Fabio Laurindo Da Silva a b, Alaide Aparecida Fonseca-Gessner a & Torbjørn Ekrem b a Laboratório de Entomologia Aquática, Departamento de

This article was downloaded by: [Universitetbiblioteket I Trondheim NTNU] On: 16 December 2011, At: 02:26 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Aquatic Insects Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/naqi20 Revision of Labrundinia maculata Roback, 1971, a new junior synonym of L. longipalpis (Goetghebuer, 1921) (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanypodinae) Fabio Laurindo Da Silva a b, Alaide Aparecida Fonseca-Gessner a & Torbjørn Ekrem b a Laboratório de Entomologia Aquática, Departamento de Hidrobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil b Section of Natural History, Museum of Natural History and Archaeology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway Available online: 16 Dec 2011 To cite this article: Fabio Laurindo Da Silva, Alaide Aparecida Fonseca-Gessner & Torbjørn Ekrem (2011): Revision of Labrundinia maculata Roback, 1971, a new junior synonym of L. longipalpis (Goetghebuer, 1921) (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanypodinae), Aquatic Insects, 33:4, 293-303 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650424.2011.640434 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-andconditions This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings,

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Aquatic Insects Vol. 33, No. 4, December 2011, 293 303 Revision of Labrundinia maculata Roback, 1971, a new junior synonym of L. longipalpis (Goetghebuer, 1921) (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanypodinae) Fabio Laurindo Da Silva a,b *, Alaide Aparecida Fonseca-Gessner a and Torbjørn Ekrem b a Laborato rio de Entomologia Aqua tica, Departamento de Hidrobiologia, Universidade Federal de Sa o Carlos, Sa o Carlos, SP, Brazil; b Section of Natural History, Museum of Natural History and Archaeology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (Received 2 November 2010; final version received 12 May 2011) Labrundinia maculata Roback, 1971 is placed as a new junior synonym of Labrundinia longipalpis (Goetghebuer, 1921). The male and female adults, pupa and larva of the species are redescribed and figured. The species is now considered Holarctic in distribution and new records are reported. Keywords: Labrundinia; Pentaneurini; Holarctic; new synonym; taxonomy Introduction Non-biting midges of the genus Labrundinia are minute (1 2.5 mm) dipterans with immatures living in a variety of unpolluted water bodies from small streams and ponds to lakes and bays. The genus was erected by Fittkau (1962) based on the Palaearctic Tanypus longipalpis Goetghebuer, 1921 as type species. Prior to the present study it comprised 15 species, all except L. longipalpis from Americas (Ashe and O Connor 2009). Labrundinia maculata was described by Roback (1971), based on adult males and females from southern California, USA. It was diagnosed by the colouration pattern of the abdominal tergites. The hypopygium was described in some detail, but it was illustrated in lateral view and did not present any features enabling distinction from other Tanypodinae genera. Later, Roback (1987a, p. 192) noted a strong possibility of species identity between L. maculata and L. longipalpis, but deferred synonymisation until more material was evaluated. In the present study, we perform this detailed revision of male and female adults, pupa and larva, including the name-bearing types for both species. Materials and methods The specimens examined were slide-mounted in Euparal, following the procedures outlined by Pinder (1983, 1986, 1989) or in Hoyer s medium. Morphological *Corresponding author. Email: fabelha@hotmail.com ISSN 0165-0424 print/issn 1744-4152 online Ó 2011 Taylor & Francis http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650424.2011.640434 http://www.tandfonline.com

