rekalo, M., et. al..: THE INFLUENCE OF THE SIC MOTOR... PESH 2(2013) 2:89-94 THE INFLUENCE OF THE SIC MOTOR SKILLS ON IDIVIDUL TESTS TKEN IN ORDER TO EVLUTE THE SUCCESFULNESS OF THE SKETLL GME UDC:796.323.2.012.11(497.6) (Original scientific paper) Mate rekalo 1, Kristijan Marić 1, Stipe lažević 2, Žarko Kostovski 3 and Damir Crnjac 1 1Faculty of Sciences, University of Mostar, osnia & Herzegovina 2Faculty of Economics, University of Rijeka, Croatia 3 University St. Cyril and Methodius, Faculty for Physical Education - Skopje bstract The creation of professional basketball players implies a continuous and progressive basketball education. The aim of this study is to determine relations in a cadet age basketball players between their basic motor skills and specific motor skills, that is, to determine relations between tests conducted in order to estimate the successfulness of the basketball game. The sample consisted of 54 basketball players of cadet age on whom was applied the set of 5 specific tests for the evaluation of the success in the game itself, and the set of predictability variables that consisted of 12 tests for the basic motor skills. There was shown a significant cohesion between the basic motor skills and the specific factors of the basketball game. The high percentage of explained variance speaks of good set selection of basic tests and its importance in the influence to evaluate the specific motor skill needed in the basketball game. The obtained results could be of great importance in order to select specific motor skill tests that could be conducted for the purpose of orientation and selection of young basketball players. Key words: basketball, explosive strength, speed, coordination, selection. INTRODUCTION asketball is a complex sport where every player adjusts his own individual technique and tactics with his team mates. Selection is a process which is constantly present in sports, going from the earliest age and the youngest age categories and leading up to the senior age. Timely selection is very important, because only with the right and timely selection we can reach top results (Trninić, 2008). mong the 15-year-old boys it could be found that with their biological maturity they are equal to the 17 year-old boys, as well as those whose biological maturity does not exceed the age of 13. So, it is reasonable to expect that the coach will set the demands according to their biological and not their calendar age (Trninić, 2006). lašković, Milanović i Matković (1982) made an analysis of reliability and factor validity of the situational motor tests in basketball. In the sample of 53 examinees they have applied 21 situational motor tests for which they affirmed satisfactory values in the degree of reliability. nalysis for the evaluation of the factor validity affirmed the hypothesis of existence of five situational-motor factors that are normed as: pass accuracy, shot accuracy, ball manipulation, efficiency of player movement with or without ball and the ball ejection force. Dežman (1982, 1993, 1995) developed the model of expert system that includes the most important factors which can directly affect the success of the situational basketball play. This model is the most useful in selecting younger players and controlling the successfulness of the training. In a sample of 87 basketball players, junior and cadet age, Jakovljević (1995) applied a sequence of 15 tests for specific motor skills (ball control, dribbling, passing, shooting, movement with and without the ball) and tests of cognitive ability. In a sample of 136 players, aged 12-15, and 138 non-athletes (divided into four sub-samples by age), Koprivica (1996) conducted anthropometric measurements (longitudinal and transversal dimension- 89
rekalo, M., et. al..: THE INFLUENCE OF THE SIC MOTOR... PESH 2(2013) 2:89-94 ality, volume, amplitude and subcutaneous adipose tissue). Multivariate and univariate analysis of variance showed that basketball players differ significantly from peers non-athletes. Deborah G. Hoare (2005), at the ustralian Championship for girls and boys cadets, on the sample of 125 boys and 123 girls, determined the influence of anthropometric characteristic according to their playing positions. Significant differences were found in four of the five positions among girls and two of the five positions among boys in a basketball team. Stojanović and Klinčarov (2006) used the regressive analysis to determine the significant effect that the morphological characteristics have on the level of shooting