Emerging Trends for Control and Management of Dreissenid Mussels Renata Claudi MSc. RNT Consulting Inc.
Risks Posed by Dreissenid Mussel Decreased flow Fouling Potential plugging of essential components/systems Increased corrosion of materials of construction Profound changes to the ecology of invaded water bodies
Controlling Zebra Mussels:
Options for Protection of Internal Piping Systems ph adjustment of the raw water Zequanox biopesticide based on a bacterial product, dreissenid specific small pore self cleaning filters medium pressure UV lights
ph Adjustment Dreissenids have a relatively narrow range of ph tolerance (7.5-9.5) Unlike oxidizing agents, ph alteration can persist for days and protect a facility or aqueduct from intake to discharge Lower ph would have positive impact on drinking water plant operation Lower ph not likely to impact agricultural use or fish High ph inhibits corrosion of iron and steel materials ph adjustment may be used as a proactive or reactive treatment
Experiments Performed ph down experiment on the Great Lakes sponsored by Central Arizona Project - 2009 ph down experiment at San Justo Reservoir sponsored by California Department of Water Resources -2011 ph up experiment sponsored by Reclamation, Lower Colorado River and San Justo Reservoir - 2011
Experimental Design In the field flow through laboratory Veliger rich water withdrawn from the source ph continuously adjusted in flow-through system Settlement of veligers and impact on adult mussels monitored in three replicates
Great Lakes - Adult dreissenid (mostly quagga) mortality in mesh bags after 12 week exposure Adults 40 35 Percent mortality 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Control PH 7.3 PH 7.1 PH 6.9
San Justo Reservoir - Adult zebra mussel mortality in mesh bags after 12 week exposure No Adult mortality observed
Great Lakes - Evaluation of new settlement from August 15th to November 15/09 70 Count of settled mussslels 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Control ph 7.3 ph 7.1 ph 6.9
San Justo - Maximum settlement of zebra mussels recorded in each treatment. 300 250 200 # Settlers 150 100 50 0 7.0 7.2 7.4 Control ph
Very low ph Effect on Adult Zebra Mussels ph tested 2,3,4 Mortality evaluated after 24, 48 and 72hours Adult behavior was observed in a separate experiment
Cumulative percent mortality of adult zebra mussels in low ph treatments
ph Up Experiment Carried out at San Justo Reservoir in 2011 Identical set up as for ph down experiments ph adjustment was set at 9.1, 9.3, and 9.5
Mean percent mortality (±SE) of the adult zebra mussels in the four experimental ph treatments (D control; A ph 9.2, B ph 9.4, C ph 9.6) at SJR Percent dead 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 D A B C Treatment
Summary of settlement in the 2011 San Justo Experiment 50 40 # of Settlers 30 20 10 0 9.2 9.4 9.6 Control ph
Adult mortality at very high ph levels Tested ph10, ph11, ph12 Control had background ph of 8.8 to 8.9 Each bag of adult mussels exposed was checked for mortality after 12, 24, 36, 48, 60...144 hours
Cumulative Mortality of Adults in Very High ph at SJR
Zequanox: The Only Biopesticide for Invasive Mussel Control Environmentally friendly Derived from soil microbe (Pseudomonas fluorescens) discovered by NYSM Composed of 100% dead cells Biodegradable Controls mussels in all life stages Perceived as food source destroys the mussel s digestive system Highly selective toward zebra/quagga mussels Effective in a broad range of water conditions Noncorrosive to infrastructure, equipment, and boat motors, etc. Nonvolatile
Extensive Ecotox Studies Show No Impact to Other Aquatic Species FISH Bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) Channel ca1ish (Ictalurus punctatus) Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) Coaster brook trout (Salvelinus fon8nalis) Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas) * Klamath Suckers (Catostomus sucker spp) Lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) * Sacramento SpliCail (Pogonichthys macrolepidotus) Smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) Striped Bass (Morone saxa8lis) Walleye (Sander vitreus) Yellow perch (Perca flavescens) OTHERS Mallard Duck * Midge (Chironomidae) Mayfly (Bae8s) Amphipod (Hyalella azteca) * European Freshwater Crayfish (Austropotatamobius pallipes) Freshwater Crustacean (Asellus aqua8cus) Freshwater Water Flea (Daphnia magna) * MOLLUSCS Blue Mussel (My8lus edulis) * Freshwater Mussel - Duck Mussel (Anadonta) Freshwater Mussel - Black Sandshell (Ligumia recta) Freshwater Mussel - Fatmucket (Lampsilis siliquoidea) Freshwater Mussel - Pink mucket (Lampsilis abrupta) Freshwater Mussel - Hickorynut (Obovaria olivaria) Freshwater Mussel - Higgins Eye (Lampsilis higginsii) Freshwater Mussel - Mucket (Ac8nonaias ligamen8na) Freshwater Mussel - Paper Pond Shell (UEerbackia imbecillis) Freshwater Mussel - Plain Pocketbook (Lampsilis cardium) Freshwater Mussel - Washboard (Megalonaias nervosa) Freshwater Snail (Lymnaea peregra) PLANTS AND ALGAE Algae * Bindweed (Convolvulaceae) Common Water Plantain (Alisma subcordatum) Curly Dock (Rumex crispus) Mallow (Malvaceae) Nightshade (Solanaceae) Smallflower Umbrella Sedge (Cyperus difformis) * EPA required Final report expected in 2014. Studies conducted by Ins8tute of Technology, Sligo, Ireland; New York State Museum and USGS; U.S. Bureau of Reclama8on; Cer8fied Good Laboratory Prac8ces (GLP) Lab; Missouri State University; and MBI lab