294 F.L.D. Silva et al. terminology and abbreviations follow Sæther (1980), supplemented by Kowalyk (1985) for larval cephalic setation and Roback (1987a, b) for terminology relating to Labrundinia. The following additional abbreviations are used in the text: ALR, ratio length/width of anal lobe; AMD, ratio length of larval antennal segment I/mandible; APR, ratio length of larval antennal segment I/basal palp segment; B/C, ratio between inner and outer tooth on larval bifid claw. GcR, ratio length/width of gonocoxite; IO, ratio length inner teeth/outer teeth length of ligula; MO, ratio length median teeth/outer teeth of ligula; PR, ratio length/width of larval basal palp segment; PTH, ratio length preapical papilla/thoracic horn; THR, ratio length/ width of thoracic horn; WW, ratio of wing width/wing length. Preapical papilla corresponds to membranous projection present apically on thoracic horn of pupa. Measurement methods followed Epler (1988). Mensural data are given as ranges, followed by the mean when three or more specimens were measured, with the number of observed specimens in parenthesis if different from the number (n) stated at the beginning of the description. Seta counts are given as ranges only. Humerals were counted together with dorsocentrals. Ligula teeth were measured from ligula base to tooth tip. Collections holding material studied here: ANSP, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; BAC, private collection of Broughton A. Caldwell; CAS, California Academy of Sciences; IRSNB, Institut Royal des Sciences Naturalles de Belgique; MS, private collection of Martin Spies; ZSM, Zoologische Staatssammlung Mu nchen. Taxonomy Labrundinia longipalpis (Goetghebuer, 1921) Tanypus longipalpis Goetghebuer Goetghebuer (1921, p. 18); Goetghebuer (1927, p. 61), description of male. Pentaneura longipalpis (Goetghebuer) Edwards (1929, p. 294), description of male. Ablabesmyia longipalpis (Goetghebuer) Goetghebuer (1936, p. 43), description of male. Labrundinia longipalpis (Goetghebuer) Fittkau (1962, p. 376), description of male and pupa. Labrundinia maculata Roback Roback (1971, p. 271); syn. n., description of male and female; Roback (1987a, p. 192), description of immature stages. Type material examined Labrundinia longipalpis. 3 syntype males (IRSNB) Belgium, Flandres, Broeck d Overmeire, E tang d Overmeire, 25/v/1913, M. Goetghebuer. Labrundinia maculata. Holotype male (CAS) USA, California, Riverside County, 11 14/ix/ 1962, Frommer. Paratypes: 2 males and 2 females same data as holotype; 1 male and 2 females (ANSP) USA, California, Santee-San Diego, 27/vii/1962, Perry. Additional material examined. 1 male with larval and pupal exuviae (BAC) USA, Georgia, Glynn County, pond at Plantation Village, Demere RD, St. Simons Isl., 20/ii/1992, B. A. Caldwell; 1 male with larval and pupal exuviae as previous except for 28/xi/1990; 1 male with larval and pupal exuviae as previous except for 7/v/1991; 1 female with larval and pupal exuviae as previous except for 27/ii/1991; 1 male with pupal exuviae, 1 prepupa and 1 larva (ANSP) USA, Kansas, Cherokee, Short Creek, 1.6 mi W, 1.0 mi N Galen, 9/ix/86, L. C.

Aquatic Insects 295 Ferrington; 1 male and 1 pupal exuviae (ANSP) USA, North Carolina, Belews Lake, 10/v/ 1976; 1 male (ZSM) Greece, Corfu, Temploni, 13/vi/1977, H. Malicky; 1 male (ZSM) Spain, Andalusia, Huelva, Riv. d. Tamujoso, 24 28/iv/1981, W. Schacht; 1 male (ZSM) Romania, P. Albu; 1 male (MS) USA, California, Orange County, Irvine, Woodbridge village, from spider webs, v/1993, M. Spies; 2 pupal exuviae (ZSM) Canada, Ontario, Kingston, Lake near Parham, 23/vii/1980, F. Reiss; 3 pupal exuviae (ZSM) Mexico, Laguna Alberga, 3/i/1954, L. Brundin; 1 pupal exuviae (ZSM) Sweden, Go tland, Sma land, Grimsgo l Lake, 15/vi/47, L. Brundin; 1 larva (ZSM) Netherlands, Noord-Holland, s Graveland, 10/v/1982, H. Steenbergen; 1 larva (ANSP) Mexico, Coahuila, ditch S. of Palau, 19/v/78, Dunn & Bereza. Diagnostic characters Labrundinia longipalpis can be separated from other Labrundinia species by the following combination of characters: adult male with abdomen with tergite I pale brown, II