accuracy in basketball with players of pre-cadet age. The system of predictor variables consisted of 15 morphological tests. In a sample of 68 basketball players aged 16, Salihu et al. (2008), realized a study of morphological aspect which consisted of 10 variables with the 4 specific motor tests that were used as a criterion. Using the regressive analysis they determined the impact of the predictor morphological measures that have on the results of the motor tests. Tests like free throws shooting, jump shot, dribble and shooting out of the paddle, speed of movement with the ball proved to be very significant. Erčulj et al. (2009) on a sample of top 65 girl basketball players from 27 countries, aged 14,5-15 years, have identified and analyzed the state of motor skills. Using 8 tests to evaluate motor skills they defined the state of the following motor skills: explosive strength-type sprint, agility, explosive strength-type throws, and explosive strength-type jump. The aim of this study is to determine relations in a cadet age basketball players between their basic motor skills and specific motor skills, that is, to determine relations between tests conducted in order to estimate the successfulness of the basketball game. METHODS The sample of the examinees represents 54 basketball cadets aged from 14 to 16 years. They all come from the three first league basketball teams that originate from Herzegovina ( HKK Široki, HKK rotnjo, HKK Zrinjski). Subjects have been included in an active training process from 2 to 4 years (+/- 0.6 years). To estimate their motor status 12 motor skills tests were used: Standing long jump to estimate explosive strength, arm plate tapping to estimate the frequency of motion, 20 meters sprint to estimate anaerobic capacity, steps lateral to estimate agility movements, bent arm hang to estimate the static strength, 60 seconds situps to estimate the repetition strength, obstacle course backwards to estimate coordination, V-sit and reach to estimate flexibility, foot tapping to estimate the frequency of movement, one step standing on a bench lengthwise on to estimate balance, throwing a medicine ball (2kg) while lying to estimate explosive strength of upper extremities, shooting at a target to estimate accuracy. To estimate specific motor skills following tests were used: pass accuracy, shot accuracy, ball manipulation, the efficiency of movement with the ball and the ball ejection force, according to lašković and coworkers (1982). 1. Pass accuracy - four concentric circles are drawn in the center circle of the basketball court. The radius of the smallest circle is 20cm, 40cm bigger and further order of 60 and 80cm. Shooting line 1m long is drawn at a distance of 10 meters from the center of the circle. Examinee stands in diagonal position behind the shooting line and he is shooting sequentially 10times with ball in drawn circles with ejection ball technique with one hand from the side (pushpass technique). Each hit with the ball into the smallest circle is valued with 8 points, while the other hits in each of the following circles are evaluated with two points less (6,4,2). The result represents sum of points from 10 attempts, and test is preformed three times. This test defines precision factor of passing ball according to lašković and associates (1982). 2. Shot accuracy - shooting positions are marked on the floor, 5 m from the hoop. Shooting exercise is performed with five shots from each position, with a jump-shot technique. The shooter takes five shots from each marked position, with the number of successful shots from each one being entered in a log, later to be processed in a sum. This test defines shooting precision factor according to lašković and associates (1982). 3. The efficiency of movement with the ball exercise is performed using the baseline, free throw line and center line of the basketball court as moving parameters. The task is to cross the court in pre-set stages (baseline center court baseline free throw line baseline) with maximum speed, while correctly dribbling the ball. The set course is completed three times, with time measured and 90