Deep Quarry Lake, Illinois - Open Water Trials Multi-year collaborative project between Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Southern Illinois University, Forest Preserve District of DuPage County, and Marrone Bio Innovations 2012 Focus Efficacy & water quality testing Results Adult mortality: 97% No lasting water quality impacts 2013 Focus Efficacy repeatability, application methods, adult & veliger efficacy, commercial treatment circumstances Results Adult mortality: up to 99% Veliger mortality: 94%
Zequanox in Lakes Rapid Response at Christmas Lake, Minnesota Zebra mussels discovered August 2014 at public boat launch Quarantined area with barriers Zequanox selected as rapid response tool Dept. of Natural Resources, Minnehaha Creek Watershed District, City of Shorewood Zequanox treatment occurred Sept. 8, 2014 Within barriers around public boat launch All monitoring methods indicated 100% mortality by 11 days after treatment Page 23
Adult Mussel Control at OPG Two turbine, 144 MW hydropower facility 1,940 gallons per minute cooling water system Sought out environmentally friendly alternative to chlorine treatments DeCew Falls II Generating Station St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
Filters for Protection of Internal Piping Systems Sand/media filtration - has to remove all particles greater then ready to settle veligers Mechanical filtration - has to remove all particles greater than ready to settle veligers. Actual mesh size is dependent on the application and industry using the filter.
Environmental Criteria affecting the performance of filters Total suspended solids (TSS) load in the incoming water Seasonal variation in TSS What is the particle size distribution of the TSS
Example of small pore self cleaning filters
Strainer Discharge Course Strainer Chamber Strainer and Filter Vent Fine Filter Chamber Filter Silt Discharge Pad Eye Pad Eye Drive Unit with 1/2 HP Motor Direction of Flow Main Access Hatch Fine Filter Drain Strainer Drain Influent Raw Water Access Hatches Filtered Water Discharge 28
Mesh Requirements Square Weave Mesh is Essential Robust Support of the Mesh is Critical
Test Performed at Parker Dam February 2009 Self cleaning filter sized to accommodate flow of 450 USGPM installed to protect domestic water line Interchangeable screens - 40 micron (57 micron absolute) and 80 micron (120 micron absolute) size
400 40 Micron F ilter T es ts 350 Numer of Velig ers 300 250 200 150 100 50 Before After 80 Micron F ilter T es ts 0 <100 100-200 200-400 >400 Veliger Size (µm) 600 500 Number of Velig ers 400 300 200 100 Before After 0 <100 100-200 200-400 >400 Veliger Size (µm)
Medium Pressure UV Systems for Internal Piping Protection Widely used in drinking water industry Initial experiments for biofouling control done almost25 years ago New interest in the technology as there is no chemical discharge residue and systems are becoming more robust and efficient
Environmental Criteria affecting the performance of UV How well does your raw water transmit UV (various factors such as colour, hardness, presence of iron and total suspended solids) Seasonal variation in above factors
3 5 Open channel UV Installation in 2000 Sample Point UV Lights UV Host Site: Bruce 5-8 CSW 900 l/s (15,000 usgpm) 20 hi-intensity, medium pressure lamps 0.07 to 0.1 Watt-seconds/cm2 Sample Point
UV Light Bank for open channel
Despite frequent outages, 85% reduction in settlement past the UV lights
In pipe UV Installation UV Monitor Access Hatch Air Release Wiper Motor Housing Downstream Isolation Valve Direction of Flow Access to Lamps (Both ends of chamber) Electrical Junction Box (wiring from cabinets) Upstream Isolation Valve (Not visible) 38
USBR Study in 2012 at Hoover Dam
No settlement of quagga mussel veligers past UV lights when treated with a minimum UV dose of 100mj/cm2 using Aquafine Equipment
Full size UV Unit from Atlantium Technologies installed in 2013
Settlement; Control (blue) vs. Treated under different UV dose levels 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 Se4lers 1000 900 800 700 600 Box 1 Box 2 Box 3 500 400 300 200 100 0 1 2 3 4 5
Strainer baskets from lower bearing cooling water supply - Unit 3 and Unit 1
Typical invertebrates growing on the control panels.. (a) Obelia hydroid (from asexual frustules, not larvae), (b) Alcyonidium bryozoan; (c) Bowerbankia bryozoan; (d) serpulid polychaete worm; (e) Arachnidium bryozoan; (f) Balanus barnacle.