VI with brown transverse band near proximal margin, VII VIII brown; hypopygium with sternapodeme with only a suggestion of an anterior spur. Adult female with abdominal segments brown, tergites II, IV, VI lighter apically. Pupal thoracic horn wedge-shaped, preapical groove indistinct. Larva with lateroventral spine group of head present but weakly developed; posteroventral spine group of head absent; subbasal seta of posterior parapod multitoothed, with basal spine group; posterior parapod bifid claw with U-shaped lower groove, lower spur arched down toward base of claw. Redescription Adult male (n ¼ 10 12 unless otherwise stated) Dimensions. Total length 1.95 2.61, 2.30 (8) mm. Wing length 1.07 1.55, 1.30 mm. Total length/wing length 1.56 1.84, 1.70 (7). Wing length/length of profemur 2.43 2.90, 2.71 (8). Colouration. Head pale brown with dark brown occipital margin; pedicel and antenna brown; maxillary palp pale brown. Thorax pale brown with brown vittae; antepronotum pale; supraalar callus brown. Wing membrane transparent without spots, veins pale brown and macrotrichia on veins. Legs pale brown. Abdomen pale brown with maculation as in Figure 14. Hypopygium pale brown. Head (Figures 1 5). Antenna with 14 flagellomeres, AR 0.97 1.27, 1.09, flagellum 559 754, 655 mm long, diameter of pedicel 103 114, 80 mm, apical setae single (Figure 2). Temporal setae 12 14, uniserial (Figure 3). Eyes bare, with dorsomedian extension containing 2 3 (7) terminal facets; eye ratio 0.64 1.39, 1.04. Tentorium (Figure 4) 98 169, 136 mm long, stipes not measurable. Clypeus 65 100, 84 (7) mm long, 50 88, 64 (7) mm wide at largest part, bearing 16 24 setae. Cibarial pump (Figure 5) with anterior margin concave, 157 185, 166 mm long. Palpomere lengths 1 5 (in mm): 23 50, 35; 46 82, 63; 100 129, 114 (9), 100 149, 128 (5); 146 237, 198 (5). Thorax (Figure 6). Antepronotum with 4 9 (5) lateral setae. Acrostichals 33 48, biserial, diverging evenly posteriorly starting close to antepronotum and almost reaching scutellum; dorsocentrals 22 28, irregularly uniserial; prealars 8 13; supraalars 3 4. Anapleural suture ratio 0.38 0.65, 0.50 (7). Scutellum with 8 12 setae across disc and numerous fine anterior setae. Anepisternals, preepisternals and postnotals absent.

296 F.L.D. Silva et al. Figures 1 16. Labrundinia longipalpis (Goetghebuer), adult male. (1) Head, frontal view; (2) apex of antenna; (3) temporal setae; (4) tentorium; (5) cibarial pump; (6) thorax, dorsal view; (7) wing; (8) apex of foretibia; (9) foretibial spur; (10) apex of mid tibia; (11) mid tibial spur; (12) apex of hind tibia with comb; (13) hind tarsal claw; (14) abdominal coloration pattern, dorsal aspect; (15) hypopygium, left: ventral aspect, right: dorsal aspect; (16) genitalia, ventral aspect.

Aquatic Insects 297 Wing (Figure 7). Width 0.30 0.44, 0.36 mm. Costa 0.88 1.28, 1.06 mm long, not produced beyond R 4þ5, ending very slightly beyond tip of M 3þ4.R 2þ3 absent. Base of radial sector 0.04 0.09, 0.06 mm long. VR 0.63 0.91, 0.76. WW 0.26 0.31, 0.28). Brachiolum with 2 setae (9). Squama with 13 16 (2) setae. Legs (Figures 8 13). Foreleg: width at apex of tibia 31 47, 37 mm (Figure 8), tibia with single, apical and pectinate spur 12 17, 15 (7) mm long (Figure 9), with three teeth and two preapical setae; Ta 1-3 each with two preapical pseudospurs. Mid leg: width at apex of tibia 31 44, 37 mm long, tibia with single, apical and pectinate spur 18 23, 18 (8) mm long with three teeth (Figure 11) and two preapical setae; Ta 1-4 each with two preapical pseudospurs. Hind leg: width at apex of tibia 31 56, 38 mm long (Figure 12), tibia without spur; comb with 5 setae; Ta 1-4 without preapical pseudospurs. All legs with slender, hook-shaped claws as in Figure 13. Pulvilli absent. Lengths and proportion of leg segments as in Table 1. Hypopygium (Figure 15). Tergite IX arched, with 10 17 dorsal setae. Anal point trapezoidal. Phallapodeme 35 66, 57 mm long. Sternapodeme with only slight anterior process. Gonocoxite cylindrical, 88 125, 105 mm long, with slightly