rekalo, M., et. al..: THE INFLUENCE OF THE SIC MOTOR... PESH 2(2013) 2:89-94 logged. This test defines dribbling and ball control proficiency factor according to lašković and associates (1982). 4. all manipulation - the test is preformed within the space of free throws. Examinee is dribbling the ball with his eyes closed and he is moving back forth, left right, in the time of 30seconds. If the examinee loses control over the ball before 30 seconds ends the number of contacts with the ground that has been achieved till that point will register. The test is preforming 3 times, and result presents total number of contacts with the ground in the time of 30 seconds. This test defines the ability factor of manipulating the ball according the lašković and associates (1982). 5. The ball ejection force - examinee is in a parallel basketball stand behind the free-throw line facing the opposite basket. The task is to throw the ball with two handed chest pass technique as far away not separating the feet of the ground. t a distance of 10m from the free-throw line is 3m length line, and behind it are identical lines drawn every 10 cm, up to 18m. Test result represents measured distance from free-throw line to the point where the ball touched the ground. The test is performed 6 times. This test defines strength of ball ejection factor, according to lašković and associates (1982). Data processing methods included the calculation of descriptive statistical parameters: arithmetic mean (am), standard deviation (sd), minimal (min) and maximal (max) score, a measure of asymmetry (skew), measure of distribution curvature (kurt), and the adjustment of maximal value for determining normal variable distribution using the ks-test. To determine the level of influence that basic motor skills had on young cadets level of technical knowledge, regressive analysis was used. RESULTS ND DISCUSSION Table 1 shows the descriptive variable statistics of general and specific motor skills of basketball cadets aged 14-16. The analysis of the distribution parameters showed no significant deviations of distribution from the normal variable. That means that all the variables are suitable for a further multivariate statistical analysis. The testing of the normality of the distribution has been done with the Kolmogrov- Smirnov test whose critical value equals 0.18., and for which the level of error is 0.05. Table 2 shows the regression analysis results between the set of basic motor variables and each individual specific motor variable. The first column shows the effect that the predictor variables have on the factor of pass accuracy taken as a criterion. The best predictor criterion can be found in variables of agility, balance and explosive force of arms and shoulders. If we consider the specificity of tests execution (shooting precision into the goal from a distance of 10 meters), the results are expected and logical. The second column shows the influence of basic motor as a set of predictor variables, on the factor basketball shooting precision from the same distances, and from different places. pplied test set of basic motor skills conducted to evaluate the specific factor of the basketball game, shooting precision, did not prove itself as significant. Factor of ball manipulation, defined as a criterion variable, showed a significant influence on the set of basic motor tests. The best criterion predictors can be found in the test for the estimation of explosive strength, movement frequency and balance. Dežman concluded in his studies that the movement frequency, that is, the repetition rate of the lower extremities is prerequisite for a successful implementation and execution of the most technical and tactical elements in a situational conditions. The fourth column shows the influence of the set of basic motor skills on a factor which is defined as an efficiency of movement with the ball which is taken as a criterion variable. Tests that explain this factor in the best way are 20 meters sprint and V-sit and reach test. One surprising thing is the absence of influence of other tests for the evaluation of explosive force whose correlation is low and insignificant. The last column shows the influence that the set of tests of basic motor has on the ball ejection force. The biggest influence on a criterion can be seen in variables for estimation of explosive strength of arms and shoulders and the foot frequency movement rate. The structure of the performance of this basketball element is similar to the execution of a throwing a medicine ball test, what speaks about the level of statistical significance. The importance of movement frequency rate measured to differentiate situational- motor efficiency is in synergy with speed and explosive leg strength (Dežman, 1993). 91
