and more then 30 mm for demersal) - the delimitation of fishing grounds by 12 miles or to the isobath of 20m for industrial demersal trawlers (the depths from 0 to 40 m cover about 70% of the Guinean EEZ) and by 50 miles for pelagic trawlers. - the definition of allowed mesh sizes for trawlers (70mm for fish and cephalopod trawlers and 40 mm for shrimp trawlers) - the Fixation of the catch rejection level for demersal trawlers (10 to 35% depending on the licence type)
NATIONAL CONTEXT National management framework Fisheries Management Measures - the prohibition of the pair trawl and the beach senne - the limitation of the industrial demersal fishing capacities to 1000 tjb and the pelagic ones to 2000 tjb - the payment of artisanal fishing licences for access to the fishery grounds targeting demersal species and sharks (fishing practiced especially by senegalese and ghanaens) - the prohibition of the catch transfer at sea from industrial trawlers - the prohibition of hunting and capturing of all marine mammal species
NATIONAL CONTEXT Subsidies - from 1985 to 1995: support of the Japanese cooperation to the artisanal fishery by granting outbord motors, sheet of nets and spare parts - since 1996 globally no fiscal incitement in the fishery sector - No taxes for import or export of agricultural products, but application of fiscal right of 2 percent by export. - since 2005 introduction of 3 types of trawlers in the fisheries management plan: foreign boats, foreign boats based in Guinea and Guinean boats, depending on the licence price. - Global depreciation of the local currency versus other convertible currencies, wich has a big impact on the competitiveness of guinean fisheries
Conclusions Transfer of small-scale fishing effort toward commercial fishing of high value fish for exportation deterioration of the working conditions of fishermen communities, very affected by poverty full exploitation of some demersal fishes and overexploitation by others Ecologically, unbalance of biodiversity; Biologically, reduction of the targeted species populations Socially and economically, marginalization of the local fishermen, the women in the processing activities and the local markets.
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