concave inner margin; dorsomedian surface with shorter marginal setae scarcely distributed; inferior volsella absent. GcR 1.61 2.60, 2.21. Gonostylus simple and slender, 47 83, 64 mm long; megaseta enlarged, 12 15, 14 mm long. HR 1.36 2.08, 1.67. HV 3.16 4.14, 3.49. Adult female (n ¼ 4 unless otherwise stated) Dimensions. Total length 2.03 (1) mm. Wing length 1.09 1.44 (2) mm. Total length/ wing length 1.58 (1). Wing length/length of profemur 2.82 (1). Colouration. Head, pedicel and antenna brown; maxillary palp pale brown. Thorax pale brown with brown vittae; supraalar callus brown. Wing membrane transparent without spots; veins pale brown; macrotrichia on veins. Legs pale brown. Abdomen brown with tergites II, IV and VI lighter apically. Seminal capsules brown. Head. Antenna with 11 flagellomeres, AR 0.35 (1), flagellum 360 (1) mm long, diameter of pedicel 50 (2) mm. Temporal setae 12 14, uniserial. Eyes bare, dorsomedian extension with 2 3 (3) terminal facets; eye ratio 0.81 1.41, 1.21 (3). Tentorium 110 (1) mm long, stipes not measurable. Clypeus 83 (1) mm long, 50 (1) mm wide at largest part, bearing 20 32 setae. Cibarial pump as in male, 141 151 (2) mm long. Palpomere lengths 1 5 (in mm): 26 27 (2); 38 51 (2); 85 100 (2); 108 (1); 129 (1). Table 1. Lengths (in mm) and proportions of leg segments in Labrundinia longipalpis (Goetghebuer), adult male (n ¼ 10 12 unless otherwise stated). fe ti ta 1 ta 2 ta 3 p 1 398 519, 474 431 581, 500 263 338, 306 (6) 194 269, 230 (6) 131 194, 165 (6) p 2 406 650, 587 414 563, 490 400 625, 527 (5) 206 294, 249 (5) 140 170, 157 (5) p 3 436 630, 539 555 800, 675 550 694, 644 (3) 238 306, 273 (3) 175 213, 194 (3) ta 4 ta 5 LR BV SV p 1 94 125, 105 (5) 69 82, 77 (6) 0.56 0.63, 0.60 (6) 2.06 2.37, 2.22 (6) 2.97 3.34, 3.22 (6) p 2 94 125, 105 (5) 60 88, 72 (5) 0.71 1.23, 1.08 (5) 2.70 3.06, 2.82 (5) 1.90 2.98, 2.17 (5) p 3 94 138, 119 (3) 69 94, 81 (3) 0.90 0.99, 0.95 (3) 2.72 2.87, 2.79 (3) 1.84 1.97, 1.89 (3)

298 F.L.D. Silva et al. Thorax. Antepronotum with 4 (1) lateral setae. Acrostichals 50 52 (2), irregularly biserial, starting close to antepronotum; dorsocentrals 31 41, irregularly uniserial; prealars 12 16 (5); supraalars 3 4 (3). Scutellum with 8 (3) setae in single row. Anepisternals, preepisternals and postnotals absent. Wing. Width 0.34 0.41 (2) mm. Costa 0.93 (1) mm long, not produced beyond R 4þ5.R 2þ3 absent. Base of radial sector 0.06 (1) mm long. VR 0.72 (1). WW 0.31 0.36 (2). Brachiolum with 2 setae (2). Squama with 14 (1) setae. Legs. Foreleg: width at apex of tibia 39 44 (2) mm, tibia with single, apical and pectinate spur 16 18 (2) mm long, with three teeth and two preapical setae; Ta 1-4 without preapical pseudospurs. Mid leg: width at apex of tibia 31 38 (2) mm, tibia with single, apical and pectinate spur 12 23, 18 (3) mm long, with 2 3 teeth and two preapical setae; Ta 1 with one preapical pseudospur. Hind leg: width at apex of tibia 36 39 (2) mm, tibia without spur; comb with 4 5 (2) setae; Ta 1 with one preapical pseudospur. All legs with slender, hook-shaped claws. Pseudospurs indistinct. Pulvilli absent. Lengths and proportion of leg segments as in Table 2. Genitalia (Figure 16). Gonapophysis VIII broadly rounded, 63 (1) mm long. Tergite IX 175 (1) mm long,100(1)mm wide at middle, without setae. Coxosternapodeme 75 (1) mm long. Tergite X with 8 lateroventral setae on each side. Postgenital plate rounded. Cerci quadrate to oval-quadrate, 38 (1) mm long and 13 (1) mm wide; with 10 setae (1). Labia with inconspicuous microtrichia. Notum length (from ramus forward) 133 (1) mm. Seminal capsules oval with conical shaped necks, length 40 (1) mm, maximum width 33 (1) mm. Length ratio SCa/ No 0.30. Pupa (n ¼ 12 unless otherwise stated) Dimensions. Male abdomen 1.73 2.58, 1.99 (7) mm long; female abdomen 1.99 2.14, 2.08 (5) mm long. Length ratio thoracic horn/longest anal macroseta 1.09 1.88, 1.35 (7). Colouration. Exuviae pale brown. Thoracic horn brown. Cephalothorax (Figures 17 19). Frontal apotome as in Figure 17. Wing sheath smooth 0.66 1.09, 