rekalo, M., et. al..: THE INFLUENCE OF THE SIC MOTOR... PESH 2(2013) 2:89-94 Table 1. Descriptive variables statistics (motor skills and specific motor variables of the basketball game) of boys aged 14-16 (n= 54) Variables X SD Min Max MXD Skew Kurt MSDM 203.28 25.83 149.00 267.00 0.07 0.11-0.58 MTR 31.58 3.49 23.00 40.00 0.09 0.29-0.06 MT20M# 3.54 0.26 2.97 4.16 0.08 0.07-0.73 MKUS# 8.65 0.90 6.55 12.3 0.08 0.15-0.42 MIV 33.67 21.96 0.00 92.00 0.11 0.80-0.34 MTR 42.54 9.05 19.00 65.00 0.07 0.05 0.49 MPN# 13.63 3.01 8.00 20.89 0.09 0.37-0.80 MPR 74.23 16.72 40.00 115.00 0.11 0.67 1.62 MTN 20.12 1.84 16.00 25.00 0.12 0.42-0.18 MSKJN 12.64 13.05 0.00 77.89 0.17 1.29 1.57 MM2KG MPIK 599.18 55.04 187.74 21 270.00 29.00 1010 122.00 0.06 0.11 0.14-0.39-0.44-0.53 SSKVLZ1 66.09 16.72 27.00 93.00 0.14 0.15-0.14 SLDP SKT53 SKPUIU SKPEP1 11.74 10.62 10.05 31.21 1.90 0.73 3.03 14.99 KS-test = 0.18 # Reverse scaled variables; S- arithmetic mean; SD- standard deviation; MIN- minimal score; MX-maximal score; KS-Kolmogrov- Smirnov test; SKEW- asymmetry coefficient; KURT- coefficient of distribution curvature; MSDM- standing long jump; MTR- hand tapping; MT20M- 20 meters run; MKUS- side steps; MIV- bent arm hang; MTR- sit-ups; MPN- backwards polygon; MPR- V sit and reach; MTN- foot tapping; MSKJN- Flamingo balance test; MM2KG-throwing a medicine ball while lying on back; MPIK- shooting at a target; SKPEP1- elevation accuracy of a ball pass with one hand on the side; SKPUIU- throwing a ball into the basket from the same distances but from different directions; SSKVLZ1- ball control in motion with eyes closed; SKT53- running back and forth with the ball; SLDP- ball throwing, two hands to the chest technique. 8.00 8.95 3.00 4.00 16.4 12.42 17.00 60.00 Table 2. Results of regression analysis between the set of basic motor variables and each individual specific motor variable 0.08 0.05 0.11 0.08 0.02 0.59-0.21-0.39-0.45 0.02-1.05-0.16 Varijable PD PU ML EK # SI β β β Β Β MSDM 0.09 0.14-0.08 0.08 0.07 MTR 0.09 0.08-0.02-0.27-0.02 MT20M# -0.04 0.16-0.30 0.33-0.22 MKUS# -0.35-0.21-0.18 0.35-0.31 MIV 0.04-0.08 0.00-0.06 0.10 MTR 0.12 0.02 0.20 0.02 0.03 MPN# 0.13-0.05-0.01-0.06 0.02 MPR 0.08-0.02 023-0.36 0.12 MTN -0.15-0.07-0.36 0.14-0.39 MSKJN -0.20-0.22-0.30 0.04-0.12 MM2KG 0.38-0.20-0.09 0.02 0.58 MPIK 0.16-0.13-0.04-0.07-0.11 Ρ 0.72 0.42 0.76 0.83 0.88 R 2 0.52 0.18 0.58 0.69 0.77 # Reverse scaled variables, P<0.01, P<0.05, Ρ multiple correlation, δ determination coefficient, PD- pass accuracy, PU- shooting accuracy, ML ball manipulation, EK-movement efficiency, SI- ball ejection power. CONCLUSION In order to determine the range of influence that the basic motor skills have on the specific tests for basketball game, we conducted a study on subjects that come from three Herzegovinian basketball clubs. In a sample of 54 young basketball players we applied a set of 5 specific tests to estimate the success in a basketball game itself. The set of predictor variables consisted of 12 tests for basic motor skills. The significant correlation can be seen between the basic motor skills and specific factors defined as ball manipulation, efficacy of movement with the ball, ball ejection force, shooting accuracy and the pass accuracy. The high percentage of the explained variance speaks about the good selection of the set of basic tests and the effect it has on the factors important to estimate the specific motor skills needed in basketball. On the basis of these results the author concluded that the effective task execution in basketball, to a large 92
rekalo, M., et. al..: THE INFLUENCE OF THE SIC MOTOR... PESH 2(2013) 2:89-94 extent, depends of the specific morphological structures of basketball player, with the dominant role of the body muscle mass and all due to the fact what important role the explosive nature of physical activities play in the game itself. Explosive power presents one of the determinants of the success in all activities that require usage of maximal muscle force in a short unit of time. t the same time, it is an important factor in all those activities in which one needs to give greater acceleration to the body mass, to the mass of individual body parts or to the external object, so as to the activity like jump in basketball or the ball throwing. With all these factors in which we got a significant correlation with basic motor skills we noticed a low correlation with the test backwards polygon. The result could be explained with the fact that the subjects we tested were in a phase of rapid growth and development. Due to that fact they have disturbed coordination. The results we obtained from this study could be important for the selection of specific motor tests used