0.83 mm long. Thoracic horn wedge-shaped, 211 328, 242 mm long and 86 203, 122 mm wide (Figure 18), preapical groove absent, THR 1.61 2.64, 2.02. Membranous preapical papilla 18 57, 33 mm long (Figure 19), PTH 0.08 0.18, 0.13, aeropyle tube simple, short and robust 28 35, 31 (8) mm long; plastron plate reduced. Horn sac well developed, completely filling respiratory atrium. Table 2. Lengths (in mm) and proportions of leg segments in Labrundinia longipalpis (Goetghebuer), adult female (n ¼ 1 2 unless otherwise stated). fe ti ta 1 ta 2 ta 3 p 1 406 414 391 419 260 169 113 p 2 475 547 436 550 475 206 144 p 3 519 531 578 625 391 480 234 238 156 175 ta 4 ta 5 LR BV SV p 1 94 69 0.64 2.46 3.07 p 2 106 63 0.86 2.89 2.16 p 3 117 119 69 70 0.68 0.84 2.59 2.78 2.18 2.84

Aquatic Insects 299 Figures 17 21. Labrundinia longipalpis (Goetghebuer), pupa. (17) Frontal apotome; (18) thoracic horn with basal lobe and thoracic comb; (19) apex of thoracic horn showing preapical papilla; (20) abdominal segments with chaetotaxy, left: ventral aspect, right: dorsal aspect; (21) anal lobe and male genital sac, ventral aspect. Reticulation of respiratory atrium indistinct, external membrane with pale spinules basally concentrated. Basal lobe wedge-shaped. Thoracic comb with 10 12 conical teeth. Abdomen (Figures 20 21). Tergites I VI without shagreen, VII with shagreen concentrated on basal and lateral margins. VIII with shagreen ventrally. T I with scar, 113 143, 127 (8) mm long. Abdominal chaetotaxy as in Figure 20. T VII with 4 lateral setae. T VIII with 5 lateral setae. Anal lobe 180 368, 252 mm long and 150 186, 170 mm wide (Figure 21), outer margins sclerotised, with 8 12 (8) spines, longest spine 8 17, 11 (9) mm long, inner margins of lobes membranous. ALR 1.14 1.80, 1.48 (9). Genital sac elongate, almost reaching apex of anal lobe.

300 F.L.D. Silva et al. 4th instar larva (n ¼ 8 unless otherwise stated). Colouration. Head pale yellow, without maculation; postoccipital margin brown. Second antennal segment pale brown; distal tooth of mandible and apex of ligula brown. Abdomen pale yellow; procercus and anal setae pale brown. Posterior parapod claws all pale yellow. Head (Figure 22). Length 398 555, 491 mm, 260 406, 337 mm wide. Surface usually covered with spinules; lateroventral spine group present but weakly developed, with 5 6 (6) spines; posteroventral spine group absent; cephalic index 0.50 0.80, 0.69. Chaetotaxy as in Figure 22. Antenna (Figures 23 24). Length 236 284, 263 mm, A 1 163 205, 183 mm long, with ring organ placed 125 155, 142 mm from base, A 2 63 80, 71 mm long. AR 2.09 2.56, 2.29. Blade longer than A 2 over-reached by accessory blade. Maxilla. Basal palp segment 20 29, 23 mm long and 7 11, 8 mm wide, with ring organ 15 19, 17 mm from base. PR 2.08 3.67, 2.79. APR 7.45 8.90, 8.13. Mandible (Figure 25). Length 63 75, 68 mm, with 3 lateral setae. Sensillum campaniformium 43 55, 49 mm from apex, basal tooth bifid, with seta subdentalis projecting from sloping end towards apical tooth, accessory tooth present, AMD 2.39 3.28, 2.70. Mentum and M appendage (Figure 26). Dorsomental teeth reduced; pseudoradula uniformly granulate. Hypopharyngeal complex (Figures 27 28). Ligula 51 63, 55 (7) mm long, 23 32, 25 (7) mm wide, with row of 5 teeth. IO 0.98 1.05, 1.01 (7), MO 1.09 1.17, 1.12 (7), muscle attachment 13 20, 16 (7) mm long. Paraligula bifid, 22 27, 25 (7) mm long, inner tooth 19 23, 20 (7) mm long, shorter than outer tooth. Pecten hypopharyngis with 9 (5) teeth almost equal in size (Figure 28). Body (Figures 29 30). Without lateral fringe. Anterior parapods with simple claws. Procercus 109 166, 131 mm long, 23 34, 28 mm wide, with 7 anal setae 500 749, 577 mm long. L/W 3.39 5.43, 4.65 (7). Supraanal seta well developed. Anal tubules 163 206, 185 (3) mm long. Posterior parapod 231 396, 295 (3) mm long; subbasal seta multitoothed, with basal spine group, with 5 8 spines (Figure 29); parapod apex with numerous simple claws, without serrated claw; bifid claw with U-shaped lower groove, lower spur arched down toward base of claw (Figure 30). B/C 0.87 0.95, 0.90. Discussion Taxonomy Roback (1971) diagnosed the male of L. maculata by the coloration bands on abdominal segments II IV. He added that L. longipalpis had been described with similar abdominal colouration, but proposed the new name nonetheless, without further study or supporting argument. We have examined, in detail, the types of both species as well as additional specimens from Europe and North America. We have not been able to find any difference that would justify keeping New World specimens as a separate species. There are no differences in adult abdominal coloration, the male hypopygium or the pupa. The North American larvae (until present called L. maculata) differ from the European larvae (L. longipalpis) by possessing spinecovered head surfaces (Figure 23). One possible explanation is that the larvae from Europe may not be correctly associated with the adults; we have not examined any European specimen reared through to the adult stage. In this case, the European L. longipalpis could include two species, only one of which is known in the larval stage.

Aquatic Insects 301 Figures 22 30. Labrundinia longipalpis (Goetghebuer), larva. (22) Head with chaetotaxy and detail of lateroventral spine group, left: ventral aspect, right: dorsal aspect; (23) antenna; (24) apex of antenna; (25) mandible; (26) mentum, M appendage and pseudoradula; (27) ligula and paraligula; (28) pecten hypopharyngis; (29) subbasal seta of posterior parapod; (30) bifid claw of posterior parapod. However, this variation is small compared to the differences to all other known larvae in Labrundinia. Therefore, in the absence of additional (e.g. molecular) evidence we consider species distinction between L. longipalpis and L. maculata as unwarranted. Ecology Water type. Like other species of the genus, L. longipalpis prefers ponds, lakes and the slower moving portions of streams and rivers. According to Brundin (1949) and

302 F.L.D. Silva et al. Sæther (1979), this species is characteristic of oligotrophic, mesohumic and polyhumic lakes. In the Netherlands the larvae are associated with the seepage zone between the Pleistocene and Holocene parts (Vallenduuk and Moller-Pillot 2007). Chemistry. According to Roback (1987b), larvae of L. longipalpis were observed in an unusual water body with high heavy metal concentrations in Kansas (Short Creek). In the Netherlands, this species was recorded in water with ph of 7 to 8 (Vallenduuk and Moller-Pillot 2007). Food habits. Larvae of L. longipalpis appear to be obligate predators. Very few specimens examined lacked part of chironomid or other prey in the gut content. Distribution The synonymy proposed here gives L. longipalpis a distribution on both sides the Atlantic Ocean. In the Palaearctic Region, L. longipalpis previously has been documented from northern and central Europe (Ashe and O Connor 2009). In North America, there are records of L. longipalpis from across southern USA (Roback 1971; 1987a as L. maculata). This present study also presents records of the species from Greece, southern Spain and Canada. Roback (1987a) reported the species from Trinidad based on the findings of pupal exuviae. However, at present we hesitate to record L. longipalpis from Neotropical localities, due to substantial difference seen in the pupal stage of Neotropical specimens. Finally, Roque, Correia, Trivinho- Strixino and Strixino (2004) cite a Brazilian record of L. longipalpis (as L. maculata) from a 1997 Master s thesis. A revision of Labrundinia where several new species will be described is currently being conducted by the first author. Many of the new species are from Brazil and no specimens of L. longipalpis have been found in the examined material. We therefore suspect that the previous record of L. longipalpis probably was a misidentification of an undescribed species and that L. longipalpis remains unrecorded from Brazil and the rest of the Neotropics. Acknowledgements The authors are indebted to Martin Spies for valuable suggestions