for the purpose of selection and orientation of young basketball players. REFERENCES lašković, M., Milanović, D., Matković,. (1982) naliza pouzdanosti i faktorske valjanosti situacionomotoričkih testova u košarci. Kineziologija, Zagreb, vol. 14, br. 5, str. 131-147. Deborah G., Hoare (2000). Predicting success in junior elite basketball players- the contribution of antropometric and physiological attributes. Journal of science and medicine in sport. Volume 3, Issue 4, December 2000, pages 391-405. Dežman,. (1982). Spremembe V relacijah met nekaterimi morfoloskim in motoricnimi spemljivkami košarkarjev starih 11, 12, 13 in 14 let. Zagreb: Kineziološki fakultet, magistarski rad, 1982. Dežman,. and Leskošek,. (1993): ekspertni sistem ocenjevanja nadarjenosti otrok za igranje košarke. In Pavlovic, M. (ed.): Proceeding of the 2. International symposium Sport of the young. Ljubljana- led, 1993, 40-46. Dežman,. and Erčulj, F. (1995): Die nwendbarkeit des Expertensystem-modell zur erfolgsprognose junger asketballspieler. in ergier, j. (ed.): Proceedings of the international conference on Science in sports team games. iala Podlaska, 1995, 187-194. Erčulj, F., las, M., Čoh, M. and račič, M. (2009): Differences in motor abilities of various types of European young elite female basketball players. Kinesiology 41 (2009) 2:203-211. Jakovljević, S. (1995). Neke relacije između specifične košarkaške motorike i kognitivnih sposobnosti i njihov uticaj na uspeh u košarci. Fizička kultura, 1995, vol 49, br. 3-4, str. 217-229. Koprivica, V. (1996). Fizički razvitak košarkaša uzrasta od 12-15 godina. Fizička kultura, 1996, vol. 50, br. 4, str.261-272. Less,. (2002). Technique analysis in sports: a critical rewiew, Journal of Sports Science, 20, 813-828. Lebed, F. (2006). System approach to games and competitive playing. European Journal of Sports Science, 7 (1), 55-62. Salihu, H. (2008) et al.: The influence of some antropological features on specific tests with young basketball players. Sport Science 1 (2008) 2: 50-54. Stojanović, T. and Klinčarov, I. (2006) Selekcija šutera u košarci pionirskog uzrasta pomoću morfoloških karakteristika. Glasnik ntropološkog društva Jugoslavije. 2006, br. 41, str. 361-36. Swaling, K. (1998). The basketball evaluation system: a computerized factor weighted model with measures of validity. Kinesiology, 30 (1), 31-37. Trninić, S. (2008) Player selection procedure in team sports games. cta Kinesiologica 2 (2008) 1:24-28. Trninić, S. (2006) Selekcija, priprema i vođenje košarkaša i momčadi. Zagreb, Vikta-Marko. Correspondence: Zarko Kostovski Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje Faculty of Physical Education Zeletnicka b.b. 1000, Skopje, Macedonia e-mail:zarkokostovski@hotmail.com 93
rekalo, M., et. al..: THE INFLUENCE OF THE SIC MOTOR... PESH 2(2013) 2:89-94 ВЛИЈАНИЕТО НА БАЗИЧНО-МОТОРИЧКИТЕ СПОСОБНОСТИ НА ИНДИВИДУАЛНИТЕ ТЕСТОВИ СПРОВЕДЕНИ СО ЦЕЛ ЕВАЛУАЦИЈА НА УСПЕШНОСТА ВО КОШАРКАРСКАТА ИГРА UDK:796.323.2.012.11(497.6) (Originalen nau~en trud) Мате Брекало 1, Кристијан Мариќ 1, Стипе Блажевиќ 2, Жарко Костовски 3 и Дамир Црњач 1 1Факултет за Науки, Универзитет во Мостар, Босна и Херцеговина 2 Економски Факултет, Универзитет во Ријека, Хрватска 3Универзитет Св. Кирил и Методиј, Факултет за физичка култура, Скопје Абстракт Создавањето на професионални кошаркари вклучува континуирана и напредна кошаркарска едукација. Целта на овој труд е да се детерминираат релациите кај кадети кошаркари помеѓу нивните базично-моторички способности и специфично-моторичките способности, а тоа е така, за да се детерминираат релациите помеѓу тестовите спроведени со цел да се утврди успешноста во кошаркарската игра. Примерокот содржеше 54 кошаркари-кадети на кои беше применет сет од 5 специфични тестови за евалуација на успехот во самата игра, и сет на предикторски варијабли кои беа содржани од 12 тестови за базично-моторичките способности. Со анализата на добиените резултати се дојде до заклучок дека постои значајна кохезија помеѓу базично моторичките способности и специфичните фактори во кошаркарската игра. Високиот процент на објаснетата варијанса ни зборува за добра селекција на сетови за базичните тестови и нивната важност во влијанието да се проценат специфично-моторичките способности потребни во кошаркарската игра. Добиените резултати може да бидат од голема важност со цел да се селектираат специфично-моторички тестови кои може да бидат земени со намена за ориентација и селекција на млади кошаркари. Клучни зборови: кошарка, експлозивна сила, брзина, координација, селекција. 94