on the manuscript. Thanks are also due to Broughton A. Caldwell for providing us with important material and Marion Kotrba for all help during the first author s stay at ZSM. This work was supported by the National Research Council of Brazil (CNPq), Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst (DAAD) and Jessup Awards (ANSP). References Ashe, P., and O Connor, J.P. (2009), A World Catalogue of Chironomidae (Diptera). Part 1. Buchonomyiinae, Chylenomyiinae, Podonominae, Aphroteniinae, Tanypodinae, Usambaromyiinae, Diamesinae, Prodiamesinae and Telmatogetoninae. Dublin: The National Museum of Ireland. Brundin, L. (1949), Chironomiden und andere Bodentiere der su dschwedischen Urgebirgsseen, Reports of the Institute of Freshwater Research of Drottningholm, 30, 1 914. Edwards, F.W. (1929), British non-biting midges (Diptera, Chironomidae), Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 77, 279 430. Epler, J.H. (1988), Biosystematics of the genus Dicrotendipes Kieffer, 1913 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Chironominae) of the world, Memoirs of American Entomological Society, 36, 1 214.

Aquatic Insects 303 Fittkau, E.J. (1962), Die Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae). (Die Tribus Anatopyniini, Macropelopiini und Pentaneurini), Abhandlungen zur Larvalsystematik der Insekten, 6, 1 453. Goetghebuer, M. (1921), Chironomides de Belgique et spe cialement de la zone des Flanders, Me moires du Muse e Royal d Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, 8, 1 211. Goetghebuer, M. (1927), Faune de France: Dipte`res (Nematoce`res), Chironomidae, Tanypodinae. Paris: Office Central de Faunistique. Goetghebuer, M. (1936), Tendipedidae (Chironomidae). a) Subfamilie Pelopiinae (Tanypodinae). A. Die Imagines, in Die Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region, ed. E. Lindner. Stuttgart: E. Schweizerbart sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. Kowalyk, H.E. (1985), The larval cephalic setae in the Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) and their importance in generic determinations, Canadian Entomologist, 117, 67 106. Pinder, L.C.V. (1983), The larvae of Chironomidae (Diptera) of the Holarctic region Introduction, in Chironomidae of the Holarctic region. Keys and Diagnoses. Part 1. Larvae, ed. T. Wiederholm, Entomologia Scandinavica Supplement, 19, 7 10. Pinder, L.C.V. (1986), The pupae of Chironomidae (Diptera) of the Holarctic region Introduction, in Chironomidae of the Holarctic region. Keys and Diagnoses. Part 1. Larvae, ed. T. Wiederholm, Entomologia Scandinavica Supplement, 28, 5 7. Pinder, L.C.V. (1989), The adult of Chironomidae (Diptera) of the Holarctic region Introduction, in Chironomidae of the Holarctic region. Keys and Diagnoses. Part 1. Larvae, ed. T. Wiederholm, Entomologia Scandinavica Supplement, 34, 5 9. Roback, S.S. (1971), The adults of the subfamily Tanypodinae (¼Pelopiinae) in North America (Diptera: Chironomidae), Monographs of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 17, 1 410. Roback, S.S. (1987a), The immature chironomids of the eastern United States. IX. Pentaneurini-Genus Labrundinia with the description of some Neotropical material, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 139, 159 209. Roback, S.S. (1987b), New species of Labrundinia from Colombia (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanypodinae), Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 139, 211 222. Roque, F.O., Correia, L.C.S., Trivinho-Strixino, S., and Strixino, G. (2004), A review of Chironomidae studies in lentic systems in the State of Sa o Paulo, Brazil, Biota Neotropica, 4 (2), 1 19. Sæther, O.A. (1979), Chironomid communities as water quality indicators, Holarctic Ecology, 2, 65 74. Sæther, O.A. (1980), Glossary of chironomid morphology terminology (Diptera: Chironomidae), Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement, 14, 1 51. Vallenduuk, H.J., and Moller-Pillot, H.K.M. (2007), Chironomidae larvae: General Ecology and Tanypodinae. Zeist: KNNV Publishing.